-1:

) (

.


.
1921 .



.


.%20



) (heat collector
) ( )Photovoltaic
.(thermal hybrid PVT )(1-1

) (1-1




1



) (Concentrated PV
%45.

) (2-1 )(solfocus


) (CSP Concentrating Solar Power



,
CSP .

) (3-1
.

 ) (3-1
.



14 80 1984
).1990 (4-1

) (4-1
Kramer Jn



) . (5-1

 ) (5-1 )

)
(
10
) (solar-one 1982
1997 1998
) .(solar-two

,

)( .
)(6-1

) (6-1 )(solar two

) (7
9
.

 ) (7-1 )(


.


.

.


.

.
.

.

-2 (PVT (hybrid PV Thermal collector

2-1 .PVT

.

.

5


,


.

) (1-2 PVT
PVT
PVT
) (faade PV

.PVT

) (2-2 PVT

PVT

:
-1 ): (Increasing efficiency
PVT
PVT
.
-2 ): (Autonomous systems

.


,
) ,(3-2
PVT :

) (3-2 PVT
-1
.
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5
.

2-2 .PVT

) (4-2 ,
.

) (4-2
NOCT (Nominal
.(Operating Cell Temperature
)tm=ta+(NOCT-20)*(E/800) ..(2-1
where tm: PV temperature c.

ta= ambient temperature c.

NOCT: from standard reference environment (SRE)
c.

E : irradiance W/m2.


.( C-Si)
elc = o [1 + (t m 298 K ) (2-2)
Where elc : electrical efficiency.
o : efficiency of the module at temperature 298 K.
: silicon temperature coefficient = -6.3E-3 K-1. [4]
= -4.5E-3 K-1. [5]
= -8.0E-3 K-1. [6]
,(5-2) , PV/T
.

( 5-2)

T =

Qu + Qs QT + QL Q P + QS
=
E*S
E*S

.. (2-3)

Where E : irradiance.
S : surface area of heat absorber plate.
Qu: useful energy delivered by the collector to the
storage tank.
QS: the energy amount stored as specific heat in the
collector plate.
QT: total heat collected in storage tank.
QL: heat loss from the tank to surrounding
environments.
8

QP: constant heat input from a circulation pump.

PV/T
) ,(Energetic conversion efficiency
.
) (2-4

I SC .U OC
E*S

) (2-5

) elc = ( FF

Pmax .
I SC .U oc

= FF

Where Pmax.: maximum generated power.

ISC: short circuit current.
UOC: open circuit voltage.
FF: fill factor defined as a characteristic of solar cell
or module.
.
.

)C P . m av (Tout Tin ) .. (2-6

E*S

= T

Where CP: specific heat of working fluid (KJ/Kg.K).

m av : average flux of the fluid Kg/s.

.PV/T
) (2-7

W +Q
= elc + T
H

= PV / T

Where W: electricity produced.

Q: thermal energy produced.
H: Input energy.
).. (2-8

W
Q
= & T
H
H

= elc

2-3 .PVT
PV/T :
PV/T
. PV/T
:
) :(Solar wall PV/T
-1
.
) :(Aidt Milj
-2

.
) :(Grammer
-3
PV
PV
.

 ) :(Secco sistemi
-4
) (facade PV
.
PV/T
).(flat plate & concentrating form
) :(PV twins
-1
.
) :(Millennium electric
-2
PV/T .
) (Arontis )
-3
(Heliodynamics ) :(Menova energy
PV/T .

)(6-2 Grammer
Arontis
PVtwins

-3 .(CPV (Concentrated PV
3-1 .CPV
) (CPV
) (PV




.
CPV :
CPV .10x
-1
CPV 100x-
-2
.10x
CPV 1000x-
-3
.100x
10

 )
(Refractive type ) (Fresnel lens
) (Reflective lens .

.
.

2
1
500 2 .1/500

.
CPV

. ) (multijunction ) (III-V
%35
.%45

.
)galliumarsenid and
.(germanium

) (1-3 ).(M J solar cell

3x

11

 20x


.
3-2 .CPV
) (1-3 .
company
capacity
location
Arizona
Amonix
Kw 410
Neveda
Amonix
Kw 200
Spain
Amonix
Mw 1
Spain
Amonix & Gauscore
Mw 8
Spain
Concentrix
Kw 100
Spain
Solfoucs
Kw 200
Spain
Solfoucs
Kw 300

) (2-3
.
North America :
Abengoa solar.
American CPV.
Amonix.
Boeing.
Concentrating technology.
Cool earth solar.
12

Cyrium.
Emcore.
Energy innovations.
enFocus engineering.
ENTECH.
Green volts.
IBM.
JDSU.
Menova energy.
Microlink.
Mogan solar.
RFMD.
Opel international.
Pyron solar
Scaled solar
Swolar tech.
Solfocus.
Soliant energy.
SUNRGI.
Solar junction.
Spire.
Xtreme enrgetics.

Europe :
- azur solar (RWE).
- concentraction solar La Mancha.
- concentrix solar.
- ENEA.
- gauscor foton.
- IQE.
-Quantasol.
- sol3g.
- solar tech.
- zytech solar.

Asia :
- Arima Ecoenergy
- Diod steel.
- Delta electronics.
- ESSYSTEM.
- Epistar.
- everphoton.
- sharp.
- VPEC.

.(CSP (Concentrating Solar Power -4

CSP 4-1


,
.
:

13

-1
-2
-3
-4

).(parabolic trough
).(dish stirling
).(fresnel reflectors
).(solar power tower

4-1-1 :

.
350-150
.
.
.CSP

) (1-4 .
4-1-2 ):(fresnel reflactors

.

,
.

) (2-4
4-1-3 :

14


.
. 700-250
.
.CSP
.

) (3-4 protype
4-1-4 :


1000- 500
,
.

.

) (4-4
4-2 .CSP
,

,

15

carnot

receiver
, TH
) TO 30 .(
) = receiver *carot ...... (1-4
)(2-4
)(3-4

Qabsorbed Qlost
.
Qsolar
T
= 1 O .
TH

= Where receiver
carnot

) ( Qabsorbed ) (I ) (C
) (optics ) (A
) ( :
)Qabsorbed = .Qsolar . (4-4
)Where Qsolar = I .C. A.optics . (5-4
) ( Qlost -
:
4
)Qlost = a...TH ... (6-4
Where a= reradaiating area.
= emissivity.
= boltzmann constant =1.3806503 10-23 J/K.
) (optics =1
) ( = 1 & = 1
:
)(7-4

TO
1

TH

.TH4
= 1
I .C

:
)..... (8-4

0.25

I .C
Tmax =

:
16


=0
TH

& Topt5 (0.75TO ).Topt4

TO .I .C
4

(9-4)

.CSP 4-3
( 4-1 )
.2010
Capacity
(Mw)

Name

Country

technology

354

Solar Energy Generating

Systems

USA

parabolic trough

150

Solnova

Spain

parabolic trough

100

Andasol solar power station

Spain

parabolic trough

64

Nevada Solar two

USA

Solar Power tower

50

Ibersol Ciudad Real

Spain

parabolic trough

50

Alvarado I

Spain

parabolic trough

50

Extresol 1

Spain

parabolic trough

50

La Florida

Spain

parabolic trough

20

PS20 solar power tower

Spain

Solar Power tower

17

Yazd integrated solar

Iran

parabolic trough

11

PS10 solar power tower

Spain

Solar Power tower

Kimberlina Solar T E P

USA

fresnel reflector

Sierra Sun Tower

USA

solar power tower

italy

parabolic trough

Australia

fresnel reflector

5
2

Archimedes solar power

plant
Liddell Power Station Solar
SG

17

parabolic trough

USA

Keahole Solar Power

dish stirling

USA

Maricopa Solar

1.5

solar power tower

Germany

Jlich Solar Tower

1.5

fresnel reflector

Spain

Puerto Errado 1

1.4

parabolic trough

USA

Saguaro Solar Power

Station

-5 .
5-1 .

CPV .
.
.
.
)(thin film solar technology
) (cadmium telluride
) (Amorphous silicon
.

) .(energy-generating building
%10-8

.

.
)
(CSP)(concentrating solar power



,
100MW

.

18

 ) (1-5 .
) refractive
) reflective
(technology
(technology

.


.

.

.


.
.

) (2-5 CSP : CPV

CPV technology
CSP techonology
50.
100.
.

.
.
.
) PV
.
.(CSP
) (3-5
Mw h
)(scale

$20-$15

25Kw

$18-$8
Mw 50

$6

+$18
100
$5
Mw

5-2.

19

 -1 PVT 60-40


.
-2 CPV
.
- 3 CPV & CSP

.

-1 ) : (acceptance angle
.
tan =(sun radius)/(sun-earth distance) =(7E8 m)/(1.5E11
m)= 0.27
: Heliostat -2 ) (steel
.CSP
:(PCU (Power Conversion Unit -3

.
4 -(NOCT) is defined as the temperature reached by open circuited cells in a
module under the conditions as listed below:

Irradiance on cell surface = 800 W/m2

Air Temperature = 20C

Wind Velocity = 1 m/s

Mounting = open back side.

-1 " ,
" ,
, - .2004
-2 " , ",
, .
3- free encyclopedia, http:// www.wikipedia.org.
4- Ewa Radziemska;" Performance Analysis of a Photovoltaic-Thermal

20

Integrated System", International Journal of Photoenergy, Volume 2009,

Article ID 732093.
5- PVT ROADMAP A European guide for the development and market
introduction of PV-Thermal technology, http://www.pvtforums.org.
6-herbert zondag, joakim bystrom and jan Hansen; " pv-thermal
collectors going commercial". June 2008.
7- sarah Kurtz; " CPV 101: Intro to CPV Technology, Opportunities
and Challenges", NREL , 2009.
8- Joel Teuscher and Jan Brauer; " Concentrating Photovoltaic
Systems", Solar photovoltaics and energy systems 2009.
9- Dr. Andreas Bett, Dr. Francesca Ferrazza, Johannes Herzog, Dr.
Antonio Marti and Prof. Wolfram Wettling; " Concentration
Photovoltaics (CPV)", October 2006.
10- " solar dish engine", www.solarpaces.org / csp technology /docs/pdf.
11- " solar parabolic trough", www.solarpaces.org / csp technology
/docs/pdf.
12- "solar power tower", www.solarpaces.org / csp technology /docs/pdf.

.(solar dish engine) :

.

,

.

21

 ) (1- .

)
( ,
,*%29.4
:
).(concentrators
-1
-2

).(receiver

-3

).(engine

1- :


) ,(focus

. W/m2 100 25Kw
15m.


,

) (concentration ratio
.200
.
2- :
*

Washom, B., Parabolic Dish Stirling Module Development and Test Results,
Paper No. 849516, Proceedings of the IECEC, San Francisco, CA 1984
22


.


) .(2-
.

) (2- ).(PCU
,
) ((DIR
)direct illumination receiver
.



.W/cm2 75
.
)heat- pipe solar
(receiver
)
(liquid-sodium metal
) .(3-

23

) (3-
) (heat-pipe


).(wick
)
(volumetric absorption
)(

.%80
3- :



.



) ,(gas turbine cycle
.

24

 ) (4- .

1816
Fleeming Jenkin 1884

.
)
(
)

( , )
(
.
cylinder
piston .

.

25

 .regenerator )(
.

.PV Diagram
:

Qc
.Tc .
:





regenerator
Th
.
:



Qh
.Th

26

 :

Tc
.

Qh Th Qc Tc
)
(.
W = Qh - Qc


:
)(1
)(2
)(3

)(4

27