1

ll I ll R llll
\T>T kVr |kq+ ll nH |sT |< eT. n|{ es $+
edTe qT, <q +q esT #+<T eH n& qT+ es+Z eT]+
$d + #dT +~. ll n+{ $+ sjT& e]bsTTq ||+ # |]d ,
||+ # kV |sq + e\q *q nqTu T\ |s+ |s nHs>+ nHsT.
ll >] q~s |_d { |d s Y sT Xd nu sq e\q eTV|kH
j>|+ sdq #\+ ll $ uV +s sb\ # >
$e]+#&T.
V<jT + m +|d n +|q\ e\T s|+ e&+ n
\TdT. HT s S *| = { j sT #X&T. ll e< ||+ #
e\ n s#H $<q+ | XX , ue k+<s + dw+ >
\TdT+ ~. Te+{ kV+ \T>T ||+ # }| }|+ ~. |r kVr
|jT T& >&+ > ]++~. ys+<s eTV$> ll ]+ #sT.
ll >]q yd+ H @s&q n_bj\qT | + > #| {
ll eTV$ e{ sD | $<+ > #bqT. ll n> b>&& + >
n \Vq* ds #dT= >&+ > w+ eT< esZ
nqTd]dTH qT.
|ue H{ ls+>+ lydse eTV$ &T. $sd+ n$sy
eTT+< ( $|e + j&T+~s &H L&T+~s nH H{) eTV$> ww| P ]
dHq+ b+<&T. K&dZ w, eT&T jus TT\T (d]d] eTTe, b|&\ T,
*eT]\T) n y r|jT <s H\T, s &j H{\ T, <\ T, yk\T,
de b\T n eTV$ _sT< n&, sD\ e.
|ue ls+>+ lydse ueq\T n u$ dkjT +f eT+~.
n++ f sV $+ n >=| ] d+b~+ |{+ < HqqTe&+
<T . $sd+ $se+ sT y y\Te&q eTs|kq+ +> eTV|kH
+f ysq eTs |kqyT. ~ ll eT|]De ddT+~. b>

eTV|kq+ s+q ll eTV$. eTV|kq+ H{ e]+ H <T.

nH ll +s> #| T+f eTV|kH e]+ <<+ n+> + m+
b eTV|kq+ d+|<jT #jT\T n+ nHw+#&+ n+| .
|T s K<T {\H #q esY~ <q+. kV
|u e+ e\H XyT Jeq k+<s eT+>+ s +#+ ]+~. n>H
|sd s+ d+|T ]+q X \ #] |fq T nH n_bjT+ >] uy<
d<+ |_++. ~ H{ kV |]o\q |* + e#T.
$sd+ $se+ sT y eTV|kq+ $eTjT+> dTq e]dT
<< y&Te&+ | <T. lljT e]dT |+< eT+<H&T qT.
eTV|kq+ K+&\ { e]dT |u e+ \eTe{ |]X<q
#jT + qe\b\T #d Xs+ <T .
|&T HqT u$dTq ~, ll qT e] u$s\ n+~+q d+<X+
$|e + j&T+~s n. eTV|kq $ yT#TH y B d++<+
<T . |ue n+<\T y y nd\T #jT\ ssT. n+<T |+
sese >sT ll $+ H >=|~, jTq nqTd]+qes+Z nHsT.
ll $ yT#Ty\qT+Tq y eTV|kq+ #~$ d+| |& sT.
jTq nqTd]+q esZ n_e+#y eTV |kq+ bT eTs|kq+
d]ksT . ll n+f Hw+ n_eq+ nHy&T, jTq qTd]+q esZ
n_e+#>\ s < L& eTT+< ss TT+#Ty*. b T $
nT $|y s +{ s &q s e& nesT.
sj
T + \>{ sD+ kVs+>+ e < , kV
< @s&yT. =s nHy+f de+ d+ nqy nuT <jT
eTT\jsT. qT q$Tq d<+ |#s+ d+ nqy
$|y _eqT\jsT.
$ keTy< n+d |s+ kV < e < nH
jTe\ s +&+{ ll T # | +& <]+#< q ~ d yT. kV
|s+ > 20 d\| > j, e |s+ > dHH\T nysT\ d+s+u eTq+

<VsD\T> rdTe#T. eTV$ ll d| y\qT (1980 H&) >]

n~ ll \T>TC #dT q ds+> =+<sH sT. #dT q d+d <c =+<sT
n e < < +~+#sT. s+ > ll u$s\eTT+<T e>
< , kV < q{ qsTb nedse nH d+Xj $#sT.
#s +&sE k< eTeT+< s|+#&T, q bD+ |D+> |{. sujT
e\T D + + eTV$ J$+ n+~+# d+<X+ _qeT \TdT= y]
eTV|kq+ mTyb ss TT+#Ty*. q eTs |kH d<+ y*.
ll MT< y<|y<\T
ll jTT>s nHses. sD+ n|\k$T >sT q $Xw D #dsY
w jTsY\ & >TsC&, ll \ nqsTT+|#d >TsC& jTT>s n ll
eTV$ n n_bjT+ e+ #XsT. ll e L& n&T>TC& >TsC&~.
n~ u$ u.. y<y sTT+ eT]|+# b nH~ ns s d +. n+<T
>TsC& jTT>s . d C < yTH nqT ll~ | es+Z . ~ $sd+
$se+ es e]dT + ~. V+dH esTed~ V+dH dw |Pd~ . nH
qeT+ ll e+ #jT + jTq kjTT< bs{ deT]dT q T \Tk+~.
$+> keTy< eed }V+q $ mTe+{ #<H +&
d<+ #| &+ n |]De dw+ #k+~. ~ eT+ #&T ll w+ .
mes jTq| sT< < T . n+{ \VqT&T <T qT nk< +. jTq y <q
y& $| $\Te esT\T ns+ #dT Cq+ ne+> +<H*.
ll eTdT\ T eTV$ #XsT nq sT< ll # kVr+
seT| |+T\T> e]+|&+ deT+dyT n|+#sT. dTuse bD>V
eTV$ >*> \D\T me] |+#<T u\T. ]d e# _sT<
eTV$ nq~? n e&q n_qe$ lH<T _sT<T\T m+eT+~
*#sTT? ll n $yT eTV$ #d+ ~.
<T +< kV< jTq+ #dy eTV|kq+ neX |s jT+.
nsTT n< y<+ <T s<T. 1930 qT+ kV HqT q&|d T H qT. n
d>s +> #| q $. |C $+ nH |<+ sdq b\T n uD
sjT>*q #s +&sE, ><s ,Y ek>s,Y e+>|+ &T, dT+s +{ y+f

yqH \&sTT. $|e + j&T+~s &H L&T+~s >&T+~s nH

b VY b>s+ eTVY j
T + |<\T b \ $s<\T,
}>s }>s L& n+. $wjT + neqT HqT |\$HqT, y]
#~yqT, #~$+< sdTH qT nqe e n|+# eq<T.
$sd+ $se+ sT y ll eTs|kq+ bs+uy T + ~. $sd| $ ll
( d+| d++~+q y&H <X +H |j >+ #dT H qT.) q
eTs|kq+ H n>>$T &T. bD>V+{ y+<s, + >{>
nqT+f \+>D bs e\ m+<s nH eTT+<Tqy. n+<T#
1970 sT y ll mes #_ $H sE\T @H& bjsTT. n qqe
+ #d qy+ kV q&|+#>\ X ] d+b~+#T{
|jT +#&T. |jT +H qTe #*+#&T. @y < $ T+f ll
q nuT <jT $ 1970 es rdTs>*>&. ~ H n_bjT+.
ll X<+* |T {d |d+ Vs+ #| THqT.
ll q C qT\T b&TH eT++> n+~+#\ +q $
k~+q |+<T & n nqsZ + ns k< yTq esZ n<T+
#+<T&T. dV <jT T\T =+eT+< d]jT*| $| <sDT\ nqTy<|{ e T
dT ksT . d<++ b|~> +#ysT, eTV$> ds | & q ll s+q
eTs|kH <]ksT . eTV$e \TdTH deb\ $+XqT
b>&q e#T =+eT+~. deTd e\ * VT q ll <q J$.
eTV$ m{ #{\qT ]+# +& <T +< $|bdT\ dV <jT
s+ #*. n|&T $XMD +jT esq \T bsTTq ll $ nseTsyT
+<T \q+<] n\]dT+ ~, \ #| qT
n X* X\ w
|C Xj _w
nHwD ` 1 >w 1983

w| b{> n\H{ X| +
ue$+ nqe >&#s V] dse Tse>sT n|] eTT> ++|
#dq e. ue$ s+#&+ |{esL ny|, ny|\ T +&
]+<qTe&+ deT+d+ <y ? C uee\ $wjT + @_bjT+
<s < T . b ue$ sd+ # y H @_bjT+ e+< n+f nB
<T . =+eT+~ m+ b\T q#b, eT]=+ eT+~ K+&y\, y{
uc, uy\ q#<T . + $yT q $wj \T ` ue$+, ue$ nq
|s |&T uee\T> |\e&TTqysT =+<sT =+\+ bT
n+^]+#b e&+, eT]=+<sT e]es es+#&+ .
eT q ns\T ue$ #| +Tq y+<] $+
>TD<c\T |{ + #<\ T#THsT nq+|+ T\ seT*+>k$T>sT. jTq
e |& d+>T \T |yk*e&+, y< $y<\ yk\T sjT&+,
du\ T ]|+#&+ <T\T. n+<T y] dV <sD qqTd]+ ue $eTT
VQu+>T\ <#&T |P ue sbe~# ~ VdeTT >=&T $|T
sBeX $|T $ |dT d X |+ |{ + #sT.
deT*\T |d+~+ yT#THsT. =+eT+~ e+ ue$+
MT< eq |+ X| + #|+ rsTHsT. uee\ deTsT\ T d+w+#sT.
sqT sqT =+<sT $eTs\ |De n nq+ |+T\ysT ue$
es\T> eTT< yjT&sT. nsTTH seT*+>k$T>] ue$>H
d+u$+#sT =+<sT ue$ deTs \T. sD+ y] $\, eTT\ds\
sdq <Xu ^\, w yeV] uw d+|T d+dsD <w sdq <\
e#T. n+<T eTbT $ d+\H #sT HsT.
|+>[ \++ >s+{s | eeTT (X| e TT) uee\
<+u C >T]+ |j +q |]Vk. C \D eTT\ eTTKyTq $
b+& |eTT, jTy\+|T qeTT, bNq $ <wD, nq ue #seTT,
e+#qeTT q>Tq$. <Ts D eTT\T >\ e\qT ~es |+&T \T |\TesT
|\T $<e TT\T> >& T #T+&]. |+&T \ $eTs\T e\+ T\ T+>\>T
dsd e TT\T e. seT*+>k$T>] X| e TT e eTs<\T b{+q
$eTs >+<e TT. ~ $qTy] y> T>=\ dsd y T q Vq eeTT. +<T

\uT&>T <+u ue$ L& q esqqT #dqee\dqy& >

jTe\dqy&T &T n. \D \T X| e TT #| q rsT $e]d nq+
|+T\y] |]Vd X\ $X<e TeT+~.sde TT HHi T>H, bs$ T~jT$T,
<$& <XqdeTT\ &s ? deTT\+s d$T HHi T>H, eT>Te\T <] sTT+#T
q>\T >y ?jT HHi T>H? q >cjT eg<sT&q y&T >& ? >TsTe
HHi T>H, d] d] ? jTs udq+T d*|q jT&T >& ? Xe Tq HHi T>H,
#| &T >< ? n+{ <+u ue$.
q d+ eTT* | b]dT q $>] <+u ue$ | y T
q>qT, ue$ BsT &! q $ e q jTyTsT+>T? \
MX&+ &T ? Hq deT\qqsTT+|> deTsT& q &+u\T ={&T .
#j |eT < e HH eTsT\ T #jT Tq{ |Pse\T |+<e TTqT
yjTH C*HsT, }Vj? se ? Wj ? qMq >j ? b|+
Cqe ? jTT&T H <T >se+uT\T H+&TqT |+<\| n q
|Ps$ <wD deT]+#TH&T. HsT u ? +{y sE
n q ue $ deTs \T eT yk |< |< #bsT. |e*q
y+<s uee\T bNq $ <w\T nH n_bjT+ *dT+f
wX d> sT, sjTb\TysT *+#T <j ! <T ! yTeTT bNq e\
| $T* $qeTT\+. nd\T yS uee ! n |Hk*#ysT.
|+>[y]> lb< >b\w eT]>s d+~+#sT. nq+|+ T\
seT*+>k$T>sT qee\ yc, |]$TT\, n+\, e ke
= b*\, e He*, n#Tyd |< , d+|<jT $ <wD, +>
$ #s m d&+ #sT X| + . M] J$ |< T \T L& d#
|eTy<\, |jTd $\ nqTeHd<+> q&$. neX+ <=]
#\T yT< neT w+~ s#q \T #ddTq T> d+|<jT |< |<\T
ydy] n|&| &T du\ q, n#{, n y , uHq+se TT qB
d q n|V deTT #dysT. yT X+ qT+# }&|& T q yTTq{<
>&j
T qiT |<e TT\T >+eTT s+Tq+ b\T ={q e\T @
qe$ | H #] d+|<jT $ y ]d X| e TT+{ s#q \T s+
#ksTT ! n+ nqTsD \ $es*#sT.

B&T ue$+ ns+ e&+ <T yTTseT >\|&, n+ ! ns+

be&yT < \D \ HXsT =+<sT . # | y+Xd> sT e+&
J$' y' |we yT nqT uee* y] |< ue+ n& nq+|+ T\>]
<+u ue$> uyyX deTjTeTTq HHy ydH&, |&&> H H $~
<\T|<T? y uyyX+ TH=+~ u$+|<> T H nHs.
n+<T jTq X| + s+q nq+|+ T\y] X|T T& X|T eTT&
H n_bjTeTT nHsT.
wX d> ] ]C\T *d jTq |<\T $q &T>T seTeT] |+T\T
>sT X| e TT $\T = |\ |{ e TsTTq|&T (1925`27)
#~$ # d+w+HqT. z = \T>T $ $s$ +q< ! nqT=HqT.
|&T lseT*+>k$T |+T\T>sT eT $\ #] |deTT>
n#TysTT+q+<Tq n$ n #<T e M\sTTq~. #~$q+<Te\ H n_bjTeTT
<&| & ~ . yTTyT T<{ |< eTT qT+ e] |< eTT < H HqT q+~d
$ $Xwe TT\T yT#T+ #~$HqT. VdeTT yTqeTT <T . $T*
Hp> eq~ |]VdeTT n d]| {# sT.
X| + #eTs\T =:` $$ #| q e\ s\T:` e\T,
e\T, dTe\T, e\T, eTTe\T, e\T. $ n+f qesd eHs+ Tq
$eT\T& eTH&T y&T. $ n+f cse X+Tq ~&Ty&T. dT$ n+f
deq s#s TT, $ n+f \>q MX&T. \<\ eeTT
&T=qTy&T. eTT$ n+f e+|> X djT $eT&T, e\
yqT qTe TT&T. $ n+f \MX\+<T \ >\&Ty&T. ($ <w
e+ \ MX\+<sT e) y+H eT] ue$ n+f @$TH d+<V +
\T>TT+~> !
uyyXe TT, ue esq eTT, <<y~udeTTH
ue b, ue |T , d<|u ueyT
Je+&=+<TH= j &=+~ $l X dw du
y$s sV d $T~jT qT e+<>d Jy[H
ue$ jT y y=q<>T q+{&T seT*+>k$Ty] lH<T &T.

nq+|+ T\ seT*+>k$T>sT lH<T & # |< u|& $

deT]+|#d ue ^ d\jT{ b* n~ deTT<+ <T >qT u $T MT<
e+&& M\T<q &+ sd <|+#sT. ~ K+&e s#q deTsq .
jTq #| +q $ d$T du ns\ T deTq d$TT\| $dTs
jTH usr d$T duT &.
1. \T>T yjT&+, #<e &+ sy*, 2. +^w uw *d #\T 3. <XHyX+
e+&*. 4. <>+ #d T~ e+&L &<T . 5. ue^\T b&TT+&*, 6.
|Pse\ {bj*. 7. d# $Vs\T #j*. 8. duT]H=sT
yT#Ty*. 9. n|$ #| +<+ | H*. 10. #e\T q& +& ET
|+#*. $ $ uT C\T T&TeTT+f @$T #k+ ? n> X| + w|
+< yT H yqT @eTq>\+ ?
+<* (X| + ) |< eTT\ >\ |]Vd yeTT\T j e\ qT
d +# T # d e T\eTTy] , e | ] DeTeTTqT d +# T #
u$\eTTy] eTHVseTT e+&>\e, e <wD +& |<e
uey] d]jT q eseZ TTq s| +#>\ HsT $>sT eT $ \qH
dsd e TT> |<] +HsT. nq &T>T d|>] n_bjT+ |s+ ]+<
< nq~ |]o*+#e\d e+~.
@~ @yT H + , X| + |u e+ m+ <T> y$se+ sT y
ue$+ D + bsTT, #\+ e #| q M eTq wX d
q Ve\jT Ks ]dq $es+ bjT <X\ y+ |eV+,
e] d& T \Te |\TTq deTjq q ;wD | C\\ $] b>\T
| XesZq $V]+|#d s+ q ll ue$+ Xe| n
s<eT|++~. nuT <jT e =+<sT wX d |> {sT .$+>
uee\ |d< T \ #eT+~ X| + eq sT y jd e\T>
e]bjsT. X| y $<sT\ T |< #~ys. ue$ es
>+<\T> |sT|&q y{ X| + u>H |++~.
+<C 9`10`1989.

ue$ yTd
wX
d
@qT d# esT&, HqT >>q
|< $Vs $V+>eT| HqT,
yVq $\ \<s e T] HqT
|j
T +sa|u+ q k$T HqT
qqT > jTsT C*C+<+> e\<T `
jTes jT+Ts qqT ? ` @qq+
X; s $Ts |
H eTsDeTT e\<HqT
eTsDeTqT q T& #$+&qjT+
e&e& e&+> &eT qe>
<\<T >* Xw|eTT >qT
jTH< u* |jT Ts\T H
yT qe k+< deTjT eT eTH
dTeT $T @< $+ s rjT
<q| y<q H J$eTTq s |
H ydeTT =\T >+<s
eT<T s dTwe dT<>q eT+Ey{
@ H= $j>^
d#, $c<eTT, |DjTeTT, |ydeTT e $ ue|s+ |s . ue$
\D yT n~. #H <sD ns+ #dT q+ ue$ k<
sD+ $+q wX d deTs \, es\, qeT*\, <T \
L& | > n+#H yXs|k+~. { {, |<+ |<e T qw\ |],
uyyX| yT dyT+T >], bNH+<kV| \T>T\,
e+>kV| y\T>T\, bX kV| yTsT>T\ | >y+ >T+& |d] +#
@sT #d q>q+, qyw+ , <XH, | |#T sD eT\d+ u\T> ]+q
ue$| yT& n+<] <eTT e>*q wXd d]> ns+
#dT qys+<sT +{sT ?

10

nsE eq $<XKsT\ ysT H{ \| $+ wX d >]

w| + | <| d# | q
| qjT< Te TjT<qT
eT<T |eTjT< +<eeT qjT<qT
yT|T eTjT< $+ yTi| qjT<qT
bqjT< =+&y>T qjT<qT
|eqeTjT< y] u+ >eTjT<qT
@ jT|& jT\H >
ejTeTjT< HqT eibjT<qT
q$b<TsT> H{ d>T Z ?
H sTT#j
T > H{ yi| ?
H sTT#jT > H{ yie ?
K+& ++ e njeTjT| e\T. w| s sTT{ TyT<
nsTT, yT|T eTsTT, >s& #dT + f #&eq HqT V\|&T THqT. yq+<+
+f >s& q+<+ HH || & qT n nHsT. HqT y nqTq
njeTjT+ e\q ~ ]+~.
wX d >] $\ $c< y] kV |]$T+ #jT
u\>+><s \ y] J$ eTT&|T
eT| P \ MT< |sT +{&T
eT+ >+<+ sdT+{&T.
eTs+<T &Tk&T ? n d+<V + e+ #XsT.
d+<s + $wjT + >TsT #dT y*. ue$+ bX kV
|u e+ e\H |u$ ++~. ue $+ nq |s esT |{s #T wX d> sT
>&#s V] dse Tse >sqT+{qT. s sjTb\T |< u>
y&qTHsT. < ns+ *] bsTT{ nsTT H nu +s+ <T nHsT.
bXkV+ *] bsTT{ \D \qT s|+# s#q wX d
>sT #Xsq&+ nXj <T . qT *] bsTT{ s#q+ bX
kV+ >eTd $wjT + =+ dw| & T T+~.

11

A poem to be sung to the lyre, in the modern sense any poetry

that sets out to express the thoughts and feelings of the poet
Encyclopaedia Britanica
Word

+~. n> Encyclopaedic Dictionary of the

L& Lyric poetry was originally poetry

adapted to the lyre

and intended to be sung. The term was afterwards applied to short

poems (Whether meant to be sung or not) usually divided into stanzas

n
L &

and directly expressing the poets own thoughts and sentiments

$e]+#s T .

New websters Dictionary and thesauraus

Expressing the poets intensive personal emotions, usually in short poems

n +~.
d+<s + $wjT + >eT+#*. mesT #| H $ nqTu T\T
(Feelings), #q\T (Thoughts), |DjTuy\T (Sentiments), ue\ T
(Emotions) nH nHsT. $ nqTuy\T (Experiences) n nH<T.
n+|&T ue$+ j e\ nqTuy \ d+|{> u$+#&+ | <!
ue$ yTd wX d >] e\ ue$+ n+f @$T{ \TdTH
|jT + #<+.
$qT nqTe~+#&+ H |< T u> <T . n+<TqT *]
(Lyric). (*]qT n+<s ue$ n+THsT).
kV sb\+{ $+ me> XjT +, *] eT. @<
d+|T H, @< edTy $ n+s+ > d+, < }|, eV+, n
k+ nqTue +> nsTTbsTT n $wy D <s *] y\Te&TT+~.
*] T~ q, yT<&T q, V<j ~ +. *] e| ] #~
V<jT ue+ (Truth of the emotion) *] $ V<jT y~.
divided into stanzas

I will fly to thee on the viewless wings of poesy though the dull brain

nqT .......
sM+<T&T # > yX&T . *] #+ <d ueeT ] *d
fbsTT. (The expression and the expressed are one) $&Bd n$

perplexes and retards

12

<={ $T+>d X \ T. y{ dV ys T < b>={ deTqsTT+#*. b

e s+ $+ j sT+~. n XeT|] sdq |] u $T q
<X + ue$+ n+f *] bsTT{ n dw+ #d $| \D +
XjT n, uyyX+ dV eT, n+eq n~ $ k+ nqTue +
< $e]+#sT.
H|< + lyric poetty Kari Beckson and Artur Ganz. q
$esD #<+.
We still refer to the words of a song as the lyrics, but in general the
term lyric denotes a poem of limited length experssing the thoughts and
especially the feelings of a single speaker, such poem usually avoids a
narrative sturcture, such one encounters in an epic in which a linear
development is the driving force : instead, the speaker in a lyric may
contemplate an image, such as the urn in keats meditative Ode on Grecian
and reveal emotional and involves speaker (not necessarlly the poet)
addressing his or her loved one, as in Christina Rosettis song which begins
when i am dead, my dearest,
sing no sad songs for me ;
plant thou no roses at my head,
Nor shady cypress tree

+ T *jT eT\es| $XXsse >sT eT >q+ $+

nH yd+
mesV o~
H>d &y \
|\TTs es=, eT>q T\T
yjT #|\
mesV, mes=V
|& qqT |\T]+TsT (wX d)

13

eTT+<] <VsD+ (d+< s+, s# + <q+) ll jT|& \jT\

wXd n+sZyT n+sV> qeTjsTT. sV s#q #$
<T#TT+~. eTqdT eTs eTT+#TT+~. ns MT* H\ #d #|
@MT q|& , <X #|T+~. Xu\T \sTT+#sTT. uy\T \sTT+qf
|k+~. ns\T e+ \sTT+#< T . &y \e&+, eT>q T\T, yjT
#|\T mes @y m+<T *jT |\T|! ns| w MT< <s|& uedw
e\+ >*yT& e+{< s|sV X* #sT +T+~. +<T sd+ $s
dsZ bjTyT bsTT+~. ~ ue>q+ nsTT e#T ue$+ e+ <T.
n *bsXsT. nsTT H e+
mes=VA! $
k>d &Ty \
_d s es=, sdu y\T
q e\
mes=VA, mes=V
T .X.q>se|s T sT?
n d] bsj\|k+~. @y < $ T{+f wX d> ] n_bjT+
|s+ ue$+ n+f @$T+f
$ |sy T q nqTu T\, #q\ >qj>yTq d+| | qyT
ue$+ ~ ue$ H s#q+.
D+ d D+D+ ue$+ <T. w e T\ ds d].
n] eT*+ <T. <TeP] s$Ts& eqe] <T. < , d+|T q
b\ |yT jT+ e]+qyM e. H sk b\T, \eT|[ $XH<y ]
*] n wX d> sT nHsT.
HjT dTuse >] ku <T |DjTj ue$+ neT+~.
q+&] dTuse m+b\T ds d]. Ms+<] eTT+<Ty&T desE nbse.
wX d> ] e\H desE yTTyT T< ({) ue$. n+f ue$
e #|qy&H <T sT y eq uee >T |y e+{y&T.

14

$=+&\ ysT L& *] s+#sT. wX d >s sjTb\T <T $ n

H qeT+ n nHsT.
|&T eT yTT<{ =<+. ue$+ HqT $ e#T. Y kjTT&T
e#T. < bs & e#T. e <X { \TdH +T+~. |jTk,
|jT T&, H= eTV|sTw&, @ |<s, @ BqT&, u> e +T& mesH
e#T e. yTT+ MT< yD (Single speaker) eyT ue$+ (Lyric
poetry) $|dT +
~. HqT, e bs ne>Vq { n ||* ksTT.
ue$+ n+f ^TH d+<V+ \>& sD+ $]$>
ue$+ ^T\ sjT&yT . < sDeTT+~.Lyric poetry L& stanzas
+T+~. ue$ deT]+qysT d+|<j nqTd]+ n< y\
|sT |ujTs K+&\ .
bX kV+ Lyric genre. < forms > aube; dramatic
monologue; elegy; epithalmion; haiku; ode; sonnet <T\qT #|
e#T.
n+<T Encyclopaedia Britanica It (lyric poetry) is sometimes contrasted
with narrative poetry which relates events in the form of a story, the elegy.
The ode and the sonnet (qq.v.) are all important kinds of lyric poetry

#bsT.

\T>T | & n+ =+<s> < T . eTq |jT (Genre) ys ,

s|+ (Form) ys <T. @ s|+ H |jT f >T]+|. <+&+ , X + ,
<X+, Xe+ <T\>, bX kV+> +#\+f |+<+
Gener nsTT n~ |< , >< #+|e m s+|&H Xe|+<+
neT+~.
n+ $u>+, d+uw Hs |+ +f <X |+<+ neT+~. |+<
\D \T> |d~ #+~q$ s +&+{q +& s|+ (Form) esTT+<qe.
|&| & |< |&! <+& dfs >Y , |s&> >T]+| \_+#&+
yTT<+ ~.
n+<Te\q |DjT d++~ $wjT yTq |{ ue$eTy\+f $
|sy T q nqTu T\, #q\ >qj>yTq d+| | qeTy*. n
q|&T n~ ue$+ (lyric) <T. n+<T < <q + | |eT, <Xu ,

15

$c< eTTK+> |Dj e+ #d ne ue$ XK> u$+#&+

ndeT+d+. Lyric edTe (e+ ) +&<T . e]+# |< eyT +T+~.
+T *dy&T >qTH ue $yTd wX d H{ q $+
Objetive Poetry #jT\T eT#T L& q&e<T . nHwDeTT |]o*d `
mesT me] e{&sT? nq |X eT+<V d+ L&q yT >|
q |_++ n #eT]+#e#T. m+<T+f |X f yTT<{ esq
mee |$|eH?
+< |Xd y+^ eTT ue$+. e<e es <T /qe $eTT.
sD+ yTT<{~ $ q nqTu T\qT |{ + q~. s +&e~ < <q |<
q~. s +&+{ & sdE
\ +<] *dq<. n+<T wX d> sT qT |sy T q
y (Subjective poem) uey > jT y (lyric) += s+
e+ #d | #jT eT+f m> #ksTT? n |+#sT.
<X ue$ s#q+ >T]+ eTsk] #]<+. y\]ys,
+<>+ { VqTeT#d, $=+&\ y+se, b{+& e<e Xs <T\T
ue$ d+|<jT|<H s+#sT. $XH<, ll\ s#H\T
$esD\, $+ HsTT.
wXd>] n_bj* >s$d jTq deTq $ ns+
#dT +f ue$ s#q+ <:` $ |sy T q nqTu T\, #q\ >q
j>yTq d+| | qyT ue$+.
bX kV+ Whether meant to be sung or not n Lyric
poetry \D
+ ydT \TuT H wX d> ] n~ w+ <T .
H $+ bD+
d+^+ eT nHs&& jTq. nd\T ue$ |#s+
u>eTsTTq wX d >] nDT<] X jTTe |fq ~ ue$ >qyT.
deT*\T &s .Y lb<>b\we T] >sT q+&], |s]u y s e+{
>jT\, wX d >] e+{ #sD < \ X\ $<sT\ L $<e+T\

16

du\ L ` eTM sT \M ` $|+q|&T nH du\ T y] n_q+~+#sTT

nHsT. +<>+ { VqTeT#d> sT eT nqTuy $e]d
|+>[-] e\ $ uV ] bs+_+, sjTb\TqT ~|,
n] |\]+, desEqT |seT]+, <TeP], eX+sT \qT d+,
m+HjTT&Tue\qT T+, *+ +|> eTT+#y&T. |< |sq +,
jTq >jT&T <T. |* |eqT XdTK+ y=\T
+&~ n >TsT #dT HsT.
e] wX d> s djT+> d+<s>+ >Te>TeTT sT e
nq k>+ bs+_+, =\] $keT sT y #~$, $T*q
y\T esd> #~yyD. #~yyD$ T{, b&yD. jT+b b&yD n
ue$ |#s+ qe+T w *bsT. n+<Te\q b, |<eTT
|~ &sTTq wX d> ] n_bj nqTd]+ ue$+ >qj>+
nsTTrs\ #| e#T.
eTT{ s> \ $TH{ qTsT>T\
&j
T T H&u fH! $& *HH!
yqqT> k>d e\|#|> H>d
|&b e<TqT HH! |sT e*&T<TqT HH!
=* $j HH !
=* |jTd HH !
H{ H{ qT <qH ! nq }s
< e#T#THqT |jT Ts !
\TeqT H |jT Ts ! n+
XSqeTT <{ Xw<V eTT <{
jTHq _& Xw + .X. #s +{sT.
|yVyD ` qe+sT 1999

17

u\ysD |]DVeTT
>Ts Vj |Ps+ d+j se u<q yT
s |T sTe s< XuqTXdqyT
<ed\T |\Ts\T. $s$+#{ sT|V d\+,
>TjT\, seTD |jT < sTT#T | s$&eTT. }V *jT+>\
K bs e TT\T y\H&T n\k |<q . <e] +eTD
yU, <s D ]e[ $ws \s <e ks sDq MT eTVs+
#jT HeT +s> #bsT. @B @yTH qeqyHw X* |u, er
H|< + sD\T. qjTd] >sT qT nqTue E&q eyT dw+
#X&T.
eTTqT eTT<T|+ >T#TH
<q]q y d jTT=+H
<+ sTT~ |T {+
qqjTeTT ueu<e T>T u+ "<>H .
n q nsq T $qjT+> *jT#ksT. ys|P @ <>H nqTue +
y\++&&+ #dH H+ < ! |uT + ys nHsT < |[+<T
=+<s | HsT eTT+<s n.
qjTd] >sT y*+q q ysD B|+ u\ysD + <
eTT+<T =+ dsT L ds+ Ce deTLsTH y*+#&q sT B|| +
sD \T \T>TH\ H\T>T #s> T |d] +#jT #| &+ m+{ nXj
<T .
u\ ysD s#q |PsyT qjTd]>sT |<+< ysD+,
d+<y sD +, XX dq+. X\ D d+>V + sTT<Tq ysD >+<\T
s+#sT. $ +<< Te\, $u u ~, ns~ |T +Te, $X|T +Te
nH eT]= ysD d++< s#q \T #XsT. eqTks+> |]o*d y{
s#H *$.
|<+<y sD + 1840
d+< ysD + 1842
X Xdq+ 1844
X \D d+>V + 1853

18

u\ysD + 1857
qjTd]>sT eT u\ysD+ |] dw+> #bsT.
+<u w \D >+<e TT\T bNqT\T #dq $ |\T q&T#Tq$. = \D
>+<eTT\ | e$T|&T $q&T#Tq$. q&T >+<eTT\+<T
d+dde TjTeTT\ \D eTT\T VQse TT> s+|&q$. q uw
$XcseTT> s+|&q$ e. { sT \D >+<e TT\T #<T e y]
d+<V eTT> e#qs#q CjT T X\eTT s\eTT VQ\ eTT\+<T ]XeTeTT
#jT sHs< T . uc d$Tw \D >+<e TT\T ~]q |e T+<+ XeT|&
<T . T< \ |]CqeTT #\ \D |]CqeT+ Xw eTT <T.
T<eTT ds \D |]CqeTT \ |]CqeTT #q k~+#T $T* <TwseTT.
{ sTT{ =i y]+| |\ eTT\T |\TeiT ke<qeTT> |]o*+
s#H |D[ ss TT+#T= H HsT =\~ d+du w qq >+<y T T{
$+. >+<e TT u\Ts dTk<e TT >+&T e\q <jT+<* deTT\T
= + | >+<s |eTT> s+H& n n+
qT>Tq X \D
eTqjT+ sjT +> y& q+~q ys
qs> ysD +
Tq eT\+uq u\+>q"<>T H. n L& #bsT.
u\ysD |X+ d+q y]H =+<sT $wj |{+ #T be&+
e\q |+&T \ eT< # >+<y T ]+~.
#s uy \T seTV+ >sT $wjT + d+#>H u\ysD +
yUH\T =+{, b&y sD |]o*+#> qjTd] >sT #| q e
$qbe&+ e\ = bsbT ]>jT n|++~. =+eT+~
ysD s#q \ |]#jT + b e&+ e\H, y{ VQ |Xd b e&+ e\q
d| # |jT +H, |PsysD + d+d uw +& u\ysD + \T>T
+&+ e\ s +&+{ d++<+ <H <X +H bsb, y<$y<\T
]>jT HqT u$dTH qT.

19

~C |<s q = <VsD*kqT
qT>T\MT"~ k+d |sTweTT\ >d&<e\T se ~
u\ysD + d+~ |]#<+ 14e d+.
b& y s D eTT nq& q *+> \ D X w e TT V Q q| *
dse#sT\ ysT d+~ |]#< e TT nsTT< d+>
= jT&\ <qT">T\ MT~ k+d | \ ><e \T >q+&jT &
n #| = jT&\ qq>" ud+T\+< jTse TT n $esD sTT#sT.
<VsD\T>
MsZ|+ q d+ +&T" C&T MTs jsTysT V] 4.
T <|+ T djTT#T+&T<T. s. 5. .
yeDeTT\T $C. b.+. yTT<\>Tq$ sTT#sT. MsT d] >]
deT*\T, dV w\.
ysD d+V ds ds\ T e\ qdseTk$T Xd >sT eT
u\ysD <eTT (1959 |<e T |#T sDeTT)
qT>T\ MT"~ k+d |sT weTT\ >d& < y <Xe TT <q T d]
d eT$eTs eTT. (#. yd+. 78. IV $w)
#. >eTT.... m+ >TeTTq (<> 1. . 286),
X. MsZ|+ q ..... (.V].4 . 53)
eT. T <|+ T ..... (s ` 5 . 8) yd+. 78 IV $w)
(b&. d+~. 5 d.) n |s=HsT.
MsT 1958 =+&M{ y+$ >sT |#T]+q X\D
d+>V eTT q sdq |]#jT eTT +<TqT d+<y sD eTT q+<Tq
u\ysD eTTq | $wjT eTT\T >\e. n n+^]+#sT L&.
+< |<X kV n&$T 1962 qjTd] Xy ] es+
y\T $de{ $XH< d HsjTD n< q sV+ d+<s + >
<TeP] y+seTD Xd> sT, &<y \T y+se >s |Hk\qT n<
d+es+ |#T ]+#sT. s +&+{ qjTd]>sT s+q u\ysD

20

|PsysD \ |d q~. qjTd] >] nu sq qT L& <TeP] ysT

|k$d ysD \T n+<k sd |]wT |{ \ #bsT.
nsTTq|{ >Tbs | sT\T +u+ b{ seT >b\we T]
>sT 1964 | e] < d+<s + s#Hs sejTDeTTq T <|+ T
djTT#T+&< 5. ., |+| |+ | edT. me+&T e]+#&T y&T <q T&T eTT
|es o. MsZ|+q . V]. n qT">T\ MT"~ |sTweTT\qT
>d& < y <Xe TT qT#T q~. |X ue eTT <|d T n ##T=q# <w+T
s<T .... n $esD sTT#sT. d+ b&y sD |d L& <T . MsT eT
yK +eTD, V]]e[ C&+#sT.
b&y sD u~ yK s+q l y. q. uws#sT\T
>sT n+<T d\qT eXHeX\T> >T]+q ysT L& deTT
(b. y. d+ 5) u\ ysD eTT qT">T\ MT"~ ~ deTTq
~<TuT eyT |<eT MT"~ |sTweTT\ nqT deTT q+<*
VQ|<eTTq $esDeTTq>T#Tq~ n yU+#sT d]
d+<y sD |keq < T . M] <TeP] y+ seTD Xd >]
seTDjT eTT |#T sDs|]#jT + qT y] $| e\q \Tk+~.
&d+sT 1964 seTDjTeTT <TeP] y+seTD Xd >]#
|{ + #&+~. MsT < d+<s + d+<y sD +
H <bd k+dHyT nH d, X \D d+>V +
$ |<+ T\ MT"~ d+d+T\ >\T>e
bd+T\ \y VQ+T nH d\ |k$+ qjTd]>]
d#qqT b{+ |j >\ k<T + *+ d]>] <q T* #ksT.
1965 $su wDeTT nH n\|+&rjTeTT d+b< \ s q
neTsX+ sCX sXs >sT 1970 eT d<+>+<e TT +<y sD |]DeTeTT
qj T d ] u\y s D s s # q \qT | k $ +#s T . 1972
$su wD$e s\ T nsTD#\ Xd> sT m+ >TeTTq |j >
|k$+#sT d+<ysD |d <T. 1983 < d+<s+
$su wD #+~ s\ T lb< |sjT Xd, lb< \HsjTD Xd

21

>sT m+ >TeTTq nqT q |j >eTT m+H nqT <T|J$Xe TT#

qTqeT>TH ? n $]+ }sTHsT.
| $wjT + |j > k<T + >]q #s nsTT eTs={ d $wjT #s
<V]kqT.
neTVq+|de TT\ <+ eTT\ eTTes + >T nq u\ysD

d+ neTVq|+d ded+ s <sjT eT >Tbs | sT\T

\] ys, <+<eT ysDd+V dsd s\T e\ys s+&
y<$y<\T #ks. e] eTVeTb<jT dTsjTXd >]
eT+<*+|\ |+&e T+&* |]cs+ <+<dedeT s]+|&+~.
nVeTY u u+ ksT' nq d+<y sD + qjT d]>]
~e#q |j >+ #dT+f + + >+ s> |+&T \ $\Tyq \+ e<
ne+& +&TqT. d]>sT eT\ u\">q<>T H n #| H |]
b+& #jT be&+ e\q ~ ]>T+&#T .
| d eTTes + |d + nsTT+~ qT ++<y T q #s
qjTd]>] u\ysD |PsysD\ b\>q<q |jq+
*jT#kqT.
d qeT+T\>T $XwD +T\jTT eTTes + $XwD +T\jTT
VQe#q+Tq e#q+T VQ+T>q>T uy s `20
| d yUq+ <TeP]ysT deTT eTTes + $XwD eTT\qT
eiT> eTT>>e+ $XwD eTT\> eTTes+ $Xwe TT\ > jTTq#
ns >V DX e TT +&&~ . nT\ jTq< !
d deTu< d VQyT e#qyT ` | eTqd n d+d deTTq
d deT+T\>T $XwD+T\ e#q+ i#T>q>T eT++Tq
=H=#" p|&j
T &
nqT X\ D d+>V deTTqqT, d+<s e TTq eTTes +eTTqT
Xe TTqs<T. eT+eT |j + jTT+&qT. B { d] eTTes+
$XwD eTT\jT sT | deTTqqT *+ jTT+&Hy ! seTT eTT<|
|y yT y ! |<e T eTT<DeTT q+<TqT seTT >\<T . |jT+<TqT

22

eTT<D |e<eTT\T = b <T . ~ >& q{< y ! njTT H= d+<V eTT.

n $ |&sT .
H n_bjT+ d+<y sD + | X\ D d+>V +
H=# u\ ysD+ VQ+T> e]qf eT+eTT L&
eTTes +eTT nsTT+<. VQe#H @e#qeTT neT +~ n+f +]e TT\T
` +]e TT neT+~. nsTT +]e TT ` +]+ T y\+f +]e TT
eTT, eTTes + y* n|& <
eTTes + Tq eeTT&jT + s_ +<T|Ps Tes+ u $uwq>T nH d+
e]dT + ~.
+]+ T\jT nH VQe#H eTT>>e+ $XwD +T\jTT n+f
d]bT+~. d+ <s VQe#H @e#q+ < sy*.
|<y T e #qeTTH eTTes e TT $~+#&+~. eTTes s+ sTTq $u |se TsTT
eTT>>qTyT. n+<Te\q eTT>>e+$XwD eTT\jTT n |j d @e#Hq
ny| neT+~ < !
eTTes+ $XwD eTT\jTT n n+f qw+ b sTTH eTTes+ |+q
# $~ |e]+#be#T. eTTes+ $XwD+T\jTT nq&+ e\q
| jT+T es + bNqT\T eeV]+TsT qT, | jT| | jT \D yT
nHsT qT eTTes + |+H $~ e]+#& qjTd] eTTes +
$Xw+ T\jTT n dr]+ +{sT. +]+ T\T eTTes e TT b sTTH
eTT>>eTeT <T . eTT>>e+ $XwD +T\jTT n+f $~ e]+# neX+
+]+T\T +&<y, eTTes+ nq&+ e\q d |e
+]+ T\T | sT>T+~.
eT+eTT nq& eTTes+eTT, eTTes +eTT, eTT>>e+eTT
n @<H ns+ #| e#T. dw e. we TT\>T nH eTTes + |+q
<VsD, +]+ T\>T nH eTTes + |Ps _+<T |Ps Tes+ > e]q
sb + <VsD> e&+ d] d#q <Hy .
nB q <VsD\qT { <TeP] ys nqT eTTes e TT
@e#qeT>T# VQe#qeTTq eTTes +s |eTTq d+ue yT jTT+&<T .
VQe#qeTTq eTTes e TT \T>T $Xwe TT\ jTse TTqT >V +|e\jTTqT.

23

dT>eT u~ sT\T ysDd y+fX sT\T, \+ \ qsd+ VXs

>sT <V yeTT\+<T dd e T eTTes +eTT\>T qbD y#e TT\ sT
$~ d] $~+#qjTT. bDy#eTT\ ><jTT+ <*jTT#Tq~ n
n_bjT|&sT .
+ eTTes+eTT nq&+ e\q dVeTTes+ $XwDeTT\
e]+#L&< d] n_bjTyTy n H +<T~ k+~. \\T
y<T >* dwe TeT+~.
@e qjTd] u\ysD |Ps ysD\ |]o\q e\q
u\ysD ns+ #dT e# s|e T+~. d+<s + H <TeP]
ys $e]+q +<sTT s| w |]d u\ysD = yUq+
nedse TdT+ ~. d+<y sD eTT
| dH ~u ' bH+T >u eT'
#qeZ qeZ #H=Z+&\T
nd<TuyY HqTks' n dw+ > #| q qjT ds
H~uq|u ' |sT cD+ >ueT'
H< s y H <s y d+<V ' nH&
n+<Te\q qT qs+ <Te < nH d+<V + qjTd]
d+< ysD + H{ +<,
esj
Z T Tse TT\T |se TT\>Tq| &=H=# <TeTTq s_ +<TeqT
>q+&jT & ( u.y.d+ 19) nq d+ H. ....<sTT:+<sTT <VsD>
+&&+ e\q d+~> qjTd]>] =\bsTT+< <TeP] y]
n_bjTeTT.
u\ysD eTTH
n,sTT #T&T X+ T\+<| qT&=*Vd+TMT"< K+& _+<Teq
<T+Tq |+TqT e (d+.22) nq d+ <VsD\ HsTT,
d+Xw s |+ e&+ e\q ~ eT]+ \|&+ < <TeP] ysHsT.
nsTTq|{ d<q seTTqT <TeT qjTd] #| qT q&< T
{ ~ +#e\dq $wjT eT <TeP] y] d#q.

24

+<sTT s| w |+&T \T # esZ\T y~s, sq us q \T

|&s *d u\ysD |]DVeTT nH n+X+ |]X< jT+ n n+<s
n+^]ks u$dTH qT. <VsD dT>eT u~ yUq+ s|k<q
*jT#kqT.
qTG<sTT n +&>
is+T +~ is+Tq+ <T~ qT\T\ +~ q\\ |+T
VQ+T>q>T ........| 7 d. |s+
qT G <sTT n nsTT
esj
Z T Tse TT\T |se TT\>Tq| &=H=# <TeTTq s_ +<TeqT
>q+&jT &........d+~ 19 d. |s+
+<sTT neT+~
+ Xd < y T q qseTT <TeTe&+ qjTd] >] n+^syT H?
nH |X n> +&bsTT+~.n+<T qjTd]>sT
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m+H +<H $| yk eTTdTH qT.
kk |P]' k<T ' X dqT ]V d '
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yvsTT ` qe] ` e] ` 2001

25

>TsT|Py. ......
>TsTe |sT eP sTeP w&. eT] $<]+ sV d+ >T]+#*
< ! HH{ rd T H>+uT > j seTq $< |eD\ sD\T
yT T+f >=+>{ u+#dT q T+BeT< . @{ &~ |\ T sVdTH ]|&T.
&^ eT& k] |\ T ]|q|&T m #~yys? |&T e+ e]
s D\ T {\T H{ W{\T #d #~yd bsdTH sT. nB> |~|X *d n+<T
nsTT< sj*. |\ rsT HwH. bdT\q HwH. n|&|&T
d\dTq H wH. $<|eD\ ksTT H wqT eb m ?
H wqT\ e H w q T+~. >TsTe\T sTe> sE\T
bjjTq~ yde +. eT] |dT + |sT e> & + , d+ $<sT\ <w
sT eeTq d+<s\T dy\. m+<T+f eTq#T q eT* eTq | +&
m+<T+T+<+THsT. dT>=Z&+. d\e\T \e+& (neds+
b sTTH) y&Te&+, s+s $CHHwD |s |+#&+ , wq >\
$ T+#dH , $<sT\ MT< ~| yT | n_eq+ #|+# b e&+ @ eT*
eT#T\T ?
b<$T ksTT eqsT\ =s ]y<+X+. eqsT\Tq#
$j>+ >T]+ >T+&MT< #sTTyd? bs+ yTT+ #b |d de<q+
se&+ bsTT+~. b<$T eT+q+ yTT< |X\T, yT\T, U\T
|P]+#& |H<T dT>T\T jT |&TTHsTT. bX<X b<$ T
ksTT + ks k sTT es nTq $<s\ T+fH neX+. eTq
=+eT+~ b<$ TksTT ns\ $T+ q+<Te\q nd+| |#jT &+
<T . q $<ksTT y] =+eT+~ yT+#~$+~ #\+ { H m>s +&
dsZ+ y\+THsT. |yT $< |seT|usTTw+. njTys
nsTT<TesV sTT eT&=+<\ nsy nsTT<TsE\, sy H\T>T >+\
|#sTT+# >\>&+ y] | . +<T d<| & q y] $<s\ H wH
ds d]. |uT bsX \ eqsT\ =sT +f n] k sT . n< =+| |_
d +f _*+> |+ & <T+{sT.
$<sT\ ~ eT $&s + . *< + &T\T ss dTq y] e~dH
ns dTq *< + &T\T L& |{+ #T $<sT\ T #<T e yTT& |>

26

u$+#&+ eTq <s> +, q>s | #<T e |yX + w+ . { |s +fJ MT<

<w. | u&< <T >q deTj ds< > >& |jT&+H _J. d\dT
ds> neds de#s+ d]+#Te+ |&T d+|<jT+ <T. d\dT
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+|\T (<j \T <T, +bs+ T) #dT+f #\T. + & y &+ b<$ T
e< $T ksTT\ #\T. q$< s+s+ Vse&+ bwH <T. +{| TqT+&
#<T eH neX\T eTs+ |s> |]q sT sE $<d+d #s&
m>&y m+es neX d~j>+ #dT +THsT?
n&q|&T yT #| &+ $<] $~. n+<T | <+&q nsT& e &+
ndeT+d+ <T. b<$ T e< $T ksTT m& | $<sT\ T >TsTe
e<sT. eT] q $< =# d] #| &yT MT <s + #<e +f e Ks+
n >*=~jT eT+{s+? nd\T y<$y< $wjT ssD #dT e*+~
bsTT s> >~ eT>Je |& +&&+ $<sT\ + >se+? n<q|
de#s+ d]+#&+ nT+ neds de#s+ #| q|&T d>T |Z & s + ?
$qjT+ n+f nDe n ns+ #| e&+ u>H +T+~. $qjT+
n+f $we TsTTq es+Z nsTTq|&T |u <T # \T, .@.mdt. | nsT\T.
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+>u w #~$ L& uw ds q s, L s<+<T ? | esT\
MT< <d+ f, $\Tyq n\d + es+ #d+f, jT{fd \t T,
V|t jT, ||q |\ T nud+ LdT$<> |j +#T, $<
D D +, D+ D+ $<H]+#& yd nds T esT\ | ?
$<sT\ T ssT { dT \T s>e
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$<sT\ m+ #| H #$q |+ <T
njTysT eTqdT |{ #_ e #$ <?
]H=sT ||f+f ] =sT | #jTbe&+ eT+~.
#<y qeTd nq~ eTq d+d { yTq >TsT|PCe+ s>\+f
c ! >TsT<yue !
>Ts! #<y ue !
\T>T $<] ` d|+ sT` 2003

27

w|

e
TT ` |]X<
|

b<q
e nq>sT l eX+s keTT\T H w| e TT 1925 n#TysTT+#dsT.
n|{ jTq n+~q H |<\ ` ={ e~* yj \ Hq+TH $q
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w| e TT ds e d+|+ eTT<D *bsT. n~ #~y e~*yjT e\dq
= @$ nq Cd |T +~. < bT <sD L] n nq&+ e\q
<sD q y<j >+ <q $wjT + wX d #| qsTT+~.
H|< + 1925 H{ w| e TT (|<e TeTT<D) d+b~+#qT. eTTK+
H n_bj \|]+~. us | @+dT KeTT o] |&q
H K+& |d + n~ |#T ]yT q rsT & #kqT. | |#T sD

|>& \ >Ts s# T {H
|sTe+| $]#& H] d>TZH nq n<q| #sD+ q n+<+
>eT+#qT. |<e T eTT<D+ #T >TsT\ T o]\ T> *q K+&\ T {e*
|#T sD\ j $\ bs+u| < \T o]\ T> |#T ]+ ne&+ #kqT.
w| + +f eTT+<T s|T T| y+s + HjTT&T>] |u e+
wX d> sT s+q Vde ^\ d+|{ sT ^\T w| +
|+#sTT. XjT e+ eT& e ujT, Hq>sT (1`7)
e+{ K+&\ T =\+#e#Tq|++~. n> eTV$ (>TsC& nbse)
L& XjT e+ eT&< |++~. nqdjT | |&q = K+&\ T
nHwDeTT, ~eu>eTT e+{$ L& ysT #jT e#|++~. esT\T
#dT q <X sT, eTV =*|T \T lseTu\u |d u+&>seTT,
seT+& <=]sTT. u+| s+se>sT, ueT+{ lyk#sT\T
>s d+b< + y\Te&q neTMD y{ |qsT~+q rsT H
}|+~.
wX d> ] q# <sD >TsT| & kV | <T'KeTT nq
yd+ u> |j >|& + ~. n+<T $e]+q |s+ d#, d#e \q <T'K+,

28

+ |T sD, nsTTH |TM& <w+H |$T+#>\ >&+ , | L&

<T'KsD #&>\ >&+ , <T'K+ >T]+# ue^\T s+#&+ , $TT& kqTu
L& sT ee&+, eTsD L& e<q &+, <T'UH |$T+#&+ , e] #T\T
s sD+ |se +#&+ $ |D[ n *d+~. H|< + w| +
K+&* esd |sqT. esd eT& y{ $&> #<T eH +~
y{ >T]+ ysT #kqT. n j ssTTq$ 32 K+&\ T. M{ esd #d H
|b<q dss TTq< < dV <jT +#eT $Eq $eTs* $q|+
#dT H qT. wX d> sT sTq esTd TCsTT >] <>sZ T q s|T +f
eTq| eT dT\TeeT+<H X H esd @se |&TTHqT.
1. H, 2.d#>qeTT, 3.d#>qeTT, 4.HqT, 5.HJ$eTT,
6.@\|$T+TqT, 7.H |eT, 8. e{e{, 9.|jTd!, 10.\\qe,
11.i~y, 12.nj!, 13.qeyVq, 14.H $sT\, 15.q|Py,
16.eTT, 17.X|eTT, 18.|q , 19.n!, 20.#T\T, 21.X, 22.HH=+&,
23.<T'KeTT, 24.zsTT d+< dMTsD! 25.X#qeTT, 26.e<T, 27.qqT >jTsT
C*, 28.HqT L&. 29.MTsT eTqks>, 30.H eTsDeTT, 31.|r,
32.sDeTT.
|]w]+#Te&+ wX d> ] # w+ n y] w| e TT
d+VeqeTT |#T sD |#T sD |]w]+#&&+ \TdH +~. nB
y] yk\, |Hk\ $wj $_q T\ |k$+#&+ n
dV +> ysT #d qw |qT u>+ nqTe#T. yT D <T e
=+<sT uys n~+ > +& < nqTu$ +q sH $s|+>
y*T#TTHsT. <H =+<sT ue$+ n+{sT nq wX d> ] e\T
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esd K+&\ T |sqT.
d | e |DjTK\< yd+ w| e TT, |ydeTT\
uys nqTu$ +q $es\T wX d> sT *jT#d }so ks+
#dT eT d+#sT. w| e TT |#T ]+# eTT+< yd+ y\Te&&+ >eTHs+ .
wX d> sT s &j |d+ >\T }s, H >=|s#H ?\ $wj ys

29

\|s# sT. $+f n $+ >=|< $ |yT jT+ +& <sD

L] eTT~+|#d q y jT<<+ > ns+ #dT H |jT + k< u< \
$es\T dV <jT bs \ n+~dTH qT. ue $\| |Pq |e |]eT\T
| D+# es+Z dT>eT+ neT+<qT+THqT.
w| e TT |#T ]+q y+H y\Te&q d+<q\ d+VeqeTT ds d],
]es ($XH<) dMT, &eT] d HsjTDeT] $eTs, >T.y+.dT. |
$eTs #~$ w| <sD L] n#TyjT &+ wX d uys
ns+ #dT & m+ |e<s + > |]D$T++< ns+ neT+~. w| e TT,
|ydeTT, }s *| n#jT&+ yTT<\T |{ *| =s y{ s+>
nqT wX d }V+# D\T L& $eTs\T |&+ $$< |\
y\Te&q yk\ |]o*d \TdT+ ~.
H |b<q n+<] q#\H ue T +f n+<TuT q $
n_bj\MT< >se+ $eTs\T w| s>sdT n#yTq
XjT e+ q+< nqTu$ ksH XH #kqT. wX d> sT +s>
($ T+#*. >+ eT>usTTq sy eT |d+ > bs+ ) +< w @$T{?
qqT e#d, +< w, ><e] {>sT, |s |s+ T`n+? n
$dTH wX d> ] eTsD ys $q ll w eT eTsD+ #&T nH&T.
eH|* y] ne>Vq | e+ +<+ { VqTeT#d> sT eT
eTsD+ # w nHsT. _qsT'!
kVreTT~ ` qe] ` 2004

30

ue$ $eTs ` N{ y\T>T\T

ue$+ nq>H H{ ueq e\T =+<], H&T m+<]
dT+<s q+<q eH ks+ #d d|+. ue$ deT*\ =+<sT
e\T, |+&T \ e+ { $| n*\ dsd r $| sDyTq X|+,
b|+. ue$ deTq $eTs\ deTs \T, sd \T, dT\ T H
y] y] y] sD\T deTs jT+> HsTT. ue$q+s <T $eTs\
n_eq+ my ue$ b>&& + |dT + ~. ue$, nuT <jT eTT\T
ue$ N<]+#TH <q +s+ ue$+ | yT< q + |<] +#sT.
uee\T =+<sT eT $+ bT nu <jT $ <]+#sT. ue$+
n+f ~ n s]+#e T nq&+ H&T deT+d+> +&<T . ue$
<sD s s <sDT\, <e\ $ *|jT&+ e\q >+<s> + m<Ts + ~.
ue$+ \T>T kV+ n<Ty T q , q+<s y T q , |j qsy T q
esT\qT *++~. ue$ <c\T <sD >TZeTTK+ |&+f
sT>TeTTK+ |{sTT. ue$ $eTs deT\+ nq+ eTTU\T> ne]+,
$$< |jT \ $d] ++~. $eTs #dq yT\T H{ $eTs |jT >{
|H~ yd+ ~. nsTT ue$q+s $eTs\T ue$ deTq d\qT
d]> uE yjT b e+ e\q ue$ $eTs &<T &T\T *>sTT |
$eTs |jT |u e+ >Z < T . ue$ $eTs = | \ T HsTT.
e $eTs\T e&+, $|+& $eTs\T &e&+, $eTs uw <T ,
ese + #T #dT e&+, nqTu b<q+ e&+, |\ |#s+ \_+#&+
e+{$ |j y$ < + bT q T $d] +#sTT.
ue$+ ns+ <, ndw me n sd+ q deTq $eTs\T
b\] \HsjTD, b\es| seTV+, lb< we T] Xd <T\T
b dH y\&+#sT. N{ +&q ue$| X+ yTsT|\qT
>eT+#bjsT. nsE ed $<XKsT\T <T nsTTH
ue$+ <s q |s+ |s |\TeTT&T>, }V\ }jT\\|q |<\qT
}>T&T e\T>, ns \ nqs d] # ue$\T |=f |]$T+
ne& n#T KsT> u$+#sT. <c+\ e]q <w D, }>T&T

31

e\ >T, | ee TjT e nqTu k+< |{+ #T<T .

M+<] nu +s s y T q < HsTT HjT + \+ esT =T bsTT+~.
M] uw $wjT + >=&e|&q ysT yqT&bjsT. n+eq y] ue$
$eTsqT e> n+#H yjT eTT. ndw $wjT + M] | D =+H
n+^]+#*.
ue$ $eTs N{ y\T>T\T |]o*+# d+<s + ue$
\e+> *q w| + s wX d | $eTs\T #&*. wX d u<
||+ # u< n eT| P \ MT< |sT +{&T. eTs+<T &Tk&T n, q
n+<+ #d H @& dT+<]e, q $b>\+ # wXd H
<T'dTH &T n, $d| sTw& |+# wX d , <T'K+ eTu$ +q
w| s & +~ n wX d <T'U |\Ts\T> deT*\T, <q +s
$eTs\T n+#H\T yksT. w| + |#T ]+#e TT+< nusTT |]
sdq <T'K+ yd+ ue$ $eTs #] n|Ps+. $ q s#q \
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wX d sksT. $ #~$q y H >=| s#H ? nq y] yd+ nqTd+<q+
#dT +f w| | <T'U sD\T \e TesTT. n+, me] q
uw+ ysT #| &+ eT+~<T. d+<s + w| | $ <T'U sD+
*jT<+H $ <T'KyT dTKeT ]es #| &+ >eTHs+. w| + ,
|ydeTT, }s *| |#T ]+q sT y \>\T|qT *|=s y{s + >>
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e+{ ysT @ K+& K+& $eT]+#\q d<_ bjT+ e+ #ksT. nd\T
w| + Ls wX d> ] q#<q ~ Tyq d +.
sde TT HHs T >H bs $T~jT$T
<$& <Xq deTT\&s
jT HHs T >H q cjT
ed <sT+&q y& &
Xe Tq HHs T >H #| &T ><

32

nq X| | ue $ +{ |+&e TqT\T uee\ +&+ e\H

n|w *+~.
|DjT+ nq e *d #\T you are a scholar n #s e
$| wH #T |DjT+, $j>+, eTd, n><+ , Xs ], <=+sT \T,
s\ T, bs\T, sT, \*+, jT\d+, qqu&, dTweT, wdT , >Td>T d\T,
++, Vs\T, |< \T, $Ts\T n z set of words #| &+ uee\
yT{ |<\T bs \ yTTV+ yTT+#jTq d + nXj <T.
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|<\T |j + $|s\T #| &+ $<T n $H~+# uee\ $\qT
<< & >T]#dq @.. sjT$ @u$ +# | <T. n~ ue$ deT*\
nqTue +.
yTsT>T C, sC\ ds< \T ue$ >{y & #jT e <e\|*
wX d $dTH, |<\M sd H s>+ nM |{ #<T e n_qsTTd+ &&+
e+#j *, eTT~] eTV w+ n wX d d\V H, \ >q $
n dK+& Xw X| s dsd + > |]Vd+H, dTs\T, #&e\T,
ey T +&Ty\T &+H uee\ yw+ dT]+|Ck jT +<+ {
VqTeT#d >sT $+|& H , $<y |DjT+ uee\ $~ n =\sT <s se
#s e |{ + H, ue$+ sjT& b+& + ns < , |~, |~VqT
|<\T s> d eTs> d #\ @.. sjT $ << &T |{H dsd] yTq
ue $ $eTs\T >T]#jT < u$+#&+ | <T . nsTT
ds< \T, \k\T, |esq \T, s \T uee\ $+| m+ =+ |u e+
#bsTT.
ue$+ DeTT\ @] #|&+ e\ eX+s Xd,
y\] eseT Xd, |+#>T\ ~HsjTD Xd, +& Xw ]se, $=+&\
y+se, $XH< d HsjTD, & lb< >b\ we T] e+{ deT*\T
d|\ |jT + #ksT. m+`HjTT&T ue\~ s+qeT, beTsu w n, HsTT
HjT\T> >s HsT bsdTq b\], b\sT, lb< e+{ y]
deT]+#e TT. n> m+`HjTT&T ue\T sreTq<T \, X|>dT q s+u

33

q\LsT\, Jy |se \ X md q y] y~+#e TT. m+b\

>*<Tes+ T q qesE nbse dV <jT ns+ #dT >\+.
ue$+ Xe| nq yd+ sj\ n|++<q&, {
{|{ #d .X. $c<e+ sj n |]Vd+#&, Xw d $w]+#T
#sTy<H s>yT n m>[ #jT & q #\TT +~ ue$ \+
|<T >T] |]Vk\qT dsd + > |_+_+q X| + y\TTsT #& b e&+
ll |b+ |<]+#sT. jTq nqT X|+ ksd]w+ <T,
ksd \+s+. ||<e T dsd | ] Vd e+.
ue$ es+q ys+<s nuT <jT s< \, ue$
deT*\T $eTs\T u$+#&+ H{ yesD |]o*+# H+#
ne>VH |+. ue$+ q#, nuT<jT $+q sks
*jT#jT & dsT& #|&q k| sT>T> wX d e]+q ls+>+
HsjTD uTB, }s }sTdeT |TeT#, * >{, H{ $T,
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|b <w. n> ue$ |]Vd+q X| sdd =ssTT n
y ]+q e+ keTdT+<sBY n_eq <Ts_e qyT. ue$ \+ yd+
Article deHs
e T yd+ n+f Essay nqT X| + #<e +&H
n+<T ~y+< + +<, =jTueT ##T *q y] nq+|+ T\
|~ n ue$ s<+ +< X| + q* bsTT+< eTs= $eTs&T
|s=q&+ X#jT+.
deT\eTTys\T yT#s < nq #eTLs y<q ue$+
$wjT + d>y T +. <wD, u wD\T s +{ |+#Tq ue$+ \T>T
kV+ yT\ TssTT. =+<sT |s=qT <eT \D \T b sTTH
<sD> \T>T $+| | |u e+ #|+~. ue$ $eTs deT\+q,
<q+s+ s> <c\, yjT n_bj\ nr+ bsTTH, $$<
|jT \ $d] + $eTs q T |]|w+ #d+ ~.
\T>T> ` &d+sT `2004

34

es<Z ] lb<
$ +<] y\ +#+, \+] <+#+ $XXjT dT
*k&H qeT+f. lb< dTVD Xd> ] <\ T J$ e&ud
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de T *ksTT. &Tqq \HX |k~ksTT. +> y== <
m+{ |T +q L& y== y=& dT+ ~.
dT>TD\ Xd> ] < |w\+> \_ksTT. <\ T H{
jTTes +{ #|ys sT y d+ V|<X <\ *jT d\dT\
|] #q T yT<&T dT+ f \| + s+{ <\ H V z n+ y
qeT\&+ | <T . nsTT Xd> ] uy\ qT>TDyTq <\ T = \+q
|dT + &&+ $Xw+ .
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e+{$ @jT d<+s<+\T #kj Xd> ] n_bjT+ n&Te&+
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|uT + @| { B qT+ n&T& w~+#&+ m+ Vkd<eTsTT+<
H{ |]d #d \TdT+ ~.
n&THy& d+>y , < bVdTq y eTT<T> , u >
<q+ nH |sT |{ +{, >T&, n${yH keT]bT\q bwdT H sT.
|> <jT >\ uT\ C*\>&+ d+ mT =q |\\ n+>$\T* #jT +
eT]+ neqTw+.

35

#| e#<$T+f n&THy d> ,Z _&jT + b e&+ dw

sD+ nsTT, <q+ n bV+# eTq < <w $| w sD+ n
Xd> sT u$+#sT.
<e+ # d X eTTwy n&Te&, n+f XeTJe\ |]$T
d+b<q =+ u>+ <#Te& $jdTH sT
B ns+ #dT qy n+>y \ + _#>q+<] > { C
|&d XeT #sTT+#* |uT + n|dT + ~. <y\j\ |$ @y> >
eTTds eTTwy >\ @> #&> =&T+< u \ s|D. dTVDXd> sT
XeTX >=|<qyT >se+ n+<Te\q eyT \T>TT+<, q
d s> u { s>u f $d yu y \ e\q < u> jT]qysT. +<T
<K y] |yT d seTk$T B T \T _.@ <.
#<T eq+<T |* +, >eT+ ` <>+ (H) eyT nqTHy
Xd> sT #| q +~ e\T qT$| *ksTT.
J+n+f #<T ed+ |{q |T& qs, ysTT s T nsTT eT
# e#~ nqTHy C, <X L& ds HXq+ d+|T {+# <>+
<=]H $&|sq ef < ? n Xd> sT |+#sT. $wj
$<X\ <X +s+ u < sV k\T nyTdq <>T\T ns s|+#sT.
<>+ n+f q MT< qT \&& *> q neX+ n,
<X de #jT & *> eTV<eX+ n <> |* + q #+<<T
qT (| + >) | < <>+ n+f sq (n~ m+{<H b|| D\
|d +&) <e nqTH Xd> sT K+&+#sT.
H{ <>dT \ *> n\d, \+#>=+&H sD* Xd> sT
eTT+<dT > H }V+#sT. |y& H m>&& jTq *|q s +&T
sD*$.
{ ` sC+>+ |\ #T b e&+. n+<T# >=| |+&T &,
eTVM, nK+& Xgy, |< |P, |&> q eD U eTD, k{
b]X$T&, e] | d+b< & L& &jTT H m<TsT#| &

36

e\ <T. <kVeTqe\d+<. neTyTq n~s<s + #dTH |r @._.d.&

L& H m>u&+ .
s +&T ` |* + $wjT yT q $T u< b e&+, k< yTq + esL
y= <#Te& M\T+&&+ , jTe @eT+f jT$TbsTT+B H\ ]>|{
J+ &T\T # |& sTT < ! nH d>T eZ *qq+ eTT~]be&+ .
|dT + |\ eTs\+& nq |#s+ |uT eT, = keTy<
d+d\ #dT H sTT. $wjT yT Xd> ] <<y T ysT . b d <{q
C |\ +&*. q>s\ L& +&\ y] ueq.
q J$ e\dq k<q d+| *+#Te& < + |r
$wjT +q m& & q< || & e eyT |\ ~ +
s|dT + ~. +{ | <k |H VTe Xd> ] qeT+. |
+&e\dq y ys , |D +&e\dq y ys n lb<y] n_bjT+.
<, < n+ >T+&\T u<T+ V D] +#y]
Xd> ] de<q+ qT$| *+#e#T.
mes <s |H\T #| H V &u |< q+. + |{
sTT~ nds + n, &T <+ n, J$+ { T&> n sd+ #&+ *$e*q
|. + e#< B XeT d++<+ J$, sTT&
+&q+ \eT ~ | eTs={ <T . & |{ & ds eT <+
nqT+f > + d~+ #b , nd*& se&+ m+<TL? & dwn +
jT+<Td+? >+ $T< nsTT eT] n u~+#y& e ? V J$+
$T* {\+. qH, eTw, |X e\ Cqs|yT q $w . V J$+
e&<T&Te. nsTT eTw T~ y{ n~>$T+#>\<. & jTeT
+<q \ eTw T~ $uy , <e&T ksTT+q$ e. y{ |se T |j q+
~ ds+Z e&yT . ~ ds+Z #dT y&T, n& ds+Z n+ +f n~
e+ m k~+#T >\T& ?
&T d+b<q ks+ n ys >+ |{ + #y] lb<ysT | T>
yT #bsT. me&us+ < e&T &T&+ e+&T ? ksy T V J$
eT\+. ds J$ $j \+. V<T MTsq+esL q y\qTe&+

37

ndV + <T. | ++ f <T. V<T \T| VyT e<q Te&+,

n$y+ . V<T \T|y&T ys >+ L& H>Z & T . ys > L&
V<T+ ~. m+&T, e&T =s> #by\qTe&+ <T ys >+.
k+ u+ =+ eqT bsT>Ty& &T|&y jYT nq >TsC&
d\V deT]+#sT lb<ysT. <+<u sTTw+ nsTTq sT ||+ #+
$Te +>HH y=] ds +& jTe& | s &T . me] e\H qTeP
n+{ ds b+<e. d+w+. Xe +#q +& qTeP y=] ds ne
+&T. eTq Xs+ #dT= eTq+ nqTu$ +# q+<+ +f, eTqkjT+
u>T|& y nqTu$ +# q+<+ eTq J$ me k|\ + dT+ ~. n+<T
| eTw <s <+ > d+b~+ rs*. eTq+ |{ |< H , @< | H~
H sd|{ <H , mes eks @< ks m<TsT #d ydbe&y
eT+~ < Xd> ] y<q. n> eTq+ d+b~+q <+{+ =+ sTTsT \
kjT+ #jT & |j +#\q~ L& jTq |<X + .
<s +> eTT+<T y . d+b~+#T, yqT&y y+uT
eTT+<T y . w| & d+b~+#T. #s| +& d+b~+#T. nqTu$ +#T.
q+~+#T. nB V |se e~.
e<yue nq * >se+ *<, n> uCw e >
|e]+#e\dq |+ kq+ |<> lb<ysT d]b* #| q d+>
dsd >eT+#+&.
* |eT jT+ >|<jYT ! < + qTy|&H ns+ #dT Hy?
@< k~+#T ek& M~ y[q yTT>yD, @ |y nsTT y[q |
@eTsTT+B? n n&T>TT+~. nsTT n& |eT T+&<T . < +
ysT . n< * nsTT k> e#y HsTTH ? n n&T>TT+~. +<T
q rjT n+<T +&<T @eT+f ? n&~ dTKw jTs&q nqT+<+ .
< |e nu< k<q eyT . &~ +& +&. q+< D sb+~q
nqT+<+ . B |e <syT b Tq < >T+&\ VT e&+.
lb< < +{ Cq+ <=sTT+~.
| ` nsT ` 2006

38

b |<e TT |~ &T wX d
\Tw <Ts+ |+ d+* Vs
eTT\ sTT+#T eTBjXeT*q<s
k$T! ue BjT b<<X e TTq u]
|se Tbeq CVM |u> +#T
]jTTeTTs {!
eT] eT] $\|+|eTTs!
dse TT >] |sy T X&
\TqTs b| !
|< yTH bfH >T+&T* { ]+# |< wX d~ . sT \c\qT
&> dT+ <H q$T ~eCq de ^\s#H d+|{ sT kVr s+>
|yX + #XsT wX d nC+ >. ue$ s<k s~> wX d b ny|T +.
ue$ s#q H <T |#s+q jTq n>>yT.
d+<s>+ >Te>TeTT sTe nq k>+ bs+_+,
=\] $ke sT y #~$, $T*q y\T esTd> #~yyD.
#~yyD$ T{? b&yD. m+b b&yD n wX d d$qjT+> #| q
$wj k +<+ { VqTeT#d |+>[ ] e\ $uV ]
bs+_+, sjTb\TqT ~|, n] |\T]+, y<T \ |seT]+, <TeP],
eX+sT\qT d+, m+HjTT&T ue\qT T+ *+ +|>
eTT+#y&T n wX d $|sH >TsT# d T HsT.
TyT< s \ +{ sC\T >* m>TsT +f \e TTqT N*
=&TqT \ * ` |<$ <\ +&H =+f> qe ` @ qe
kV du HH VsT> s+>+ MT< | + nsTT, qH #&eTqT+&
e ` wX d , yw uw\ H{ +< jTTe ]+q nDT<]
X, => |+q q sC\qT *d &T>T seTeT] |+T\T q $
$q d+> >TsT #dT + wX d X d+|< $l C d++<+
@eTT+~?.. |+q ysyTH {\ sbX\ kV +~+

39

sTT+#\ nqTq<T . u>T+{jT |+q sC\T ! n+ ! nHsT

sC\T, ds< \T ue$ \D \ jTH #eT]+#sT.
$|sq +, +{ T, *, = sC\T H&T +<< X
}| }bsTT. q# y L& \>q$ |{+#T+&
+& b jsT. b eT&e ns + <>sZ $sT#T= |* ysT. <<|
|< bT |<\T #<T e <Xe T+ ]>qT. z! @$T s>& + ! n|&T H
eTT $e+ y*. <+ m+<T #| THq+f qe $+
ry<eTyT \e& H w =+es H sDeT |&+ <s+
nqT+f eT+#+&. n wX d $qjT+> |{ + H eTTK+> n+<Td+
<T e\T jTq TTD|& HsT. nq +<+ {y] e ns s
d +.
m| & $ sX < T . w | + H { d s T \,
$Xde+\ $Ts | nj&T, w| | <d s T \T eTq|& X
d +, sX n<+ . n+ <T, m|& sX Hs+ , b|+. $ >=| $Xd.
~es m& #& y&T + |* #&&+ bs+_+#&T. n+<T
u\T w| + n+ n+<TuT +&e ` |yd+ s#q \T, |yd+
n&T>T\T <&+ > |&T T+{sTT. .. + n | |P] neT+~. qT
|sT #Tq eTsDXjT | H y*, q H |sT= |yd nsTTq $
eTsDk &T . n+ y +s eT<T+s y jT+re\ > Hy ~>usT >eTT\
<{ nqT yV VdeT || \ sT> }s (T T \ s> T
uweTT\T >>) $ <TsT> ne]dT+ ~. uc\T w| + {ds T \
<=+s\ T e. q+<eT, nqTs>eTT |\ +& q|&T eTq V<jT +
yT &, yT &, s y T eT+# b\eT+#T\y }] | edTe MT< sT
sTdT+ < ` nB n+{ nXe. }s H~, |eT n+<], n~es
d+|T q H~ <T'K+ n+<] n w| + , |yd+, }s y\qT m
ns+ #dT y wX d> s $e]+#sT.
eT| P \ MT< |sT +{&T
eT+>+<+ sdT+{&T
eTs+<T &Tk&T ?

40

n d+<V +q \ +f eTT+< q <T'U ns+ #dT ue$

deTs \, es\ m<TsT] <T'K+ nq+f @$T{ L& msT>sq e.
n $dT H <T'K+ | q|& jTqT. sT \T sjTqT. sT sqT.
sTqe\T \TT+{qT. d+ > +{qT. >q+ #k, &T+ $Vs+
#kqT. H |eTqT >] ^k <T'K+ V<jT + <#k. ~ Hd+\+
n wX d |{ + #sT. >&T s>+> H&T, Vs $Vs\ |+
<T. n\+]+#T+{&T. sTqe qe&T, &&T, b&&T..
m+<T &TdTH q+{&T ? n+{sT + y. n+<T $ de<q+ $q+&.
$ ( | sd T \T, | <e\T) n+ deTT<eT<q eT nsTTH >
neTu +&+ s<T. w| e T, |ydeT |P] nj }so , =|&T
$ e > q|& &T ! m+ \L+ V<jT + <#T=, m+{
e<T seT, DeT k&T ! $~ |se e< wX d y#.
HqT V<jT y~
e] V<jT y~
H $+ bD+
d+^+ eT
n{H He\d+~ eTw
eTw m&> kydeT, |$Td nq+<eT, <e nsTT u<
=T be&+ ~ H eT+ nq wX d e\ jTq e#q s#q \T dJe
<VsD\T. sTH y[H, dT |jD+ #dH, +{ e&q #dH
bDd++ *+# dTeTe, |T H b# nsTTq nVeT< V<s Y ,
y<H + qT&q ]y, + d+ q d > d T
yd+ #d *eH VQ\ <s q+ n+ |\]+# e# lseTT\T
{q T #|+# V<jT y~ wX d. n+<T H&T eT\eT\
+&T= eTT~]q y\T>T \& n ! m+<sT Hs eqe\T ! m+<s !
ys+<sT f ! He\dqe Ms+<] y* nH* HqT n q+
eTyTeTe& d<e TjsT wX d, }V y[ e }sT bsTT+~ ? n
>TsT |> \ sT. M~ nsT>T, y, =\qT, |w$\ eTT+< k]+|
#jT >\sT. n|&T|{ +f HH |<q H |{ +<TqT n |s jT|yX + #dysT.

41

$ |s+|s *|H, $|Xd |X+d+H, eTVe\qT $e]+H

neT_bj\T |{ + H ydd+ |T\ $Xs|+ |<] ksT wX d.
y+ bsrXs e\ @+de wX d >] |] ue$| e|k
> u$+#sT. desE nbse eT<T sd desE yTTyT T<{ ue$>
\u{q |] . eT\es| $XXsse eT<T \ |] X+ yq\
<\T >T yd $ \D *, |{ + q H Te+ eT<T \ <! n
! n|+q ns e *, eTTe| |] wX d esT ^, nqdjT s+q
XeT|] |] ue$+ (*]) | q T nqTy<+ c n<+ #|+q
s U+.
jTeTBjT eT<T s> jT #T+_ dT+<s# s D ! n ~e< <T H
usrjTds\ XK\ msTT\\ n VAs\T $|+H, us
u |H uT <jT eTTq |& # k+s<+ #|+H, eT> >+BjT T>+
n * #| H eT+B eTVjTT>+ d+~+H XeD|jT+> $q&
> j\{q wX d \++ neT MD eT+> V[> mH s|\T
s|T HsTT, m+ z| n+ qT|. de\d+ b\ sksT wX d
nH +f wX d sdq b\ de |j +#THsT nq&+ +>q
>se+> +T+~. bjT+> +&S n |\T#Tq LTsT d C| +
n\+yT q eTqdT nqTy<+ #kq wX d #| q sTbe nse bX
s\T |se + n yw e u |<] +#sTT. <q Tsd n+, w< e sjT\
$w T& , +& H+ wX d +q |]jsY & >eTd
wXd |seTywe+ \TdT+~. e> wXd weTsTTq ue$
u~+# +& +f #\T.
wX d > jTy, |< y n+f |<\T L& b&sT <j
! n
nqe\d edT+ ~. w| + |<\ #+ <u+ >+ |j H| H n du |
eX+s Xd> sT s|+#sT > jTM, ueM uy b<q$T
] =sT <s e\T >H |]>D+ #T=HsT. n $XH< d]>H >T]+#sT.
b, |<e TT |~ &sTTq wX d ` >=+T$q eT>y< q ` \T>T
e\ yT{ |q.
16`30, Akashicc ` qe+sT ` 2006

42

* uw d+ |q m|& | <T
nquw | n~seT<T
n+T|< k+u w
yTT<\T Hs q T<H T HsT s ?
nHsT Hsy + fX sse>sT. n+<T s sh+ { s>
+ H\T> s> < euw s+<+ > #<y *+<q #+ #XsT.
< dT|+sT deT]d * <s _& yTT<{ bs HsT +T+~. {
|\\ eqd n_e~ euw +& |ssTTuw sT<& + eu $T
<V+ #dq fq HqT u$kqT. nq >+BJ e\ q rsT +++~
eT euw nsTTq u+> d+ eT nr+> & M<T s+
+~+q +><X bsT\ >+ d]> | e] 21 q n+srjT euc
~He+> sd$T $<yC k+d d+d (jTTHk) |{ + +~.
||+#+ euc |]sD d+ bs+ sT|e\dq d =
uw\THsTT. y{ \T>T L& {. uc $j>+, uc Wq\ <s+>
uw\ >=|<H ssTTksT. euw MT< n_eq+ y eTuw
e<qT deT+> $j+#sT . y uw Wq >T]+#
d m +{sT ?
H|< + $&T<q H +> *y H m Vs? nH |]X<H
|+ +^w e{& yesD+ qy +^w <s #<T e+f
sD+#&+ < , y] n< jTH+X\ MT< L& |T\ >f< , +^w d]>
sef< $e]+#sT. |> euw <s +^w HsT qysT +^w
uw MT<, n< jTH+X\ MT< # { |T k~dT H s L& y *#bsT.
nd\T mesH eT euw |ssTTuw m+<T HsT y* ?
||+NsD |ue+ e\q, +s{ eTwH f\J n_e~e\q,
&C w H nqTe> sb+~+q +^w n~ + e\q +^w n+<s
HsT y* ek+< \TdTH = <X\T eT euw\ k+ n_e~
ls+ #T{sTT. + = yTqe\d +~, y{ eTq<X+ {.

43

=\jYT +{ nH <Xd T & T \T>T uw {*jTH |t ~ dt

nH&. \T>Tr|, q& d ] n eTq eTq+ b>T&TH sT \T eTq
>T]+#* < ! \T>T bNq uw> >T]+| \_+#\, nd\T \T>T e{&y
d+U { CrjTuw> >T]+#\ <e\T #dT H sT. d+<s +
\T>T y] uc b|~| sh+ y\ ]q |{_ dseTjT #dq
#eTs+ #| y*. e\uu jYT |f , >+BJ\ y~d \T>T ~ +
s|+#& H{ nDHD+ MT< +^w , V+B, u+>, \T>T uw\T+&{
#|+#&T |{_. |f , >+B\ euw >TCsr. b<$ T ksTT \T>T
u<H e< eT+> _{wyt sE ss TT+#sq~ >eTHs+. H&T
$<eT+T\ +^w e< eT+ MT< yE me e+&&+ >eT+#<> ~Z .
eqe&T m uw\T e{&H k<sD ue e s D nd+*+>
|j +# +s< qT\ s|yT euw nHsT |<\ T, euw qTe&
qT |\ T (&.mH.m.|\ T) #d \TdTe#Tq. H* seTw& T e+
VQ uw\T *dq |+&T \ MT< & y< + |j + \TdTH&T.
#H Hu me. y] euw y&ys my. eT+~ me+f
#H uw s |{ ||+ #u w neT+~. eT] \T>Ty eT Hu d+K
deq+> \T>Ty&+ |+#Ts ?
H jT+ +& d +f sE, |{| & eTq u\u*\
$<o e< eT+ <s #<T e\qT |yd , eTq n<| \qT, #sT\qT y]
<>\ #\TN{ e>\eTH u<] +| y+H esT rdTe<Tq T nq
>+BJ e\ yX >eTd euw d+ m+ re+> d+~+#
\TdT+ ~.
* uw d+ |q m|& | <T.
q&TdTq #] ` qe+sT ` 2006

44

#<T e
#<T e y&E+ &>T
#~$q d<d ~ y #T s \T>TH nq qeT+ { u>e+
VsDe&T q =&T |V < T & #~$+#<\ q >TsTe X#sT
|T\sTTq #+&eTsT\qT s| + >+<+ T d~$+ X\T+> CjT s !
n y&T H&T. #<T e+f eT+N #& \TdTH H| D+ edT+ <q~ n
qeT+. n> nH >+<\T #~$ X\T&e& n $Xd+.
y* #<T e +bs+ T +s |&+ , s=s{ X\\
sT<T& T , |X |\ |d =+<] y#\T. nB |\ d+ |B, |~VqT
sE\ eTT+<T =q$. X\ neXyT <T .
ss \ $H \T #* |+&+q|& u $T kse+eTT+~. b
=H ;&T|&T T+~. n> nH s\ >+<\T #<e &+ e\q yT<&T
|<T H T+~. n | eTVXjT T&H&T. n+s| + \ |< b\ eT+<.
eT] $<sT\ yT< L& eT+<qq <X +H, | &T m ]\sY
$ {d>t u$+q y{ ]\sY $ {d>t >T]+#sT. H&T d\dT\T
$<sT\ yT< & deTjT+ d]b<+ THsT. s |d \T
#<e &+ sT>TT+< ?
H\sE\ >+<| s q + e\q d+b~+# Cq+. |+&T \ >+d|
d+uwd b+<e#T. n #H kyT. >TsTw\ eT< d ++<\T
m+ k>dT > Hj X\\ yesD+ #d \TdT+ ~. n<| \
s> >~ jT e{& dTk s yq uj
T |& $<sT\ , |uT + #
J @us TT $Tc\ bs+ #\ u$+# n<| \ HsH~ yde + < !
#<T eq y X+s\ T q|&q +<Te\H u\T \T #<y d
qeT bsTT+<, #<e eTT+<T s jT #~$q sT y s jT n
#~$H& H #&T yT\ kyT\T #bsT. H\T>T s\ |d \ #<e ,
du\ , deyX\ VssTT |<\ e\T $ HsT de yyV+
|& =T bTHsT, $<sT\ T, y] y] yTT] yc\T #d us V] nq

45

$< $Vq' |X ' eqT e] $<>\T>Ty&T $+|X e nqe* ek+~.

&q #<T y T > u<T sTbf ! nHk&T < <e<dT.
#<T eP d+< d+> sT y > s{\, &+s\T > us&T
b{+# qTyT+T* #d #<T e #s&T \b\T <d&T, nq |<\ e
>Ts=dT + ~. ne + nud+ LdT$< nHsT. q q|& ds q #<T e
yTsT>T\T |Ty*. n> |{ yTesY\ |] +&# #d
uj
T yTk+~. q |\\ T eT|\ MT< >&< sTe ydTH sT. ejTdT
qysT { s +&T |d \T eTpdTH sT. nsTTH q|&T w| & w
Hd <T]+ q |<j
y dTK|&e #T L&. n+<T #<T e#T y
#<T > | r| nq<= kyT.
#<T e ~q=. .. s H\= n+{sT |<\ T. #<T y= s+s |jT .
$<e+T\ qT+& $CqT\T (Learned from Educated) j sy\+f #<T y=f
es+Z . n> +&#< T e\ e\q u+ +&<T .
#<T e~ jT+ >*qZ sd sTT+#T #\q j
#<T e ss + T >TD d+jTTTesT yT#s #Hn uds X + #| +~.
dV <jT #<T e | Ls b&T udsT&T. sd $\Te n
+T+~.
n+<Te\q #<T e |se s+ , |se T |j q+ <>yT <, q\T>T]
*d dTK+> rs \TdTe\d +~. <dyT #<e +&. #~$+#+&.
\T>T $<] ` qe] ` 2007

46

n<T HH
uj
T $$TT &q
$ ksueTT&T
lb< we T] Xd
(28`10`1866 ` 29`12`1960)
_sT<eTT\$T ~X~ >+< s#q eTTq$T, | |#T sDeTTqH$T,
y< $y<eTT\$T, w |w esZeTTq$T, ne<qeTT\$T, nT|
kVdeTT\$T VQeTTFq | *q $ ksueT lb< we T] Xd
n<T $+ n~rjT |ubeeTT\T *q | e, +{#
MT<T> us, u>e\ eT\ $<j\T>, sejTD d\ <\
deVs+> nqTe~+q nK+& |CX*. |< >< y\T. HeTT\T,
X e TT\T, $eTsq\T s+#&y T <T, sT |\T q&|q |T<\ >\ |+&T &T.
|~eT+~ |dy sTTq dT_ k$T<eeT, y+ keTj
<+|T \ |<T H=+& d+q+> |{, nHs> sDq \ eTTeqT=
> by ~+|&T + X> { q lb<ysT +<k V+
eT<q $ lb<+ b<T=sT. |< =+& |]DjTe&e\d eH eT
|<e T + | ye TTK+ H, yT nekq<X yTq e T&
~rjT e]es |eT> #dTHsT. $X, k$ |sT |T q
&|\ \ d+^ kV\T H]+#sT. dT<s qdT~> |sT |T q esT&T
n_eTqTe<|T s#H d+<s + \eTsD+ #+~q u<q T ~>$T+>T
us+ |P] #dq eTH<s + M]~. nekq<X n|\bq lH<T &T eT]
sT <T . ne $ksueT _sT<+ eV+q lb<ysT ne<H<T\
<s n|\T r] n+~X T +& >&b sT.
nsud+ \d+> ]H, y<+ #~$, kssqTcq+
#jT H+X+ H] jTj ><T\T s]+q d+|<j_e, d+d+
e] H>*+>Xd >] e< #<T eHsT. +<k V+ dV <sTT eT~s
dTq B T \ *d n< jTq+ #ksT. eT+ +\| eTe *qysT.
n|s &q #| q lb<ysT $y< |&q y] &T>TysT. # | ysT,

47

|+&\ysT. ou y sT eTTK\T. eT+y] |+ { eT++{<q T

# | y] d+dsDdu w \#T +& |T HsT.
eT\+|* eT*sTq Xd> sT, y<T \ d HsjTD Xd> sT, nq+|+ T\
seT*+>k$T >] e+{ ys+<s y] wes+Z ysT. y] ]q dHH\T
q. +< |<X |uT kq$ |<$ , ds| c_w. $>+&|+&s
>sy. >CsVDy seTV+<es| sb\<q+ $>V |w ,
+{|q T +|q dsH k++ #dT q lb<ysT ||P s, $ksueT,
eTVeTb<jT, +<y d, n_qe lH<, |dq y e+{ _sT<H
b+<sT. H] bH] sTL{H&T lH<T&T eTsTs] sd
lH<_e lb<ysT nekq<X eT eTsTs ] n#T|T \T d]#d
n+eTXd $&#sT.
lb<ysT s+q dTesT 97 |< y\T $$< $wjT edTe \$.
y] s|\ bsD, Vd, #], * ese q sj \ e\T
*q y{bT +>k VqTy<\T L& HsTT. C] #e] |{_ w
H+ s+H, \eTVsC, >+B $jT< H\ k+<eT
d] |<]+#sT. |VdH\ |sT\qT |T> |]Vd+#sT.
d+d+<\ ysT s+q djT#] +>u w nqTe~+#&+~.
# | y] #seTT, sTb+&e <jTu>$eTsqeTT, +<u cqTXdq
$eTsqeTT, eTVus+Bs D $eTsqeTT y] $eTs yjTeTT |eTTKyTq $.
| sVD+ lb<y]~ | |+<, e | |< q&| H*
seTw |T {#\eTVeTT, d ] s+> q+<s+ >s+<eTT |#T ]+#sT.
dsC<eT+, e+<es+ , |\T k+<eT d] , eCjTT<+
| >+~ ucy< deTsH , eqede | deV q&|q
lb<ysT >$T nH ~q |qT L& sV+#sT.
lb<y] sejTD+ d |sD|e> |+<HsTT>
|dT + ~. >TVQ&TeTT+<T C>> lseTT& b<\T &> & + e+{ nyq
|T {\T, $eTTq $wj \T y] sejTD+ HsTT. lb<ysT

48

u>e+ eT\ $<jT+> sdH yTsT>T\T |{q #qT y+|s\

dsHsjTDXd>sT $e]+#sT. bq eT+<seTs+< e<Ts
<qbsTTH eT\+ ns+ # #<s+& nqTy<yTTq]q B
lb< we T]Xd >]~.
qqjT H~ $H<T \ qqT $Tq> qT+
>qT&Te+ >& q~ +&qT Hq <T, >+<e T+
<THsdT >=s+\TqT #T q+#><T y+&jT T+
qT usw q T {q #|\eT+#T H+#T&!
jT lb<ysT lwu s s#q $wjT + $qjT+> eTq$ #ksT.
y] us d+|{\ |] s\ T ds l H>|P & |keTjT, d+|qT&T+u
d+>s#sT\T, |\ lseTXd, >]yT keTq |+T\T >sT lb<y]
s#q qT yT#Te&yT , o c#sT\T, # | y+Xd |u T\T L&
|X+ d+#sT.
qe\\T H+T\TqT H> ydq +yjT&H
>$es! d+d+<e TT\ >H=Z #dq wu s+
$se <T eTVeTq+{ >TDs y T sM+<T\TH
uT $>\ jT+\eTTqT u\T#T jTX+T>sTH
nq~ |\ lseTXd> ] Xdq+, + ! dd! !
1`15, Akashicc ` nsT ` 2007

49

lb< dTVDXd < +& LTfifl nqT+<+

lb< dTVDXd >] < +&b\ <<|> LTs+f
n_eq+ \y. n+<Tq u\+H $+Teq eT LT |q]yV+
#jT & @ e+ +b >, m+{ >H d<| & > \ +&T\T> |ksT
y. eT LT #~$+#&+ q yqT&qysT sT. jTT< $<\T
H]+#& d<|&ysTHsT. y] =+<sT +&T\T eTsT LT]
*|& d<| & y sT L& HsT.
] qy < jE\T q LTsT wy D eT>| & |+#sT.
yT ] k++bT $<T<T\ T *+ d+|T + >se+> > \
neX+ *+#&T. sD d+ jTT<$ <\T H]+#&T. + y\qy&
sd ]+q+<T LT] |X+ dd eT+| #ke nH&T. us s<e T
eT LTsT <TsTdT> j sTe+< u<| & T |[ <y q u+>
nesTT ef$T n& jE\T >=| Xj \Tq |\ n b>T&T&T.
{X sXd n<+ & wy D |& d d+ >T e |{q |&T wy D
> + |\T #dT e& d<| & deT]+#&> yqT+ yjT <T . q<T\T
m<T]+{ e\T eeVs+ \Te& |+|d wy D e+{ _&,
MTL n+{ _&. q eeVs+ m |]w]+#T se&H MTsT
d++#e#T. nesTT >&T e |T= +~. ~ | deTjT+ q
MTsT d d+> @ $<+ >q se<T. \TqT k>e<T n $&eT]
#b&T jE\T. wy D #dq ~ |q]yV+.
\T |{q $<y &&T#T < >j
Z T LTsT #d |qT\ deT]+#
be& sD+ yT ndj>dTs\ *d +&&yT. qT \T
|{+ #Tq+<T q =&T LTsT y] y<e #k+< >eT+#>* >&T.
n+<T nedse TTH H <j H eTT& | #<T e e+ usus \
<s+ #jT & |jT dTq LTsT T#eT |jT \qT >eT+ y&
\+j>+ |d + e& d++#b e&+ e\q |+ |d
+| b>T\T |{&T . \+j>e y&T #<e *d+~ ? n >~+ n&>&T.
LTsT s+ >eT+ <T eT<T eT&T q |s{ y[bj&T.

50

T#eT m>H q bT C>eT ><e] rdTy*+<q

jTT\ T |qTTq|&T L& n\yT b T #dT + ~ b|+ <
\e+|{ ><e] rdTy nesTT ! n >~$TqT nH&T. +<T
&*MT< n_eq++f LT] <TsT~ >eT+#&q< \TdT+ ~. eTT&T
#\| eT |[ #kq T#eT n+<q $wjT + n+<] *dbsTTH _++>
n<+ *+ #| q e\qT TsTTdTq T#eT sdd >j
Z T
yT, +>sueT e+{ |+ +&> H =&T eT |[ *+#y
HsT H, T<T qTe nqT n+ yT ds|+ jT\T #k&T.
n+<s e\TTH $q+& y[ be& d<| & T Tq T#eT
|<H k &T $jT+& e]. LT]| |eT H yT <c dV +#
+&> >j
Z T =&T u$ wTy | yTT>Z&T .
nq+| ]+~ nq < |+T\T q LTsT dTu <dyT Cq
s +& |[ #dT qT |dT + ~. dTu <+f n bD+ n #| lb<ysT
mesd+ | H , mesT ;w +#TL#TH, mesT |+H nqT +&T .
\ |&T . |> sD +> m<TsT+{&T. m+|H H #k&T . dTu < nsTT
e+ \e&T . n Cq q +{ rdTseT dTu < #| q d+<s +
$e]+#sT.
dTu <+ q| nq <w dTq |+T* CqeT #|+q
<X+ #q |&d + ~. eT<dT q seT#+< sTTjT\T |+|<+
n +&# n|+#& dTu <yd q jTT\ T >TsT e |&T ns+
neT+~ sTTjT\ e, H # |+|<eT n|+#& n~ ydq
jTT\ T \#T+f, |&T < |q {q T q&T+~ n CqeT
|+T\T #b&T. dTu < |[ #jT &+ q se +> |+T\T u$+#&T. n~
L& qT w| & q seT#+<+ ]|+#&+ dT nqTH&T. db dT\
n+s+ +f qLT] +s + >T]+#&+ H |+T\T me $\Te q]#&T.
nesTT q esT&T nqT | u MT< eT]&T &T n XjTeTTq
#dTH&T. nD |[#jT&+ +f nesTT HqT #jTe\d+B,
#jT e\d+B, #jT >BZ eTs$T<T n XsTT+#Te&+ < eTTd+~.

51

n]+<eT+\T < qLTsT +{ #] #d q*b+<H

kqTu +& +~. n+<T y qTe eT& T Hy+e? n n&>&T.
n+H \>#d T = n> sT LTsT \rsTTkq+f ]DT&j
&T.
m<TsT de<q+ #| nX & T . nsTTH q nsTTc |{ d #e
HsT|T ed+ f $q|& b e&+ @$T+&? n $dTH&T. <
$<e sq LT] * q * |u e+ LTsT $<e e&+ | kqTu
+& |e]+#&+ |dT + ~. +& $<e sq LTsT | |eT H
|q + n> ] # +&&+ e\q $T*q LT us \ dTK|&T L&
eT #* u< |&TT+&&+ #d L& @MT dVjT d +&bj&T.
>&Te]q =] + < keTdT+<s+ q LTsT qsde TMT<
|+#bD\T |T H&T. $wjT + s#s TT #|P s +& |[|+ jT
d+q+ e&+ bT sTT<sT yTT>|\\ sTy &|\e&+ e\
keTdT+<s |+#bD\T qsde TMT< nH&T. n+<T yT |[ |T q+>
#d n]+{ |+|H s# T y[ ed nesTT +{ rdTe n\T&
nesTT ]q$ d+wk&T. keTdT+<s LTsT qsdeTMT<
| _eq+ \>& sD+. H>] \TdTq+f < + eTw, <eTd+
eTw <yT. +{ eTTd$& <>sZ ss \ |+& e+\T #jT &+ HsT +~.
X + eTTTk $T <sZ nse e+\ HsT +~. wsjTT nsTT+~. n
s#s TT $e]+#&T. s+ > d\ T eTT+<+ +& +& dV s+ n+<&+
deC # neds+ nq~ lb< dTVDXd> ] n_bjT+.
HjT <] < dse< $<e sq q LTsT qqT
n+ eTT+<T |[ #k&q e +{ y[bsTT+< *d >T&sTTbj&T.
q LTsT nejTs\H n #q. n+<T m+| #X&
nu>T& ! n sT<T&sTTbj&T. n> X|+#d M&e+X+ s+X+
#dkq+ #+Td+ n #k&T. LTsT s+>HsTT d|s +T
<=s eTT+<T e \&| &T n~ q neeq+> u$+ dse<
\jT rdTy[ b |T H&T. <=$T dT $#sD H eT\+>H
e+< LTsT #| q|&T L& dse< &b j&T. bsrX+>sT

52

qT sTq |$T{ n s+>HsTT #| q|&T dse< s +&T #T

yTT>+| H&T. bsrX q LTsT |[ #jT q+<Te\H $<e s+ <q
u< n yTT<+ ~. n+<T <=s bsrX jTTesE <>Z |\y &T n
b& n|y]+ dse< H HsT u<T+{&T. qT \e++> LT]
u { q y&T q edT sT * d+es+ s +&H >TTeTHX& s+>HsTT
#| q|&T dse< T&T#TH&T LT] MT< kqTu . bsrX
|sTTH ds n us nqTeT qqT <]+#& n&T n+^]+#&
<=s s+>HsTT #| q|&T yTT<{ |+ e~*bsTT dse< yTT>q
W<dq+ e+~. n+f s+ >HH qLT] ] r] T # &
#\q #q n~. bsrX+ \&q q nq y+fX + eTT&#&
s+>HsTT #| q|&T dse< ><eTqq+ #dT H&T. q
H H |{+{ >&|<qT nq|&T dse< seTbj&T. <=s
s+>HsTT d# essTTH u+ >+ *d ]q qs+ |&T T+< V#]+q|&T
q LT] q yTTV+ #&< dse< uesTeTH&T. |T<\ , #<d+
e\H dse< q LT] es+#&T |X|+ *qT <
r]+#&+~.
X_ ssV < qLT] w+ d++<+ #jT&+
d| & q |&T n~ | +#& >|Z #dq |jT yT n+X+. q <s T
&&T#T ] =&T LTsTe&+ | d] nqTq|&T y] j>T&q
syTX #j \qTe&+ q us n_bj L& eT+#&T.
q |< >+>eT >j [ n *jT&eT, q * L& q usMT< |+
e\q d\ T #| q LT] u< |{d T + <q $wjT eT >V +q >|Z q
LT] MT< C* d++<+ sd ]+#\H sj
e#k&T. qw+
b sTTH *|X e n\+]+ s+ d+ rdT Tq+<T u<
|&T Tq LTsT Cq y\+ #d *|& deTjT+d+ d+u[+#TH&T
>|Z .
d+<s + > lb<y] esq n<T+ > +~. |\ \JeT
X\ + > eTs+y T q y<q yTyTT>eT+ yT de+~. r]~< &e+&H

53

eD+ eTsT>T|&b sTT, y*dbsTTq _y n<+ nsTTbsTT+<yT yTT>+.

nsTTH ds + > deTT<+> n>+;s+ > L#T H&T >|Z . q LT]
&T C&T q+<T=f <T, \T>TC n+f ndV + |+#Tq s=yTwt
#d ndV +#TH&T >|Z . n+<T eT& T <e|P #dT q T L#T
q Cq #dq +{, dT >T& {| |T $TssTT n+>&M T< L#T
qTq s=yTwt #& bj&T >|Z . LT] dTK+] * , n>]
>T y=H d<| & q +& >|Z .
* bD+ < +& seTV+ * jT~]+ qLT] eT |[
#jT& ujT|&H LTsT dTK|& #&\qTHy&. us eT<T
H +|y&T. LTsT e+ #jT + d+ | |+ e\q #T \T
\T+T+<yqq+ |eT n LT]MT<. = Ns T q
b<_e+<q+ #d |T q LTsT dT+<se T #d
>T+&\T =T b> HH+ #jT qT ? H X\ sX\sTTbjsTT. HqT
<Ts< we +T&, bbT&. #T s Tb&T #kqT. H |> T \Te.
yT$T+ |{| {eTT. e neTe < ? }sT ! n deTT<sTT+#uj&T.
yT T u>T#j \+f @+#j +#T=H <s +< . q
* e\q LT] n=&T #jT e\d eH yTq\T&T #bj q
LT] $+Te #d >j [ n +< &] |+|& w| & < q T.
q * dT+<se TqT H& |+|rs\ |T|{ q +<T uj
T |&q LTsT
z<sTd e neTe < ? n nqe! H& e eT]b. qTe
| e+ esTHs? HqeT Hs e #dT. q|{ \T
#kqT b. qTe #\> +&* >. n+ seTV+ qLT]
z<s& eT |[ #jT & kVd+# b j&T. LT] ~* +&
fdT & , uqeT #jT bj&q T. nesTT #&qT, +<
dV +|q T n us LT] eT |[ #jT q X q T #| H&T.
e] q m<TsT> LTsT |[ }s+| y T+f #d e{& b j&T.
d+ |[ =&T =usTTq q * J $<sT\ T rdTbsTT V\T
L\ydH seTV+ <\ <T . * |+|+ \VqT&q nqT LT]|
|eT H +# b j&T.

54

=# | < seTXd q LTsT nq|Ps |[ #|\ +

n&q y& m~]+ |[ #dT +f usqT s+ #>* > X +< ? n \Bd
n&q+<T qTe #~$q #<T e ks + #dT Hee n+ |X+ d+#&T.
n+<T eTVu> j sT #ke LT] nq eeT>] Vq de<q+>
HH+qT j ssTT+~ H LTsT. n+<] +{ n<w+ |< T \Tk?
n+ eTT<\+#&T seTXd. q LT] eT\jT T<+ H]+#& d<| & &T .
}] uVD+ $dTb sTTH ds . q LT] |[ d yTqT > *q d]Xd
|[#jT & n&T ;<y&H ds seTXd @e+ d++#< T .
>Ts| +<\T < Xc#\+ us m<Ts& ndeTsT& H , LTsT
MT< |eT \y&. &T | +{ eq LTsT +& Xc# #d q
L& | |#TeT+ qT | ~>u+f H | <T, qTe |{
~>e<T n +> y[ LT] <>sZ > LsTH&T Xc#\+. q n\T&T
|jT dTq <> q =&T |jT dTH & *dq LTsT sd+ >
q&|{ nq+ \T|e&+ eHd @+ n nsTTbjy+ ? n
Xc#\+ +> n& $wjT + \TdT= =jTsTTbj&T. q n\& =&TL
b{ |&T Tq <>+ d+ b{ |&T Tqy + # eT+~ +{sy
nqusTTq Xc# us dTeT dT sT+f u<T sT#|\T #d *>
>&+ TbsTT >&> & &bj&T. +{ ys y{ +Tq =&T D +
e>=fk q dTeT +<Td se ! se ! n+ u+#dT q Xc#\+
d>+ |MT< d>+ H\MT< y=]bj&T. < +& Xc#\+ b
LTsT =&T\ MT< deq n_eq+ *q b. usu~T &T.
yTT<{ <& < +& <q nX&T. |~eT+~ e+b&
>=|bjTy&T. &Td+ | ds q LT] eTTd& |[ #jT &
d<| & &T . Cq e n&T |&| &T yTT< ns# |& qy&> n+
d<` eTsTT`bsTT+~. |&+ + #jT `& neX+<T nH&T <q.
q usL& Cq y| ] bsTTq|&T e+ <q n w+ MT< H*
kBq+ #dT = eky sy? n ]e&T. HqT sq \#eT #b
L& yTT+&|q T>? H+#kH z|| T qTesb bT+<qTHe
ydT. s$ HyTT <| ` n |++> <q nH&T. |[

55

bj & e~*+#T>* qu +se TT< y[ TsT

#b&T.
|&> Z yTT>&& ? < ne< q LTsT me]H b+<
\TdT= =&T\ y+& s\ u~ eTT+| |&d b j&T. $<e sq
q |< LTsT e qwy T H ne< $+{&T. Ts>=]+#Te&
w| & eT |&& <=+>q +> +{+ b]bsTTq LTsT dTu <qT
e+ #e<\T ={ |&k &T. n+ dTu < sk \ *d+< ys$
|< L TsT n~ #bsTT+<qT+<+ n+TH $q+& ne< H |\
eBdTbjs sk yMT< # *+|+#* n+ TdTd&T
>;e T +#T q&T+ _+#&T. |> s +&Ty\ sbsTT\ q>\ bT
eBdTbsTTqT # #]+#\ <T eesT#TH&T. < |sq e+<
sbsTT\T e& yqT& *>+T ne<. q\T&T Vde+>&
n |+. n+<T dTu < ={ |&d + sT y eTT>T#THj,
{j , beTT ]#j, q |j ` y] |\ m+ +~bsTT+<? m
>j\T j? n eTTd$& >T+&\T u<TH n >T+& s> < T .
ne< #+<dT &T, eTsT& T , *{> +T L&. LTMT< |eT y&T.
q< e+~ < wj
E\T #+<dT &T, eTsT& T . LT
yT\T s&+ +f eT #s+ eT+*dbT+<H #H me n. |<
LTsT #+<eT yTT>T&T y+se $+T $yV+ $+<T bZH&q ys
|\ |& }y+<] *d+< LT] eT] n\T&+ { |+|q
yTT+& dq eTsT& T . n\T&T |[ yqT. $+<T uq+ bZq<
yT sd $ y& >TeT+ sjTL&<T . y& yTT>+ #&L &<T .
#+~ & +&b nqTH&T jE\T. ~e*q & |&T #Tq+
yTT>T& yTT>T& n |&# k sT . n q us <>sZ y qq LT] dT sTq
yTTsT eTw n&T . $qb ]|T n d\V sTTq eTsT& T . H &T |q
#& T{eH&T.
qLTsT keTeT yTT>T&T jTTswjT H #{|{ \T ydT = sT>T
+&> #dq jE\T n\T&T eTV+<y& eq|&T q+ uH
sjT<T . n ys + |+#TH&T. #+<eT rdTseT n\T&T |+|q

56

eTw eT& =&T# ={+ #uj&T. keTeT us |e<eXT & #sT,

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kjT+ yT |q]yV+ #d+ ~. d+> s + <s \TdTq jE\T
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57

eBdT=bj& |< HuX d #| > sD + sT sk&T. |< HuX d

q|T< LT] MT< |eT<T .
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58

jTTe& |&+~. d+> *d eq yT Hq ! qTe |&q+<T

H $#sD<T > H #_ ++ f eT+ d++<+ dT q T. # yu e +>
|[ #dT q T.n nH&T. <+ $ \u sTTq yT Xs+ ns < T .
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e+ |eT nbseT Hq b s|+#Tq~.
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q +& qMT< # n_eq+ +&< , * sT y * > |+q
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59

d+b~++~. n+<Te\q sE e+\ sb> dT+<se T y e+&

|{q+<T |XsjTT&T |seq+< u]T&j&T. |~ dT\T |+
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n_bjT+.
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60

<T \T>T kV+ |sesD D+

d+BjT msTe\ y&+ e\ |sesD |]sD sT>TT+< n+THsT.
msTe\ TsT e, |sT eP bTHjT s T \T n+THsT. H|< +
n\+ |P\T |PsTT+# <V< |jT\qT |s=q d+d kV
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n+]+ s+#&T

61

ns nDTe\T
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62

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JeH |]s+ #T+ |sesD b<H <T \T>T $+ n+<]
ns+ njT qe+T w #dT + < <+.
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63

uee\ |T>=eT
k$T eX+sX d eT >+<\ <sH kVr d$T <s L&
qe$, kV >=| |{e T sTT#sT. M] V<jT + m+ se T
n+ eT b, M] |u m+ >&e T, eT b, | T\T
>\ e\ q+<] L+ n+\+ L] +#>\ sT! n <e\|*
wX d q b d+es\ \T>T $+ yd+ >TsT #dT HsT.
|Ps| d+kseT+ LsTd e+&> s<q qq
V+#&T. qq |+< =q e\ #eT+~ \eT, VQcsT sTT
qq $ jTT>k|q &&&T . n eTT<T w y [\T |s=HsT.
l eX+sX d { V+{ > bd \+< # Ls &T.
d+~jT T>+ nbsjT$ sT y jTqjT kVdT& #| <>T qT. +\eTT
qT+& |]wu ksdeTTqjT eTTqT kVrd$T d\\+
sTT+~. n ue$ #s e |{q =\] <s se >sHsT.
l eX+sX d >sT eT _sT<eTTq+jT T qTeT>T <T $
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kVr d$T du|T\T eX+sXd>sT VQuc |MDT\T.
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{ #jT d+ qe $ +>sTu\T ysTT+q <\T. k+<s yTe]
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T=qT e eTeT s#q \ eT>TH sT. n & lb< >b\we T]
>sT eT ns X| +< $ eTT |X+ d+#sT.

64

l eX+s Xd @ } +f } kVr d$T y\d~. @ $ q

s#q n#T ydT y\qTH kVr d$T |#T sD> ydT e#T. qekV+
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e\T eT eT y\qT |sd s+ n++ #TH n\yT bV+qysT
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| T q y]< . kV rd $ T d u | _s T < T | qs T <w +
+< u$+ q n++ q e+ kVr d$T| n |s=H
n+^]+q dV <jT y]~.
es> #| H >=| $wjT + @$T+f nsE eqyT , >TsC&
nbse, &T>T seTeT] >s e\ |u $T qT yeV] uw s#q
#dT bV+ k~+ l eX+sX d X$|e + q&bsT. uee\
|j >\, |d+ >\, |#T sD\ }|]bXsT.
kVreTT~ ` p ` 2008