c

ba

XuJ
uMH
WUIK
wMu
fK: UbB WdN WOUI V WKK

ABCDEFG
179

ac
b

XuJ
uMH
WUIK
wMu
fK: UbB WdN WOUI V WKK

179

:
.

dLu
1993

ABCDEFG

$ $

M
M
M
M

:
0

:
:

:

:

:
$ N

:

:

:
$0

M
M
M
M

-
-

I
N M



=
N- -
.


(
.


8 I




.




y =
7

.
=
= = N =



N
.

= :
: N
N N.
: N -
- =.
=


.
N N -:
= .
8= I .

--
.

=
y
. =
N =

N.



N N
N .
N

:
-

= =
= .
- N


y
.
-

9

=
=
.

N . M
8 y
N




=

=.

= N
=
.
N = y
M=
M= =
=
N - -
=

= N= N = N
.
= .
M 8
10

= y .
(
-
=
.

11

12

1

:

=


.
=



.
N
- -



=



13

- -
=

N .
8

8 =
N (
= :

: )
(:

N
N N
.

=
.
= .
=
= ) : - .(


= .
(
.
N


14

= ) : .(
N N
= =
)= .(-

)= (
= = .


=
(
)=
.(
N


)=
.(
I N = utility pleasure
.ideal = )casual friendship
.
.
.
:= )=
.( -



N) N= .(
15

=
N N

)= .(
I ) N I
( )=
.(

= =
.

= .

.
I

. =

)= .(-
=
=
=
N N
N= N =
)= .(
= =


)=
16

.( -
NN




=
)= -
.(
N
.

.
N N

.

=
=
.
=
8
y )= .( -

: N = :
? =
=
.

17

.

= y
)= .( - - -

I

( =
= =
N N
.

: :

y

.
- $ :
:
.
=
= ) : .(-
:
= N
N N .
.
18

=
N

) : .( -
- $ :

= . =
=
I

N
) -(
= ) -( I
. N
= =
:
- $ ) -(
:

:
= =
) : .(
N =
:
:N


19

.

y .
)( .

.
y
) : .(
N .
- )$ (
:


N
= (
=
=
:
N.
= = .
N ) : .( -

20

y


) : .(
- ) -(:


) (


) :
( - :
= =

y

=
.
= )
( :
=

= .
)
( :

)= (.
21

- ) -(
$:
N
=
=

.N
N
=
- -=
=
) : .( -
=
=
= =
y


)= (.
- :
) -(

= =
.


N ) (
) ( ) : .(

22

= :
?
)= .(




)=
.(
N
I
= N N
=
N
.
=
.
N N .

)= .(
N N

.
- -
:
? .

= )= .(
=
23

=

. =

.

= )=
.(
=
N
N

. N
=
N
= )= .( - -
- $ $:
= = ) -( =:


) : .( -
= =

=

..
)= .( -
=
) I( : NN
24

N N N N N .N
N =N
= N ) =(
=
. ..
N N
=
.. N N N

.. N N 8


)= .( -
= = :
) =(
) N(
-

)= .(
=
=

? )=
.(
= :

: = = =
= =

25

)= .(

y

=
= =
= =
.
I
=
.
N =



= .

=.

26

2
:
:

8

y

N
N
N=
N= N
N .
English & English
: N N
=-= y
) : .(

(
(
) :
.(
27

Sears
( :
- =
.
-
= I
=
.
-
= N
=
) : .( -
=
Wright Keple
= = =


:
-= 8 .
-
= .
- stimulation
= = .
- = =
) .( Giordano
N :
-


28

y 8
= = N
.
- N


).(
=
: French
N N N =
N
= .N N N
=
= N .
I
(
= =
N (
=
).(
Sullivan N
N:
- = .
-= y
Selman
= =
).(
I N
) (
29

= N N (
:
N

. N
=
= =
. N
=
8 =
= 8 =
= = .
= =
=
= =
=

.

= N

N
.

- mateship:

N = N
= = ) : (
30

= =
=
(
N
N
= .
Oden

I ) =
=( I
) (
) (
) : .( -


 


  

 



 

_ !    

 .

_ ! 
' &.    " #$%

_ . () *+& ,- /01& 23

/4 5!6

_ .
 
 7
)
18&
 9
:

_ 
 . /01& !:; 7
#

_ !>
=< 
 . /01& !:; 7
#

_ 
; ?7
)
18&; 7@+1 A B!
1

_ !>
< 7@+1 A
C
DE B!
1

. ,
F

;&. ,
F 
 <= ; ? 7
)
18

_ 7
;1; (G A H
F 
D

_  =A &
 7
;1; (G A
IF
.

D J

. B1
7
)
18& A
B!
1
_ ! 
' &   "6 #$%


!(
_  = )  "6 #$%& '
 ! ;E



;&. LM
N

 ( &. LM
N

_ P Q ? ; 7
)
18& A B!
1

_  = )  "6 #$%& '

 ! ;E

I
 # 7
#; ,
F

 ( .  /4; ,

. B1

_ =< &
!( 
? */& *R) ' S
: A ,

_ T ,- /01& 23

/4 5!6

. ( U+F& !;
N& ;E

>. #T I 7!

I

_ "6 #$%& '

 ! ;E ) V
C W

_ =< 
 7!+ +&; ) /01& 7
#

 ( &. , /01& 23

/0#

. X
+  ;E
+ ; ? ( %08

_ (   "6 #$%& '

 ! ;E ) W

_ 7
;1; (G; 7
)
18& A H
F


 
 7@+1
 */=
Y


& .

;. 7
;1
      !"
# $% & '"()* ( 1 ) -%. /0

31

:
- $ Close friends:
= =
= = =
=.
- Social friends:
y
= =
y N= =
= = =
= =
=
N ) = (
.
-$ : =

= = =

= =
=


.
-$ :
=

.
(
32

.
Segal N
( = N =
= =
) ( Morse
Marks N
N
= =

= I =
= ).(
Serafica N
: = )
( = :
- I = N
= N 8= =


.
- = =
=
=
.
- (
= =
= .
=
.
-
33

=
=
).(
- :

N
N) ( )
N .(N

.
N Davis


N= N
) ( yN
Passion .Caring
(

)
) ( N :

) ( N :
) = + (

34

N :
- .
- .
- .
- .
-= = .
- .
- .
- = .
N :
- : :
- :fascination N
N
.
- :Exclusiveness (

.
- :Sexual desire
=
.
- : 0:
- z y :giving the utmost
8 I
.
- $ :Being champion/advocat
= .
N

35

(

= =
= ).(
- 0 interpersonal attractiveness
N
= N N


=
= = y
N ):
.(
N
I

= = = = =
= y =
=
) : .(

.
Duck
N N
.
= N :
physical attractiveness (
.
N
36

:
=
= N
):
.(
=
=
Huston Levinger
=

N :
= =
/.
 
 

)4.3.E

@ @A

90

84

80

BA B
69

= >? @A

 


60

34.5

33.5
 


/

40
30

25



38.5 40

50

 



53.5

70

20

10

10
0





 

!" # $%
 &' (3) * +

,
-.  0"1
 2$4$5 # 1976 : 1972 <5

= )
(
37

I % N
.

N
=
= =


N
N
:) . ( -
- :
N
= N

.
social acceptance


= (


= )
(



. N

38

N

= N
:) . : -
.(

N (
= = N

N N
= =
) (
N
N =
N N
).(
Asher
N
N= N

= =
N
= ).(
Mannarino= N
=

= =

- -
39

=
= N N
= - -
= N ) : .(


.

40

3

:

N

= .
,

= .

. .
N N
.


. =
Argyle Duck
= =

41

N

=

.

= =
( = ) : -
: .(
= =

= : =
= =
= =
= N
N :) . .(
=
.

= -
- N N
:
- = .
- .

- :

42

N N isolation
feeling of loneliess

= =

.
= = =
=
) : .( Peplau= Perlman
I y
I
N
= ).( :




= ):
.( mechanisms


:
-= .
- .
-= .
-= = .
:
-= social comparison:
Schachter
43

.
. Pepitone
Kleiner
=
= = .
Threat reduction

) : .(
N
=
) =(

) =( . ) (N
= 8 N
y . %
=
% .

) : .(
=

= ambiguity
= N
N y
I N y

N = N
I y
= y
44

) : .(
=
= Singer Shokley
N
N
N =


y .

):
.(
N =

= =
I I .
self-esteem


) : :
.(

I y
.
- Self-disclosure :
I =
= .
N) N
( ) : .(
45

Derlega Grezlak
:
- expresion:
= = .
- y clarification:
8 y
y I .
- social validation:
=
.
- developing relationships:
N

N.N


N
N.
- social control:


.( (

=
).(
=
=
= .
46

-$ social support
( = .
=
N = =
.
Duck
=
. = :N
= = physical support =
.-= psychological support
.
=
) : .(

= = =
y
) : .(
=
= ) (
N N
).(

= :
-$ $ :
= = =
= =
= =
= . N

47

=
N =
) : .( I
= ) : .(
La Gaipal = =
I
= .altruistic behavior
=
= .
I = N =-
cog nitive arousal =
= . I N
N = . =
=


I
) : .( -



.

- :

=
= . Epstein N
= Moral-
Values (
= y
48

= = . =N
=
=
= ) : .(
Rubin N N
= =
.

. N =


.

.

=
) : .(
=

N = ) (
N
Epstein N
= =

N .
N

=
N
49

) : .( -
(
.
N :- =

( .-
= =
. :
- $ $ :
( =
. = Piaget

= =
=

= ) : : .(

=

) (


) (

N =

.
= I
y
50

).(
- $
:
Social learning
) ( model
=
) :.( .
I =
=

) :.( .

I = Bandura
=
N = =
=
)= (.


= . -
= = ) : (
=
)= .(
I
=
=
= =.

51

52

4

=
y
= N



.
Rubin N



.





. N

53

) : .(
N
N


=
).(
= =
N
= N = :
- .
- .
- :
N .
- .
- .
= =
.

- :

N N : =
.
=
.
=
.
54

N
=
y
=
N =
) : .(
N
conformity
=

)
.(


= = .

=
withdrawal submission
= y .
( = .
8 -
= = =
- =
=
=
) : (
N N =
= =).(
N
55

=
=
= = moderator variables .
= =

(
=
= ).(


): (
)(
= =
= = =
=
. = = =
(
= ) :
.(


=
=
( ).(

- :

= N

56

= N
= .
N I =
I N
N positive attitude
-
cog nitive component = =
I affective y
( behavioral =
) :.(
=
= N

= N
N
):.(
N= N

) ( : N N
) ( :
) .( :
).(
N= =
N) ( =
(-
-
).( :
N
Dickens=
57

Perlman = :N
= cognitive development Piaget

= ) (
= = N
= = ) (
= =
).(
= =
N
=
) .( = =

.

N
N ( =
=
) : (
= = =
Duration
=
).(

- :

N N N
N :
=
58

N
I
. N=
=
. =
:
N) N ( :
)(
) ( N
) (
.
N
= :
N ) (
= N N ) (
) (
= N).(


=
) (

=
=
N ).(

N
= N=
N
59

).(

- :

=
=
N I
=
= N = N
= . =
.
.

N N
=
=
) (

y :
= =
() locus of control
(
= N = N
) ( ( N N
N
.
=
N
) : ( =

60

= I N.

- :

y
=
- - =
N.

N =

.
I

= I (
=
=

. = N
=

): :.(

=
:
( = )(
=

N N ) : (
= ) (
61

).(

= =
=
)(
= ) : (
= =
N):
(
= =
):.(

=
y
y
) :
.(

N= N
N
= = .

62

: development

I Harriman

maturation
=

=

) :
.(

= )
=
) : .(-
hurlock N
growth



63

I
= =

N
= ) : .(
English :
- =
I .
- .
- .
-
.
- N .
N =

):.(

= = =
(
=


.

= =
I ) : .(-
y
- -
64

=
:

:
:

N=N


N :N
Gesell Sullivan .Erikson

Piaget = =
. Borke
=


N N


=
( N
) ( =
.

).(

.
- ) (:

65

)(
= = N
)(
()..
y
= =
= N N :=
( = =
.
- $:
=
:
- = N



.
-

= =
.
-
=

) : .( -

.
N :
66

I

)=
: .( -


N N :
=.
- $:

:


= N
= =
= ) (
=

.
:
- = N =
.
- I
=
.
- N
= = N=N
=
67

=

)=
(. -
= = N (



= N =
)= .(
- ) Gesell$ -$(:



) : ( .
y normative =
I N y

NN
= = reciprocal interweavingy
=
spiral reincorporation =
= y
.
I
.I
N
N =

68

)=
.(-





(


= )= (.

y
=
= . -

N

=
)= (.
- ) (:
= N

=
hypothetical construct
y
!

I
69

) : .(
I
:
- $) : -(



.
- $) : -( :
=

=

N =
= social
accomodation N.
- $ ) -( :

=
y :
- :self-esteem =
=
= .
N - :sense of humanity



= (
) : .( -
70

- ) $ ( :critical stage
=
y

N
= N
= .
!
) : .(
N
= =
= =
N

(

N .
= = y



)= .(

: :adulthood

=
= N=
= (
: = ) -
( = ) -( .
71

=) - () : .(
=
=
= )
(



= N = N
=
.
= =:
- - N =-N

) : (
N 8


= N
= = N N
= = ):
.(

= =

=
N

=
72

.

=
intimate
= =

.


) : (

.
=
I
N =
.
I
I




N =
N I
) : .(


Valliant
73

y
=
=
) : .(
-

%

=N
N = N




) : .( -
-
= N
N
N ) : (
(
=

N
=
. =

=


74

) : .(
- N N
= - -
N


. =

) : .(
N
( =


= ):
.(
-

I =
.
= = =


=



=
=
) : : - .(
75

: :

=) N .(N

=
=
. =
y = =
. I =
:
- $ 0 $ :

N
.
= = =N

N

):
.(
= N =
=
= N
= - -
) N
= (N
= N . =
-
- :
76

N
=

= ) : .( -
= N
= =
=

) : (
= =
) ( = :
y

y = ):
.(
=
=

= ) : (
= = =
N = =
% )
(N N ) :
.( -
=
N


77

I =



) : .(
) (

= =

N %
% )= (.

= =.N

8
= N
=
=
) :
.(
- y $ :
=
= N .
= = N =
=
I N

N= =
= ) : .(
78

= N
=


) : .(
= N
= y

.

79

80

 < 8

6

:

N N

= .




=



N.N



=
81

.
= =
= =

I
N
) : .(-
=




.
- :
= Trade

=
).(
:
- :reward



.
- :Cost =

y
.
-$ :Resources =
82

 < 8

N I
( =
= =
.
- :value = =
= =.
- :profit =
.Ioss
-$ :
=
= .
= ):
.( - N
M
N
= comparison level = N
=
=
Thibaut Kelley NN
alternative comparison
level = =) : .(
- $ :
Foa Foa Structure
of mind =
N=
= =
) : .(
- :love :
.
83

-$ :Status I
.
-$ :Information = .
- :goods = =.
- :Services =
.
-$ : Money
=
=
=
I
8 y =

)=
.( - =
: particularism
. concretenes





















  










   !"  "# $"%& ' () (4) , -.
  
  

84

 < 8

N=
N = =

= = =
= =
.
( =
= = N
N I .
N= = = = . N
= = = )= .(
N

N
:
- =- - N
.
- =
= = .
- =
.
- = N
= .
- =
= ) .= .(
- $ $
:
Homans Distributive justice

85

= = ) : .(


:
= =.
I

. =
= =
) :
(-
:
-
-
=


y N
) : .(
= Adams
N
= N

=
=

) : : (


=.
86

 < 8

- Level of relatedness
Levinger Sneok
N:
- I N
?
- = ? ):
(
- :
( N N
:
- awareness = =

.
- surface contact =

.
- mutuality N N
= =.

= = =
= = = = ( =

= =
N N
) : .( -

)= ( :
87

- involvement N N
= .
- commitment (
.
- symmetry N .
( = :
N
= (
N =

=
:
- N N
.
- NN
.
- = = = ) : .(
=

= . -
- y
=
N
= =
)=
.(
- Social penetration
Altman Taylor =
.
88

 < 8

:
- .
- = N
= N .
- N
= 8
) : .(



:
- N : =
I
.
- :
.
- = : =
=
= ) :
.( -
- :
( :
-
( = = .
- =
= =
= = .
-
=
89

=
=
.
- M
= =
=

N )= (-
- :

:
- orientation:
= =
=
= 8
= = .
- exploratory exchange:
=
=

N =
= = .
=.
- affective exchange
( =
=
=
= = . =
.
90

 < 8

- $ stable exchange
=
= =
N .

( =
= )= .( -

91

92

7


N

.

= N N

= . (

N
N


y
:
- N
.
- .
- N.
93

- N.
- .
- .
:

: :

= = ) -( = =
) -(:
-
:

- :

selman = I
=
=
= cross-sectional method
N - N
= longitudinal method
= -
:) N : .(
.
= N =

I
Perrpective taking
.
=
= ) -(
94

=
=




 


 
  


  


!"#

$%

&!

'( 7 _ 3

) * +,

'-  .

'( 9 _ 4



/ 0
25 6 8
:

=< .
 /

( 12 _ 6


,@- A B,C( 6 D/

'- EF / G
C

( 15 _ 9

! G
C ,I

G
C

JK ( 12

G
C G
:L / MN(L

O:
P / +,:

& 
 
            !" #$ (1) %

= Parallel y

= ) -( =
= =
I

= ) -(
. =

N
.
= ) -(
=
= =
(
=
= ) (
95

N =
=
) : .(

- :

Biglow La gaipa =
=
= N

= = ) : .(


= - )
( .
.
=
= .
N = =
= : self reinforcement =
N
=
=

N
= = . N
expectation .

= .
.
96

) (= =
) :.(
<==%

@==!> ?==/

 





:


    _ 1




 _ 2


  _ 3

 :


! _ 4

 :

"# _ 5

& _ $%

'() *+%) _ 6

,- _ 7


 ./0) _ 8

- _ 9

    ! " # $%& ( 2 ) '!# *+

,- ./ 01 345 68 9:* ; 3

= = =
= =
= =
= . =
= =
=
.
= = I

=
97

= =
N =
=
= ) : .(
=
= )=
= ( filtration
= =
) =( =

= ):
(.

-
:

Furman Bierman
=
I

=
) (

).(

N
N NI N = -
- N
:
-= =
98

.
-

= =


I
.
-
I
N N= N

.

N :
- : .
-= : = = 8=.
- = :
.
- = =.
- = .
8 = =


N N ).(
=
N =
=

99


*#$
 #+,

&###$

'






) (   5 _ 4

) (   7 _ 6

%94

%97
84


 




63



53

72




50

31

"! 

69

38

  ! "#!$ %&#  ' " () *+, ( 3 ) /# !0

      



=
=
.N

-
:

Erwin N

) .(
N N
- N
=
-

= : = .

N
100

.
.

.

. =
N

)
(ZR = y
N
) ( = .
 #$%

"! 

  

'&









 

0.581

0.219

1.304

0.675

 

0.190

0.067

0.770

0.813



0.206

0.092

1.255

0.838



0.565

0.194

0.819

0.650

!' "& )    
!"#
$% ( 4

   
 
 

= N
) ( (
N
=
N

.
101

)( $
$:

- OBrien Bierman
:

= =
N= N
=
: )
( :
.

).(
=
=
= =N


( : =
= .
8=

.

- :

Sullivan

N
102

= = = 8
).(


= atriuistic behavior

:
-
N N
=
= N .
-

.
- =

=.
=
N
= N
N N
.
N
N =

).(

- :

Mcguire Weisz
103

N= )
( ) =
= N(


)
( ) ( )
( .
=
.
(

y N .
= =
N ).(
)( $
$:

-
:

= N N N =
= . N
= = = =
N
=.
= N = - N
= - ) : -
(
104

:

= N
.
N
N = N

N :
+ .
+ = .
= .
. I .
-
.
= =
. = =-:N
= = N
.
N = : =
=
.
= . = = =
=-.
= =
105

closure

.
y
= (
-:
N social rigidity ) = +(-
= ) N(
y =
N.
= =
=
= .
N N N N =
N N =
=

=) N= .( -

-
:

Douvan Adelson
= N
N N = -
- N
=
106

= =
.
( = N = -
= N

= .
8=
= = =
=
= =
= =
.
I = N
=
) : : - .( -

=
= = =.

: :

=
social skills N

=
= -
=
=
= =
107

= .
= .

- :

= = y =
empathy
= =
.
Borke I
N
.
:
.

= ) = -( .
=
- N .
social awareness



= .
I
.


y (
N= ).(
108

-
:

I Oppenhiemer Thijessen

N
N
= I N
N =
:
.


: = ?

.
=
=
=
= = = =
N .N N

= N ).(

- :

Diaz Berndt

= N


109

N
=
= = )
( ) =
( )
(.
y
=
= ( =
N . N
N =
= =
=

=
=
= ).(

- Oden Asher :

I
= N .
=
= =
:
-= social participation
.
- Cooperation
= .
110

- Communication .
- validation =
8=.
= =
=


= .


=
N
=
) .(
y .

: :

N

.

-
:

( Berndt)
N
.
=
N ) .(
) (
111

)y ( .
N
=

= = N

= 8
= =
= = = .

N N N =
= = = =

N
. = .
. (

=


= =
= .
=
= =) (
)y (
) (
) (
=

112

:N =

= =
. N =N
) ( =:



 













3.02

3.17

2.04

1.20



3.35

3.44

3.84

3.22

 

3.95

2.42

11.22

6.16

*

  
!"# $%& '( )* + ), ( 5 ) / 0
  
     



N

= N
N = N
N
=
= = .

-
:

Hartup- -
) ( =
N
) (
113

: =
.
. =
= = N
= N =
N N:
N N
: =
.
= =
=
= .
(
N
= .

=

Spivack Shorr
= N interpersonal problem
solving )(
=
).(
N N
=
114

= - -


.

- :

Reisman Shorr
= =
) ( )
( ) = -
( ) -( .

= y =
= N =
. =
)
( ) (
= N
= =
= N= :
=
= 8
.
= = =
= =
= = y
=.
115

=
exposition
8 =
.
= interpretation ) empathy

( ).(

- :

Marsh
= N =

= :

)( : .
= =N
N =
:
- = problem definition
.
- alternative thinking.
- = consequences
=.
- solution adequacy
.
= N=

y N . =
116

= N
= = N
)y (
=
) ( .
= =
).(

Moreno Sociometric measurement

N
N
N
social power social change
N =

).(
I =
N :N
=

N = N
= N
N

N .N
=
=
= I
117

N
= N= N =N
:
= =
.
8
N:N

-
:

Harocks Thomson
= N

- N .
N
=
= .

N
= .
= N =
- N )
: .( -

-
:

clark Drewery
N
) - N(
118

= ) = -( N
. =
= =
:
= )
(
= =
.
N
N
=
=
.
=
=
=
= :
=
=.


I
I =

= =
)(
- N = N= N:
Ladd = N =accepted N
= rejected N
119

=
=

N :
(
. =
N
) (
)
= (.
= N
)
( )
( N
.
N = N


( = ).(

= =:
N
N
=
= .
N
120

Sroufe
( N
) : (
Hops Finch
= =
social competence

)= (.
McCord
I delinquency
N
) : .(



) : ( Douvan
Adelson = N
( = N :
= ):
.(
=
Guidubaldi Perry
= =
( =
= I N=
:
=
=
.
121

= N
=
=

=
= =
- = -
. = =
y
= =
y ).(
=
N
Krantiz Webb Andrews

I =
=


. =
N


= .
N :
N N

.
= =
122

= ).(
N
=
= = .N
=
.

M 8


.
I
= =
:
$ :
y :
N :
-
=

= N
=
) : .(
-

)( :
) ( :
= = .
123

- =
= N
= - -
= = N
=
) : .(
-
N


) : .(-
- N
= =
= N= .
- = I
N ) : .( -

N =
= I
.
-
= N
= )= ).(
$ :
:

!
:
-
124

=
= ) ( (
).(:
-

( = N
=
) .(
-
=
= N=
= N =
= =
N ).(
-
N = y
).(


=
= .

125

126

8 :

: :

N

=
.
N
=

= ) : (

=
) : : .(

:
- I

=N
127

= =
=.
-
: = = = = =

=
.
- =
:
- N.
- .
- .
- .
- N
=
:
- )
N(.
- = .
- N
.
- =



:
-
= .
- .
128

-= ):
N = N
(.

- :
- :
-
:

(

=
:
- =


=
.
- =
= = =
= = = N
= =.
- I
N N =
= .

-
:

=
129

= :
- :
= N
. y


.
- = :
)(
= = N
.
=
(
= .
- :

. )
( = N
. =
= ) .(
= N
) .(

- :

=

N N
:
- :
130

=
.
- = : =
N

.
- :
=
= .
- N :



= N
.
- :

N = N
.
- = :

I = .
=
=.

.
= = = .
= N N

131

:
=
( =
N .N
I N
.
(

:

- :

:


.
= =
= = = = =.
(
=
) = (.

I .
=
-:
:
= - ?
- ?
= ?
$ $ 0132

:
- ?
- ?
: -
?
- ?
?
0: - = I N?
- I ?
: - I = N ?
- N?
: - = ?
- = = ?
- ? =
?
=
=
=
=.
z :
N N:
- = = .
- ) (.
:= = )
=(:
133

. 8


= ) ( brain storming
= = 8
) : (
=
.
y
N) N
- N(.
: )
(:
= N
N:
- =
= =
:
- I

=
= =.
(
8
.
=
.
134

= = .
$ :
/ /
/ / =
= = = =
. N
N =
= =
= =
I = = N
:
$ $: = =
= )
( . N
= N ) = ( ) =
(-.
$ ) $(:
= N
.

= ) ( +
= ) + (.
$ :

= = .
=

.
135

:
-
= = =
= .
- =
I .
N


=
= .
- =
.
=
.
-

N N = N
=- -

= .
=
.
- =- = N -

=
.
- =

136

= = =.
- .

=
=
=:
- ) (:
- $ :
=
.
- :
=
.
- $ : =
=
= = =
.
- :

.
- z :
.
-= :
= =
=.
- $ ) (:
- :
.
137

- :
=
.
- :
=
= = .
- : .
- : I
.
- $ : =
=
.
- :
= .
- : NN
= .
- :
=
.-
( : =
= .
- $ : = =
.
- :
.
- ) (:
- :
=
.
138

- $ y : =
= 8=
.
- : N :
=
.
-$ $ : =
= = =
= = .
- :
.
- :

= =
.
- 0 ) (:
- :

.
- :
=.
- :
.
- :
= = .
- :
.
- $ : :

139

= .
- : .
- :
= .
-$ :
.
- ) (:
-$ : = M
= =
= .
- : =

.
- :

= .
- :
N
.
- :

= =
.
- $ ) (:
-$ : =

y .
-$ :

140

.
-$ $ : =
= N
.
-$ :
.
-$ :
= N=.
- ) (:

= .

:
- .
- =
.
- =
= =
= . =
= .
N
)
= (.
- = =
N.
- = ) (
) ( =
.
- =
141

- - = N.N
- .
.
- = ) (
- - N )
y ( ) y
( .
= N
.
-
= N
= .

N=.() N
=
= =

.

- $ :

=
N:
- N
= =
= =.
- = :
= = =
) = =
= ( .
(
142

.
- $ :

.
( =
)
= ( .
N:
- = = N
% N =
.
- N
= N N
N .

=
=

.

-:
-
= -
-
N -
-

- $ :
=
143

) :
(

) : .(

) : .(
N =
) ( .
- N . = N

=
.

- N = N
- = = N - N
= = . =
= =
.

.

= =

= content validity criterion validity
.contruct validity
) : (

.
) :
144

(
I =
) : .( -
=
: N N
=
= N = y

N . .

- :

N =
.
=
= =
=
:
:
( - =
N = N


= ).(
-
. =
=
( =
=
145

) : .(
) ( ) ( )(
) ( ) (




= .
=
=
= =
= =.
)( ( = = =
= = .
N N

= N ( .

= .(

=
.

= .
=
=

) : .(
= = = =
146

N
I = N=.N
)( ( .

(
) : .( -
=
- = =
- ( )
.(

=
=
:
= .
= = . = = .

- :

-


N
.
- = =
= .
=
147

= = .
I
=
.
-
= = - N
( =
= N
.
- =
= N N
. =
= = N
y N
y N
N

= =
. =
= = N N
.N

- :

. .

=N
=.

148

 <!

9


: :

N=


=
(
:

- :

N=
N
=
N =
=
= =
( N
=

149

= .

:N
: = :
8 . : I =
:= =
= .

. N =
N
N :
=


) = (


) : .(

=
=


) : .(
N
= I
= =

150

 <!

=
N

= I
:) N .(

= =N
= = N
.
: 8= =
) : ( =

=
=
= I
) : .(
=
= 8
Brehm = y

== ) : (
Albee = =
= :
= x
= = x
=
=
=
151

) : .(
=

- -

N N
= .
.

- :

=
=
N N
:
=
.
: = .
=
N :
.
=
= =
= (

=
=
.
N
N
152

 <!

=
:
- - - - - .-
- ) : .( -
Serafica
= N
=

( ).(
N N
= =
N
=

).(
Hays N
N

) :
.(
=
=
N .N N
= =
=
153

I = N
=
=

) : : -
.( -

- :

=
= )

( . )
( = . :
= I
= =
N N =
.

= =
N
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
= )
(
= =
) : .( -
154

 <!

y
Rinn Markle
=
=
) : .(
N

) (
N = N :
= = 8 = ) :.(

= = =

= =
) ( :

= N
).(


= = =

= =).(
N


=
=

155

=
N
y y
= ).(




) : (
=
=
=
= =
) :
.(

- :

= =
= =
:
= =
= :

. N N
= =.


= N N
I N
156

 <!

= N I

=
I = = N =
I

.
N
N
= N N
= = = = =

= .
.

=
N= :N =
N) (


I ).(

N
) : ( =

.
= N N
= = = N

157

= ) :
.(

- :

=
=

=
= .
I
= N
) : (
= - N
.

= =
= :- = N=

- N


) :
= (.

- :

=
I
158

 <!

= =
=
=.
I
=

y
= = = .
= .
N
N = = =
= = =
= = =
=
=
N =
N
= = .

=

N

.
=
= =
I
= = =
159

= =
.




I N
N ) : .(




= = = = =
= I
N
= =
= = N
) :
.(

-
:

(
= N :

- :

N
N = = =
160

 <!

=
= = N =
= = = =
= N N :
$ : =
I .
$ $ : =
=
y I
.
$ $ : = = y
.

= N =
) (
) (
.
= =

= = ( =
= =
= )= y
=(
N y
=
N
161

- :

) ( =
= :
%

%
%
%

12345

12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345

1234

1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234

= =
1234
1234
1234= =

1234
1234
1234

1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234 1234
1234
$

1234
1234
1234

1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234

1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234 1234
1234

) (

1234
1234

1234 =
1234

1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234

123
123
123
123

) ( =
=

N
=
= = NN
=
= = = .
= =
=
= =
= = = .
= =

I
162

 <!

= .

= N


) : .(

- :

I
= = =
= = =
- - =
= = = . I
= = = =
= = :
= =
=

. = = =
N N .

= =


=
N = =
. I
=

163

=
=
=
N
= .
=
= N
=
=
= ) (
= =
=
) : (
= N= N
= = N
: = =
=
= ) : .(

) ( :

) ( =
= .
= :
-
=

=
= =.
-
164

 <!
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345

123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123

12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
1234
12345

1234
12345
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
12345
1234
12345
1234
1234 12345

12345
12345
12345
1234
12345
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
12345
1234
12345
1234
1234 12345
12345

12345
12345
12345
123
12345
123
12345
123
123 12345
12345

1234

1234
1234 1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234 1234
1234

) ( =
=

. .
- = N
) =(
= N.N
-
=
=
.

= N
= = :
=

= =

= =
=
) : .(
.
165

- :

) ( =
:

12345
12345

12345
12345
12345
12345
1234
12345

12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
1234
12345
1234 12345
12345

=N

12345
12345
12345

12345
12345
12345
123
12345
12345
123
12345
123
12345
123
12345
12345
123
12345
123
12345
123
12345
123 12345

12345

1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234

1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234 1234

1234

) ( =

=
= = =
= : =N
= N.
=
Meck N
=
y ):
.(
I
N



) : .(
- -

166

 <!

= N =


N . N

I = =
=
= N

.



) : .(
=
=
) : (

.
=
=
N N = N
= N =
=
- -N
= N .
= I


167

N.

-
:

N
N
) = ( =
) (
N =.
= N
= .

- :

N
:
N N :
- .
- .
- N N.
- = .
- = .
- .
N N
:
- .
- = .
- .
- .
- - .
168

 <!

=.N
- =.
- N.
N :
- = .
- N.
- .

:
-
= .
= N


= N
.
-




) : .(
=
= =

= = .
= = N
= N .
N =
169

) : .( N
N I
).(
N
I

y
=
) : ( = =
=
) : .(
N

N ) :
.( -
-
N
( - - =
= ) (
N : =
=( =
= ).(
=
- = N
= =
=


).(
170

 <!

- :

N =
N =
:
- .
- .
- .
- =
.

y =
= .

=
=

= = N
.

-
:

N=
=

=
= .

=
=
171

N
=
= =
= N
=
= N
.
=
I
= = =
= y =
= N
=
= = ):
(
= .
= =
N=
= =
= ) (


N N .
.

- :

:
172

 <!

-
:
- :
: =
N
=.
-
- ( .
- =
=
=
.
-
= N

= =
= .
- y
-
=:
-
.
-
=
.
- ) =
= =(
) = =(
= .
173

I -
= N = N.
- = =
=
=
=
.
- N
= .
-
= :
- N N .
- ) (

.
-
= =
=.
- N = N = N
.
- N=
= N
:
.
- =
.
- .

I N
174

 <!

175

176

10


M
=
N
N
Furman
N :
-

M

= N
= .
-
=

= N =
).(

177

=N



I

I = =
N
= .
N
:

-
:

N
=
:

- :

=
= =
=
= . =
- - 8
) : .(
I

=
178

= =
= . =
:
- :



) (
N
.
= 8


. N
: imitation
=
= =
) 8
(feedback
= =
) : .(
- $:
=
- - =
.

= N
.
(
179

Bower N


.
?
Carnegie
) : (

=:
) : (
:
- .
-.
- )
(.
- .
- .
- .
N
) : .(
- = .
- .
- .
- .
- y .
- .
- .
- .
180

- .
= =
==
= =.

.
- $ :
I =
= y M=
8 =
= = =
=
=
=
) : .(
=
:
8 = = = =
y N
8
= N
.
= =
. =
=
= = N .
observational learning 181

role playing =
I M =
= ) =
(

= =
= = )
N
=( 8
)
: = .. ..
(.

I
=
. I

: = N
I
I N=
= =
=
=
=
) : .(

.

. =
182

8 ) =(
. - -
=
= = ) : (
:
- ) :(
Oden Asher
= .
= ) N (

.
.
:
- 8
:
= . = . . = = .
- I
= .
- 8

.

= N
.
183

= N
y
.

) N N (N
N
)y
(
).(
- 0 ) (
Bornstein N =
) = (
= ) (
.


) :
.( -
- ) :(
Oconor
= .N
.

= y

) : .(
- ) :(
Ladd = N

184

=


=
) : .(
=
N

.

- :

Jones

= = .

.
N =
=
!

=
. =
- -
= =
) =(
) : .( -

N =
N=
185

N I
= =
=N

negative self-statements
=

=

= y =
y =

= N
= N
I
= ):
.( -

N
= .
N .

= Young
=
Beck
=
=
) : .(
186

-
- :
- .
- .
- .
-
.
-
.
- =
.
8 =
=
=
. ) (

( =- -
:
- y .
- = .
- .
- .
- .
- ) (.
- .
- .
- ) N.(N
- ) NN
( =.
187

=
N= N )
= (
=
) :
( =
. = =
.
N
= N

) : .( -
= =
. y
=

. =
=
.

= . =
.
= y
= y

.
N= =
=
= =
188

(
= =


=.
=




. =
=

= N
=
= =
=
.


.
=
N .

.

= .

.
189

N

.

- :

= N


=
.
=
I
=
.
N

. N
8 =
:

- :

I


.
: 8= =
= =
.
Walker Hops I
190

.
=
=
= = =
= y
) : .(

= N
=
= .N = Strain
N
)( (
.
=
=
y ) : .( -
=
=

=
=
- =
- =
) : : .(
8
191

N
=
= 8

=

= ) : (
=
= =
= = 8
= .

- :

=

N .


Sheriff
.
= N .
N =
. N
= NN
) : .(
Orleck

= = .

192

=
= )= .(


: =
I =


= = .
N N
.
=

= N
.
=
)= -
.(

N =

.
:

- :

193

) = N
( N
= =
) : .(
N
=
N
=
=
I
= =
.


) : -

- :

I
=
= = =
= = =

N .


=
= =
= =
194

):.(

- :

N
N .
=N
Ny
):
.( =

= N =
N

=
=
. =
y
=
= 8=

= N
. 8
=
N N =
) : .(

- :

= N
195

N
= =.


.

I N = N N
= N
Take & give affection
= = N N

= .
Roll & Rock
I =

) : .(
=


N
.

.
196

.
N

= .
) = N N
( :
-

=
. =
= .
= N

.
N
N NN
I
= y .
= N




) : .( =


. = N
I
197

) : .(
-
= I
=
= =
=

=
=
.
=
=

) : .(
- = =
.
=
= =
(
) : ( = =
= =
=
= = .
= = N


.
198

)= : .(
- I

.



N )= .(
-


.N
= N
N =
N
N
=
)= (.
= N




. =
=
.

= =
N . =
199

.

) (
.


.

200

<

- ) ( . : = .
- ) ( ) ( :
.
- . : =.
- = . )( . ) . ( .:
.
- )( = = N
) (.
- )( N =
- :
.
- )( : =) ( :
= = ) (.
- )( . . -
- ) ( )( .:
=.
- )( =)
N( : .
- ) ( := .
- ) ( = :
)( ) ( :
= . -
-) N ( N = :
=.
-) N ( : =
.
- ) (
) (.
- ) ( = N : = .
- ) ( )( . =
= .
. -

201


- ) ( .
. .
- ) ( = -
= =
. -
- ) ( = = = .
= .
- ) .( )
( . : =.
- ) ( = . : (.
- )( : .
- )( : ) .
( : = ) .(.
- )( : =
.
- )( . :
) .(.
- )( . : . .
- )( ) ( ) ( )(
)( )( )( )( = ) (N )(
)( )( . .
= = :=
.
- )( =
= I -
.
- ) ( := :
= .
- ) ( : =
- ) (
: . :=
=( .
- ) ( = = :=
.
- ) ( (
)( ) ( : . -
- )( =)

202

<
( : = .
- ) ( N = :
= - ) (.
- )( =
) ( - . )(
) ( : .
- ) ( : = .
- ) (
N) (.
- = ) (N N =
) (.
- ) ( ) ( : .
- )( = = = : = N:
= .
- )( 8 : = .
- ) ( : .
- ) ( ) ( : :
) .(.
- ) ( : =
.
- )( ?) . = (
) ( . : .
-= ) ( :
.
- ) ( ) ( : =
.
- ) ( N =
= )(
: = . -
- ) ( = =
)( . )
( : = . -
- ) (N )( )
( ) ( . : .
- )( ) ( = : . . .
) .( . : ) ( ) : N(
= . -

203

204

=
.
* .
* .
* .
* ( .
* :
=
.
* .
* - .

:
. - .
- .

205