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BIOL1040

Practical One

Toad Anatomy

Experiment One
Hypothesis If red blood cells contain haemoglobin (which is dark purple in colour) the organ where red blood cells are stored will appear dark purple. Prediction of results Red blood cells are stored in the Spleen. Results

Discussion The results indicate do not really have an indication on whether or not the spleen holds red blood cells. The spleen was a maroon/red colour and not a dark purple colour, however, this does not suggest that the spleen doesn t sore red blood cells, merely that the organ which holds red blood cells doesn t necessarily have to be purple in colour. The hypothesis was not very strong; with respect to Stranbrough (2007) he suggests that the hypothesis has to be tested i.e. with the results from the experiment must be able to be proved correct or incorrect. In this case it was difficult as there as so many other factors which could influence the result. The colour of the spleen is dependant on many different factors other then the fact that it stores red blood cells. The cells that make up the spleen would be crucial in determining its colour as well as the spleen s functions.

Experiment Two
Hypothesis It was hypothesised that the ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the atria. Prediction of Results The ventricle will have a greater relative amount of muscle than the atria i.e. the ventricle will have a thicker wall with respect to the atria. Materials and Methods

BIOL1040

Practical One

Toad Anatomy

Using fine forceps and dissection scissors, the heart was removed from the double pithed Bufo Marinus by grasping the truncusateriosus. The atria was separated from the ventricle using dissection scissors and picturing a constant separation line between the two. Using a compass and a ruler, the thickness of the heart muscle for each chamber was measured three times each and an average value taken. The values taken where for the right ventricle and right atria. Results Figure 1

Graph 1

The results in figure 1 and graph 1 indicate that the mean value of the ventricle (2.4mm) was larger than the atrium with a mean of (0.63mm). The results also indicated that the ratio of the ventricle to atrium was 3.79 based on a mean taken from three measurements. Discussion The results obtained during the experiment confirm the hypothesis that the ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the atrium. This is because the results suggested that the ventricle wall is 3.79 times bigger than the atria wall on the Bufo Marinus. There should be more muscle in the ventricle wall as it is responsible for pumping blood around the entire Bufo Marinus s body. The required force to do

BIOL1040

Practical One

Toad Anatomy

this must be much grater in magnitude than that of gravities and therefore this amount of pressure built up within the ventricle s require a thick muscular wall. The atria wall, however, is only needed to withstand the pressure of the blood flowing through it. Although this pressure is rather large, it is nowhere near the pressure required to pump blood throughout the body. Therefore the atria should have a smaller wall thickness with respect to the ventricle as suggested by the results. The comparative analysis suggests that the Bufo Marinus used in this experiment had a larger ventricle to atria wall thickness ratio. Group three s data must be neglected due to their difference in technique as they measured the entire heart length to the atria length. Group two on the ot her hand had a slight change in result from those discovered in this experiment as a result of possible genetic differences, size of the two different Bufo Marinus, the age of the two different Bufo Marinus and perhaps more importantly the environment influences that each Bufo Marinus would have had during its life time. Another factor that may have affected the results between the two experiments is which ventricle/ atria was analysed. The left ventricle is responsible from pumping oxygenated blood around the body of the Bufo Marinus body whereas the right ventricle is responsible for receiving deoxygenated blood. The results obtained during this experiment where from the right ventricle and right atria whereas group two may have measured left ventricle and left atria or a mixture of the two. Bibliography http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/amphibians/frogs.shtml http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/humanbiology/heart.htm Stranbrough (2007) A guide to working scientifically