IONIO

&

:


&

. 200670

2011

FM

Waveshaping
6
Karplus-Strong

7
9

(Granular)

11

12

13

14

15


/
Milhaud, Hindemith Toch,
1920. 1950
Pierre Schaeffer (Studio
de Musique Concrete).
.


, . /
.

.
.

FM,
Karplus-Strong, (Sample Synthesis)
Granular.
,

, . ,envelopes,time-stretching,pitch-shifting
. Fourier
.

( )
.

.
.

.
, Fm ,
wavetable Karplus-Strong.
sampling .


FM (Frequency
modulation)

.
1920 FM.
.(Tero Tolonen 1998,3) 1967 John
Chowning Stanford
.

,
.
.
y(n)

y(n) = A(n)sin[2pfcn+I sin(2fmn)]
: (n) fc ,
() fm

( .
= 0 y(n) = A(n) sin (2f cn)
.

(Chowning 1973, De Poli 1983)
.

Jk Bessel
Laplace.
y(n)

Fc .
fn
Fc.

.

. (Tero Tolonen 1998,4-5)


.


.
, synthesizers DX7 Korg Ds-8
syths modules midi keyboards
, Octapus,Fm7 Toxic.
H

329.6Hz
1:1

.

SuperCollider
Fm synthesis.

:
(
SynthDef("fmeGe", { arg bus = 0, freq = 440, carPartial = 1, modPartial = 1,
index = 3, mul = 0.05;
// SynthDef
// 0 24
// carPartial :: modPartial =>
//.
var mod;
var car;
// mod car
mod = SinOsc.ar(freq * modPartial, 0, freq
*index*LFNoise1.kr(5.reciprocal).abs
);

//
// modPartial
// 1 440 * Low Frequency
//Noise control .
car = SinOsc.ar((freq * carPartial) + mod, 0, mul
);
//
// 440 * +
// mod
Out.ar(bus,car)}).load(s);
)
// compile ( )
//SynthDef local server.
(
Synth("fmeGe", [\bus, 0, \freq, 440, \carPartial, 1, \modPartial, 2.4]);
Synth("fmeGe", [\bus, 1, \freq, 446, \carPartial, 1, \modPartial, 3.401]);
)
// compile
// 6 herz 446
//3.401

Waveshaping Synthesis
,


.
FM.
waveshaper ,
x(t)
waveshaping ,
waveshaper w(x). H

y(t). (Tero Tolonen 1998, 6)

,
.

Max MSP reaktor
w(x).
waveshaper

.

waveshaping .



.
Chebyshev

Interpolation.
.
,

Chebyshev .

(Spectral matching)
.
, Chabychev
:

. =1
=2 .
.

. :
x = cos()
Tk(x)= cos (k*)
(x) = cos (0*)=1
1(x) = cos (1*) = cos () = x
T2(x) = cos (2*) = 2*
3(x) = 4 *

x2

-1

- 3 *x

.
,
. (Park 2011,88-90)

Karplus-Strong
1983 Alexander Strong Kevin Karplus
,
. KS
(wavetable)
/.(Tero Tolonen 1998,7)
sustain ( )
. .
,
.(Trautmann et al 2003,13)
7


,


.

,

.

.( Roads 1996,293-294)
(decay
part)
( )
,
(Karplus and Strong 1983).
,
.

.

b (blend factor)
0 1. (Roads
1998, 294-195).

t p
wavetable.

 (Sampling Synthesis)
50 msec
, .
samplers,
pitch shifting, looping
(Borin et al., 1997b).
1920
.
1950 Pierre Schaeffer (Roads,1995).

:

synthesizers
.
:
(controls) .

:
.
: (Sawtooth), (square),
(Pulse), (Sine), (triangle),
. ,
.

,
.
VCO envelopes. (Russ 2008,106-107)
SuperCollider
. .
{RPLF.ar(PinkNoise.ar,351,0,0.1)}.play;
RPLF

351Hz .

,

 .
{ Klank.ar(
`[[220, 657, 893, 1211], nil, [1, 1, 1, 1]],
PinkNoise.ar(0.01)
)}.play;
(additive)

Fourier , ,
Fourier
.(Benson 2007, 269)

, ,
(Kleczkowski, 1989).
,
(noiselike)
(Risset, 1969).

10

 SuperCollider

.
{ SinOsc.ar(341,0,0.2) + (SinOsc.ar(353,0,0.1)}.scope.play;
.
{SinOsc.ar([341,353],0,0.2)}.scope.play;

348z.
({
var fundamental;
fundamental = 348;
Mix.new(
Array.fill(
10, {arg counter;
SinOsc.ar(
freq: fundamental * (counter + 1),
mul: 1/(counter + 2)
)}
)
)
}.play
)

(Granular)

.

, 5 50 milliseconds.
, ,
.
(Hosken, 2010,227)

11


envelope.

pitch ( ) .
.

. :
Csound,SuperCollider,Reaktor,Max/Msp,Pure Data,ChucK,Real-time Cmix.
Gabor
'40.
.
(Cavaliere and Piccialli, 1997; Roads, 1995).

Supercollider:

12

 (AGS)

.
.
,
. (Park, 2010, 79)

500 (11.34ms).
2000
44.1kHz.

(PSGS)
De Poli Piccialli (1991).
Fourier - (STFT).

.

Fourier -. (Tolonen et al.,1998,14)

13


.
. (Cavaliere
and Piccialli,1997) ,
FIR (
)
x[n]
y[n]
bi

tap wights .
, .

,
,
.
.

.

.

.

14


1. An introduction to FM https://ccrma.stanford.edu/software/snd/snd/fm.html
2. William F. Egan, Advanced Frequency Synthesis (John Wiley and Sons,
2011)
3. Computer Music Terms http://www.computermusicresource.com/terms.html
4. Andrea Pejrolo and Rich DeRosa, Acoustic and MIDI Orchestration for the
Contemporary Composer (Elsevier, 2007).
5. Eduardo Reck Miranda, Computer sound design: synthesis techniques and
programming (Focal Press, 2002).
6.
Tae Hong Park, Introduction to digital signal processing: computer
musically speaking (World Scientific, 2010).
7. Lutz Trautmann and Rudolf Rabenstein, Digital sound synthesis by physical
modeling using the functional transformation method (Springer, 2003)
8. Curtis Roads, The computer music tutorial (MIT Press, 1996).
9. Martin Russ, Sound Synthesis and Sampling (Focal Press, 2008).
10. Dan Hosken, An Introduction to Music Technology (Taylor & Francis, 2010).

1. Interview with John Chowning

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JohnChowning041306_part1.ogg
2. Bessel Function http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel_function

15