Kha hc LTH cp tc mn Ha Thy Sn

Bi 1. Cu to nguyn t v nh lut tun hon

BI 1. CU TO NGUYN T - BNG TUN HON TI LIU BI GING

1. CU HNH ELECTRON CA NGUYN T V ION. - S sp xp cc electron vo lp v phn lp. Cc electron c sp xp theo chiu tng dn mc nng lng. - Cu hnh electron. Th t cc electron c sp theo lp phn lp. - Cu hnh electron c bit. Cu hnh electron bn bn vng v bn vng. - Cu hnh electron ca ion: + Ion (+) nhng electron, ion (-) nhn electron t c cu hnh bn. + Mt s ion ca kim loi chuyn tip. V d 1: S proton, ntron, electron ca 52 Cr3 ln lt l 24 A. 24, 28, 24. B. 24, 28, 21. C. 24, 30, 21. D. 24, 28, 27.

35 V d 2. Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong 17 Cl l

A. 52.

C. 53.

B. 35.

D. 51.

V d 3: Nguyn t Fe (Z = 26). Cu hnh electron ca ion Fe2 l A. [Ar]3d6. B. [Ar]3d54s1. C. [Ar]3d64s2. D. [Ar]4s23d4.

2. TNH S HT C BN, ELECTRON, S KHI - Tng s ht c bn 2P + N - S khi A = P + N - T l 1

N Z

1,52

V d 1: (A-2010) Ion M3+ c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 79, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 19. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t M l A. [Ar]3d54s1. B. [Ar]3d64s2. C. [Ar]3d64s1. D. [Ar]3d34s2. Hng dn:

2P N 3 79 2P 3 N 19

P 26 : [Ar]3d64s2

V d 2: Nguyn t X c ba loi ng v c s khi ln lt l 24, 25, 26. Trong s 5000 nguyn t X c 3930 ng v 24 v 505 ng v 25, cn li l ng v 26. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca X l A. 24,327. Hng dn: 3930.24 M B. 24. C. 24,13. D. 24,2.

(5000 3930 505).26 24,327 5000 3. XC NH V TR CA CC NGUYN T TRONG - S th t ca nguyn t: bng tng s e, s P. - Chu k: theo s lp - Nhm + Nhm A: cc nguyn t h s, p. + Nhm B: cc nguyn t h d, f.
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Kha hc LTH cp tc mn Ha Thy Sn

Bi 1. Cu to nguyn t v nh lut tun hon

S th t ca nhm = tng s e lp ngoi hoc = tng s e cc phn lp (n-1)d v ns. V d 1: (A 2009) Cu hnh electron ca ion X2+ l 1s22s22p63s23p63d6. Trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc, nguyn t X thuc A. chu k 4, nhm VIIIA. B. chu k 4, nhm IIA. C. chu k 3, nhm VIB. D. chu k 4, nhm VIIIB. V d 2: Nguyn t nguyn t R c 24 electron. V tr ca nguyn t R trong bng tun hon l A. chu k 4, nhm IA. B. chu k 4, nhm IB. C. chu k 4, nhm IIA. D. chu k 4, nhm VIB 4. SO SNH MT S TNH CHT C BN - Tnh kim loi, phi kim. + Chu k: theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn tnh kim loi gim, phi kim tng + Nhm: kim loi tng, phi kim gim. - m in Bin thin theo tnh phi kim. - Bn knh nguyn t, ion. Ph thuc ln lt: s lp v in tch hn nhn + Chu k: BKNT gim + Nhm: BKNT tng - Tnh axit baz ca cc oxit v hiroxit + Trong mt chu k: tnh axit tng dn, ng thi tnh baz gim dn + Trong mt nhm A: axit gim, baz tng. V d 1: (B 2009) Cho cc nguyn t: K (Z = 19), N (Z = 7), Si (Z = 14), Mg (Z = 12). Dy gm cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu gim dn bn knh nguyn t t tri sang phi l A. N, Si, Mg, K. C. K, Mg, N, Si. A. P, N, F, O. B. N, P, F, O. B. K, Mg, Si, N. D. Mg, K, Si, N. C. P, N, O, F. D. N, P, O, F.

V d 2: Dy cc nguyn t sp xp theo chiu tng dn tnh phi kim t tri sang phi l V d 3: Dy cc nguyn t nguyn t no sau y c sp xp theo chiu tng dn m in ? A. Mg < Si < S < O. B. O < S < Si < Mg. C. Si < Mg < O < S. D. S < Mg < O < Si. V d 4: Cho cc nguyn t M (Z = 11), X (Z = 16), Y (Z = 8) v R (Z = 19). m in ca cc nguyn t gim dn theo th t A. Y > R > X > M. C. R > Y > X > M. B. R > X > M > Y. D. Y > X > M > R.

V d 5: Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t: Li, O, F, Na c xp theo th t tng dn l A. F, O, Li, Na. B. F, Na, O, Li. C. F, Li, O, Na. D. Li, Na, O, F. V d 6: Cho cc oxit sau SO3 (1); MgO (2); SiO2 (3); P2O5 (4) v Al2O3 (5). Dy cc oxit c sp xp theo chiu tng dn tnh axit t tri qua phi l A. (2); (5); (4); (3); (1). B. (2); (5); (3); (4); (1). C. (1); (3); (4); (5); (2). D. (1); (4); (3); (5); (2). Ch : Tnh axit khng c oxi ca cc halogen: HF < HCl < HBr < HI. 5. LP CNG THC PHN T V XC NH LIN KT TRONG PHN T

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Kha hc LTH cp tc mn Ha Thy Sn

Nhm Lin kt vi

Bi 1. Cu to nguyn t v nh lut tun hon

I 1 1

II 2 2

III 3 3

IV 4 4

V 5 3

VI 6 2

VII 7 1

Oxi Hiro Xc nh loi lin kt Cch 1: Theo hiu m in Hiu m in < 0,4 0,4 < 1,7 1,7

Loi lin kt Lin kt cng ho tr khng cc Lin kt cng ho tr c cc Lin kt ion

- Cch 2: Theo loi nguyn t trong lin kt + Kim loi v phi kim: lin kt ion + Phi kim v phi kim: lin kt cng ho tr V d 1: (A 2009) Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l ns2np4. Trong hp cht kh ca nguyn t X vi hiro, X chim 94,12% khi lng. Phn trm khi lng ca nguyn t X trong oxit cao nht l A. 50,00%. B. 27,27%. C. 60,00%. D. 40,00%. V d 2: Oxit cao nht ca mt nguyn t l YO3, trong hp cht ca n vi hiro c 5,88% hiro v khi lng. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t Y l A. [Ar]3s23p4. B. [Ne]3s2. C. [Ne]3s23p5. D. [Ne]3s23p4. V d 3: Dy hp cht no sau y ch c lin kt ion ? A. KCl, HCl, CH4. C. MgO, HNO3, KHSO4. B. NaCl, CaO, MgCl2. D. NaBr, K2O, KNO3. Gio vin: Phm Ngc Sn Ngun: Hocmai.vn

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