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Index

aaxar, uxraa 24849 academies, Arabic 78, 9596 accusative case 17282 absolute negation 17980, 64546 adverbial use 165, 17374, 27697, 28283, 289 in apposition 225 of astonishment 181 circumstantial (Haal) 112113, 17475, 28385, 454 cognate accusative (mafuul muTlaq) 79, 83, 174, 28586 coverters to accusative (nawaasix) 17679, 42228, 64546 direct object (mafuul fiihi) 17273, 207 of purpose or cause (mafuul liajlihi) 175, 296 of specification (tamyiiz) 175, 225, 249, 29596, 34044 (with counted nouns), 402 (with kam) of time 29293 verbs with double accusative 308 with teens numbers 180, 339, 34142 adam 21718, 650 adjectives 23975 adjective iDaafa 22123, 25354, 274, 649650 agreement features 241 attributive 23940 colors 27073 compound 27475, 64950 comparative24450 derivation 25458 inflectional categories of 24153 nisba, or relative adjective 26169 non-gendered 244 participles as adjectives 103, 10507, 25861 predicative 240 as substantives 24041 superlative 244, 25053 with nonhuman plurals 243 adverbs 27697 circumstantial (Haal) 28385 of degree 27781 locative (Zuruuf makaan and Zuruuf zamaan) 17273, 28995, 36667, 386400

of manner 173, 28187, 36970 (bi-), 37475 (ka-maa), 376 (fii) numerical adverbials 295 as speech acts 297 Afro-Asiatic 1 agreement 57, 59, 64, 6566 adjectives 23940, 24144 gender polarity (or reverse agreement) 33439, 34143, 34546 quantifier agreement 23536 alif 2529 spelling variants 26 maqSuura 2829 otiose 28 (footnote), 443 (verbs) qaSiira 28 Tawiila 2628 with accusative ending 163 alphabet 1012 amal (governance, regime) 5758 anna 42526 annexation structure (see also iDaafa) 81, 20524 apposition 22427, 286 aspect 51 (see also verbs) assimilated roots/verbs 431 (see also verbs: root types) assimilation 2425 of laam of definite article 4041, 157 of taa in Form VIII verbs 570 progressive 566 regressive 567 auxiliary verbs 17677, 44649, 63637 ayy(see also specifiers) 23738, 402 baD(see also quantifiers) 231 bal 651 biD(see also quantifiers) 232 biliteral roots 47 borrowed words 51, 9596, 123, 204 nisbas from 26667 plural 134, 138, 14849 as quadriliterals 599, 601

701

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702 Index
case 54, 56, 165204 accusative 17282; 276, 278, 282, 286, 289 (adverbials), 339, 34142 (teens numerals) genitive 17172, 212, 36667 nominative 16971 case markers 167, 18384 case and mood 56 circumfix 441 citation form of nouns 119, 171 of verbs 435, 437 (see also verbs) Classical Arabic 24 comparative adjective (see also adjective) 24550 periphrastic comparative 24950, 296 compound or complex words 50, 99101, 268, 27475, 29394, 339, 34143, 34546, 348, 44648, 599601, 647 concord (see agreement) conditional sentence 449, 67176 apodosis (jawaab) 671 contrary to fact 67576 with maa 67475 particles 67172 protasis (sharT) 671 conjunctions 41117 adverbial 41317 contrastive 41112 coordinating 410 explanatory 412 resultative 41213 subordinating 177 (see inna and her sisters 42228) connectives 40721 adverbial 41317 bayn-a-maa while, whereas 414 bad-a-maa after 414 bad-a an after 415 bad-a idhan after that, then, subsequently 415 Hasab-a-maa according to, in accordance with, depending on 417 Hayth-u where 413 Hiin-a-maa, Hiin-a when, at the time when 415 ind-a- idhan then, at that point in time, at that time 416 ka-maa just as, similarly, likewise, as 416 mithl-a-maa like, just as, as 416 qadr-a-maa as much as, just as, as . . . as 417 rubb-a-maa perhaps, maybe, possibly 417 thumm-a then, and then, subsequently 416 contrastive 41112 bal rather, but actually 411, 651 inna-maa / wa-inna-maa but, but moreover, but also, rather 412 disjunctives 41718 explanatory 412 ay that is, i.e. 412 fa- and so, and then, yet, and thus 41011 resultive 412 idh since, inasmuch as 412 idhan therefore, then, so, thus, in that case 41213 Hattaa until 413 sentence-starting 41921 wa- and waaw al-aTf 40910 consonants 1216 construct phrase (see annexation structure and iDaafa) copula pronoun 6162, 300301, 319 Damma 31 (see also vowels, short) on adverbs 170, 277, 289 (Hayth-u), 291 (bad-u) as indicative mood marker 441, 607 as nominative case marker 183 as stem vowel 457 days of the week 159, 36263 declensions of nouns 54 (see also case), 16768, 182204 declension one (triptote) 18387 declension two (see also dual) 18789 declension three (sound masculine plural) 18991 declension four (sound feminine plural) 19192 declension five (diptote) 19297 declension six (defective) 19799 declension seven (indeclinable) 199200 declension eight (invariable) 200204 defective roots/verbs 432 (see also verbs: Forms IX: root types) definite article 4042, 15660 generic use 158 definiteness 5455, 15660 and adjective inflection 241 definite marker, spelling and pronunciation 4042 indefinite marker, nunation 4243, 16165 through annexation 160 through pronoun suffix 16061 demonstrative pronoun 21415, 31521 of distance (that/those) 316 haa this 320 in iDaafa 212, 21415, 31718 locative demonstratives (hunaa, hunaaka, humaalika) 32021 of proximity (this/these) 315

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Index 703
desinential inflection 16566 (see also case and mood) dhaat 313, 320 dhuu 312 dialects (see vernacular Arabic) dictionary organization 4950 use 435, 67781 diglossia 56 diphthongs 33 diptote 122, 167, 279 (ajma-a) broken plural patterns 15055, 164 comparative adjective 247 declension 187, 19297 defective 19799 words not taking nunation 164 disjunctives 41718 doubling (of consonant) 2425, 40, 48, 105, 154, 157 (sun letters), 430 (in geminate verb/root) dual 5354, 12931 dual quantifiers both 230, 334 in counting 33233 Educated Spoken Arabic (Formal Spoken Arabic) 6, 8 elative 195 (see also comparative adjective), 24453 equational sentence (see also nominal sentence) 5963 ergative 669 exceptive expressions 18182, 65056 exclamations 171, 181, 51819 existential there 61, 28889, 321 fatHa 31, 33 (see also short vowels) as accusative case marker 184 as subjunctive mood marker 608609 faal- as model root 436 geminate (doubled) root 430 (see also verbs: Forms IX: root types) gemination/consonant doubling 2425, 40, 48, 105, 154, 157, 430 gender 53, 11925 adjectives 24144 of cities 122 of countries 120, 122 cryptofeminine 124 cryptomasculine 12021 feminine 12024 masculine 12021 in nouns 11925 in pronouns 298 (personal), 315 (demonstrative) 322 (relative) in verbs 438 genitive case 54 (see also case), 17172, 28990 (in relation to adverbs) markers of the genitive 18384 with prepositions and semi-prepositions 171, 289, 367 on second term of iDaafa 172, 212 ghayr 223224, 27475, 648650 government (amal) 5758 Haal 11213, 17475, 28385, 454 hamza 13, 1621 chair/seat rules (spelling) 1621 in definite article 40, 156 hamzat al-waSl 1921, 322 (relative pronouns), 322 (on ithnaan) imperative 62325 insertion in plurals 152, 154 in nisba adjective 262, 266 hamzated root/verbs 431 (see also verbs: Forms IX: root types) Harakaat (see vowels: short) Hayth-u 289 helping vowels (see also vowels: short), 3233, 303 (plural pronoun suffix), 306 (second person plural helping vowel) hollow root/verb 431 (see also verbs: Forms IX: root types) humanness 12529 as an agreement feature 12527 hunaa/hunaaka 288, 32021 (locative and existential) iraab (case and mood marking) 5354, 56 iDaafa 20524 (see also annexation structure) adjective iDaafa (false or unreal iDaafa) 22123, 25354 complex (multi-term) 21516 compositional 209 contents 20910 demonstrative pronoun in 21415, 317 (in second term), 31718 (in first term) ghayr as first term of iDaafa 22324 joint annexation 21718 modification of 21314, 221 partitive 206207 possessive 206 purpose 210 rules for first term 21112, 13031, 141 (the five nouns), 18687, 289, 31718 rules for second term 172, 21213 verbal noun in 207208 idda 226, 23233 illaa 651653 imperative mood 44445, 62233 negative imperative 632, 645 permissive imperative 632 imperfect/imperfective aspect 53, 43942

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704 Index
indefiniteness 54, 156, 16165, 32428 (with relative clauses/pronouns) indefinite marker (nunation) 4243 indicative mood 606608 inflection (overview) 5155 inflectional classes 5556 inna and her sisters 17778, 42228 anna that 42526 buffer pronoun (Damiir al-shan) 424 inna indeed, truly, verily 425 laalla perhaps, maybe 428 laakinna but 427 li-anna because 42728 overt noun subject 423 reduplicated pronoun subject 42324 separated subject 423 intransitive verbs 64 iyyaa- 308 jamii 22930 jussive mood 53, 44445, 61622 kaan-a and her sisters 17677, 44649 (compound verbs), 63440 kam how much/how many 180, 296, 402403 kasra 3031 as genitive case marker 18384 as helping vowel 32 kilaa 230, 334 kull 22829 laa of absolute negation 17980, 64546 laakinna (see inna and hers sisters) 427 laalla (see inna and hers sisters) 428 lays-a 637, 641644 law-laa 65556 letters (of the alphabet) 1012 moon letters 4041, 157 names and shapes 1112 sun letters 4041, 157 transliteration 42 li-anna (see inna and hers sisters) 42728 loanwords 51, 9596, 123, 204 (see also borrowed words) maa 227, 32528 (relative pronoun), 37475, 403404, 647 (negative) man 32526 (relative pronoun) maSdar (see also verbal noun) 7583; for maSdars of specific verb forms (IX, XIXV, quadriliterals) see verbs: Forms maziid min 234 mediopassive 530, 669 mimmaa 328, 380 Modern Standard Arabic 7 differences from Classical Arabic 4 definitions 8 pronunciation styles 34 mood 53, 44445 (see also verbs: moods) mundh-u 38586, 44748 muTaabaqa (see agreement) muTaawi 530, 555, 565, 657, 669 nafs 226, 23637, 312 naHt 50, 99100 names 9799 apposition 224 days of the week 159 demonstratives with proper names 318 female proper 122, 138, 196 masculine proper 12021, 164, 197 months 139 nonArabic proper 196, 204 place names (with definite article) 158 professions 143 nawaasix (converters to accusative) 17679, 42228 (see also inna and her sisters) negation 64156 adam 21718, 650 exceptive expressions 181, 65056 ghayr 64850 laa 644647, of absolute negation 17980, 64546 (see also accusative case) lam 622, 647 lan 648 lays-a 64144 maa 647 neither . . . nor 646 nominal sentence 5859 equational sentence 5863 nominative case 169171 nouns abstract with /iyya/9092, 121, 126 biliteral 92 borrowed 9596 (see also borrowed words) cases 165204 collective 94, 121 common noun (ism) 121 complex 90101 compound, complex 99101, 21819, 268, 27475, 647 diminutive 90 five nouns, the 9293, 18687, 305 (with -ii) generic (ism al-jins) 85, 8990 geographical names 96 not derived from verb roots 92 of instance 8990, 121 of instrument 8788, 151, 154 of intensity, repetition, profession 88, 143 of place 8687

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Index 705
participles as nouns 103105 active and passive 8386 personal names 9799 plurals 128, 13256 primitive 92 proper 9699 quadriliteral 9394, 15455, participles from 11112, 604605 quinquiliteral 94, 152 unit nouns 9495 verbal noun 7583 (see also maSdar and verbs: verbal noun) number (inflectional category) 53, 12956 numbers and numerals 32965 cardinal 32953 1 33031 2 (see also dual) 33234; kilaa and kiltaa both 230, 334 310 33439 1112 33941 1319 180, 34143 2099 34346 hundred(s) 34649 thousands 35051 millions and billions 353 fractions 36061 number adjectives 36364 ordinals 35460 first 35455 2nd10th 35658 11th19th 35859 20th99th 35960 100th 360 last/final 36465 percent 347 telling time 36162 years/dates 35153 nunation 4243 (see also indefiniteness), 16165 and iDaafa 21112 nuun-deletion 13031, 141, 189, 191, 310, 333 object of a locative adverb 172 of a preposition 171 of a verb 17273 operative particles 409 optative expressions 636, 676 participles 8386, 10218 active 8485, 10313 as first term of iDaafa 209 circumstantial accusative in 11213, 17475 (see also accusative, circumstatial Haal) from verb Forms 1X, XIXV, and quadriliterals, see verbs: Forms: participles second through tenth in pattern of active participle 356 passive 8586, 11318 passive voice 65770 derivational 66870 internal/inflectional passive 65868 mention of agent 659, 668 with potential meaning 668 verb-preposition idioms 66667 pattern definition 4849 rootpattern system 4557 verb derivation (awzaan al-fil) 43337 ten-form template 434 perfect/ perfective aspect 43940 (see also verbs) person 52 in pronouns, personal 298 in verbs 43839 pluperfect 448, 637 plurals 13256 broken plural 14455, 19395 plural declensions 18992 plural of paucity 148 sound feminine plural 13240 adjectives 24344 declension 19192 and two-way inflection 18788 sound masculine plural 128, 14044 adjectives 242 declension 18991 pronoun suffixes 303304, -ii my 304 and two-way inflection 18788, 19192 possession 61 through iDaafa 206 ind-a 399400 laam al-milk 37172 (li-) ladaa 39293 ma-a 394 pronoun suffixes 301 predicate 59 adjective iDaafa as 223, 254 complex 44654 of equational sentence 5963 of kaan-a 63536 of lays-a 637, 64344 predicate adjective 240 prepositions 287, 290, 297, 366400 objects of 171, 301, 305, 308 true prepositions (Huruuf al-jarr) 36686 one-letter prepositions (bi-, li-, and ka-) 36775 two-letter prepositions (fii, min, an) 37581 three-letter prepositions (alaa, ilaa, Hattaa, mundhu) 38187

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706 Index
prepositions (Continued) Zuruuf makaan wa-Zuruuf zamaan (derived prepositions - locative adverbs - semiprepositions) 366, 386400: amaam-a 38687; bayn-a 38788; bad-a 38889; daaxil-a 390; Didd-a 390; Dimn-a 390; duun-a 39091; fawq-a 391; fawr-a 391; Hasab-a 391; Hawl-a 39192: Hawaalii 392; ibaan-a 392; ithr-a 392; izaa-a 392; ladaa 39293; ma-a 39394; mithl-a 39495; naHw-a 395; q-b-l roots 39596. qabl-a 395; qubayl-a 396; qubaalat-a 396; muqaabil-a 396; min qibal-i 396; q-r-b roots 396; quraabat-a 396; qurb-a 396; siwaa 397; taHt-a 397; Tiwaal-a 397; tujaah-a 397; waraa-a 397; wasT-a 398; xalf-a 398; xaarij-a 398; xilaal-a 398; abr-a 398; aqib-a 398; ind-a 399400 present tense 285, 43942 negation of 644 passive 663, 66566 pronouns buffer 424 demonstrative 28182, 31521, 333 (see also demonstrative) dhaak-a 319 dhaat-a 320 of distance (that/those) 316 functions 31619 haa this 320 in iDaafa 212, 21415, 31718 with possessed nouns 318 with proper names 318 of proximity (this/these) 315 locative 288, 32021 personal pronouns 298314 object pronouns (suffixed) 30512 possessive (suffixed) 301305: vowel shift 302; with noun and adjective 303 subject (independent) 298301: dhuu noun 31214 relative 32228 pro-drop 438 pronunciation (see also consonants and vowels) case endings 16667 full form 34 pause form 3435 styles 3435 qad 44851 quadriliteral 364 adjectives 258 nouns 152, 15455 participles active 11112, 604605; passive 117, 14243, 605 roots 599601 verbs 429, 432, 599605 denominals 433, 602 imperative 63132 verbal nouns 13536, 604 quantifiers 22838 agreement features 23536 all, every, each (kull) 22830 baD some 231 biD 232 both (kilaa and kiltaa) 334 idda 226, 232 muZam, akthar 23435 shattaa, muxtalif, adad min, kathiir min 233 question words 401406 ayn-a (where) 401402 ayy-un (which, what) 402 hal, a- (interrogative markers) 405406 kam (how many, how much) 402403 kayf-a (how) 403 li-maadhaa (why, what for) 403 maa, maadhaa (what) 403404 mataa (when) 405 quinquiliteral adjectives 266 nouns 94, 152 raghm 654655 reflexive expressions 312 (nafs pronoun) relative adjectives (nisbas) 26169 functioning as nouns 14344 relative clause 32228 definite 323 indefinite 324 resumptive pronoun in 32425 relative pronouns 32228 definite 322 indefinite 325 (maa and man) maa (in apposition) 227 resultative 657 root, lexical 429, 434 definition 4748 root-pattern system 4547 root types 430433 semi-consonant 2930 semi-prepositions (Zuruuf makaan wa-Zuruuf zamaan) or locative adverbs 289, 36667, 386400 (see also prepositions: Zuruuf ) Semitic languages 1 semivowel/semi-consonant 29, 429 waaw 30 yaa 30

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Index 707
sentence basic structures 5773 complex, components 7273 conditional sentence (see conditional) equational (see also nominal sentence) 5863 verbal (see also verbal sentence) 58, 6365 shadda 2425 sisters (see inna and her sisters 42228) of inna 17778, 42228 of kaan-a 17677, 63440 siwaa 65354 solid stems 5051 specifiers 22838 ayy any 23738 nafs same; self 23637, 312 stress (word stress) 3639, 307 subject of equational sentence 5963 overt noun subject 422 (inna and her sisters) separated subject 423 (inna and her sisters) of verbal sentence 6364 subjunctive mood 44445 (see verbs), 606, 60815 and auxiliary verb 636 and negation 64445, 648 subordinating conjunctions (see inna and her sisters 42228) buffer pronoun (Damiir al-shan) 42425 inna and her sisters (see inna) 42528 reduplicated pronoun subject 42324 with an 61115 sukuun 3132, 277 superlative adjectives 24445, 25053 syllables 3536 taa marbuuTa 2124 pronunciation in iDaafa 24, 212 tashdiid 2425 tense (see also verbs) 5152, 43944 thammat-a 289 transitive verbs 6464 doubly transitive 6972 triliteral root 42932 triptote 18387 verbal noun (maSdar) 7583, sound feminine plural 135, in cognative accusative 174, 28586 (see also under verbs: Forms) verbal sentence 58, 6370 verbs 429640 agreement markers 43839 of appropinquation 452 citation form 435, 437 compound verbs 44649 of continuation 45354 derivation 43334 Forms 434, 437 I 45590, participles 47074, roots 45665, verbal nouns in 46570 II basic characteristics 49192, root types 49294, verbal nouns 49496, participles 49698, conjugation tables 498502 III basic characteristics 503, root types 503506, verbal nouns 506508, participles 508509, conjugation tables 51014 IV basic characteristics 51516, root types 51618, exclamatory 51819, verbal nouns 51921, participles 52123, conjugation tables 52429 V basic characteristics 53031, root types 53133, verbal nouns 53334, participles 53439, conjugation tables 53642 VI basic characteristics 543, root types 54345, verbal nouns 54647, participles 54749, conjugation tables 55054 VII basic characteristics 55558, participles 55860, conjugation tables 56164 VIII basic characteristics 56570, verbal noun 57071, participles 57173, conjugation tables 57478 IX basic characteristics 58486; verbal noun 58687; participles 58789; conjugation tables 59095 X basic characteristics 57980; verbal noun 58081; participles 581; conjugation tables 58283 XIXV 59698 gender marking 438 inceptive verbs 453 inflection 43846 inflectional categories 5152, 43846 intransitive verbs 64 model root: faa - ayn - laam 43536 moods 53, 44445 imperative 445, 62233 indicative (see indicative mood) 445, 606608 jussive (see jussive mood) 445, 61622 subjunctive (see subjunctive mood) 445, 60815 number marking 439 person marking 439 quadriliteral 432, 599605 root types 43033 strong(sound) 430 weak430; assimilated 431 defective 432; doubly weak 432; geminate 430; hamzated 431; hollow 431 of seeming 640 stem vowel 437, 45557 (Form I) tenses/aspects 5253, 43940 future tense 442, 608: future perfect 449

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708 Index
verbs (continued) past perfect/pluperfect 44849, 637: past progressive 44647, 637 past tense 285, 44244: in conditional clauses 673 present tense 44142 transitive verbs 6464 doubly transitive verbs 6972 verb strings 285, 45154 voice 5253, 44546, 65859 passive 44546, 65770 vernacular Arabic 56 vocative 17071 voice 5253, 44546 vowels 2534 helping 3233 long 2530 phonemic chart 25 short 3034 waaw al-maiyya 308 waHd-a pronoun 28687 word order 6669 writing system 1034

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