Chapter 2 - Quadratic Equations

Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations
Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis
CHAPTER 2- QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
2.1 INTRODUCTION 1. General form of quadratic equation is ax 2 + bx + c = 0 where : (i) x is unknown (ii) a, b and c is constant (iii) a 0 (iv)The powers of x are positive integers up to a maximum value of 2. 2. Roots are the value of the unknown that satisfy the equation. Example 1:
x 2 2x 3 = 0 ( x + 1)( x 3) = 0 x + 1 = 0 or x 3 = 0 x = 1 or x = 3
root
2.2 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 1. Factorization method Example 1:
x 2 2x 3 = 0 ( x + 1)( x 3) = 0 x + 1 = 0 or x 3 = 0 x = 1 or x = 3
Example 2:
x 2 3x 4 = 0 ( x + 1)( x 4) = 0 x + 1 = 0 or x 4 = 0 x = 1 or x = 4
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2.Completing the square method Example:
To solve the quadratic equation by completing the square method, the coefficient of x2 must be 1. If (1) 2 (1) 2 , we know that the solution is equal to zero. For this example the coefficient of x is -2 so -2 is divided by 2 and become -1.
x 2 2x 3 = 0
x 2 2 x + ( 1) 2 ( 1) 2 3 = 0 ( x 1) 2 1 3 = 0
( x 1) 2 4 = 0 ( x 1) 2 = 4 x 1 = 2 x 1 = 2 or x 1 = 2 x = 1 or x=3
(1) 2 (1) 2 is added between term bx and c.

The concept of completing the square method is the coefficient of x which is b is divided by 2 and the number is squared
Part x 2 x + (1) is factorized and becomes
( x 1) 2 while (1) 2 3 = 0 is solved.
If the coefficient of x is -4 so -4 is divided by 2 and become -2. So the equation will become like this x2 4x + ( 2)2 ( 2)2 3=0. If the coefficient of x is 6 so 6 is divided by 2 and become 3. So the equation will become like this x2 + 6x + (3)2 (3)2 3=0.
3. By Using formula
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 b c x2 + x + = 0 a a b b b c x 2 + x + ( )2 ( )2 + = 0 a 2a 2a a 2 b b c (x + ) 2 2 + = 0 2a a 4a 2 b b c( 4a ) (x + ) 2 = 2 2a a( 4a ) 4a
How to obtain the formula? To obtain the formula is by using completing the square method.
(x +
b 2 b 2 4ac ) = 2a 4a 2
x+
b b 2 4ac = 2a 4a 2
x+
b b 2 4ac = 2a 4a 2
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x+
b b 2 4ac = 2a 2a b b 2 4ac 2a 2a
2
x=
This is the formula. We can just substitute the value of a, b and c from the equation based on the general form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 to find the values of x
b b 4ac 2a Example: x=
Example:
Solve the equation x 2 2 x 3 = 0 by using quadratic formula. Solution: From the equation, we know that a = 1 , b = 2 and c = 3 . So, we can just substitute the value into the formula,
x=
(2) ( 2) 2 4(1)(3) 2(1)
x= x=
2 ( 4 + 12 2 2 (16 2
24 2
The value of 4 is 4 and -4. So convert the equation into two where the equation x =
x=
2+4 24 x= or x = 2 2 x = 3 or x = 1
EXERCISE 2.2
2+4 and the other one 2
1. Find the roots of the quadratic equation 2 x 2 = 4 x 1 by using completing the square method. Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places. 2. Solve the following quadratic equation using the quadratic formula. (a) x 2 5 x 3 = 0 (b) 2 x 2 = 7 4 x 3. Factorize the following quadratic equations and hence, state their roots. (a) x 2 5 x 3 = 0 (b) 2 x 2 = 7 4 x
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2.3 FORMING QUADRATIC EQUATION FROM THE GIVEN ROOTS Given roots are 1 and 4 , Sum of roots = 4 1 1 x = 4 or x = 1 2 =3 x 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 Product of roots = 4 . 1 ( x + 1)( x 4) = 0
x 2 + x 4x 4 = 0 x 2 3x 4 = 0
= 4 The general form is x 2 ( S .O.R ) + ( P.O.R ) = 0 Substitute S.O.R = 3 and P.O.R = 4
x 2 (3) x + (4) = 0 x 2 3x 4 = 0
EXERCISE 2.3 1. Write quadratic equations with roots 3 and 5. 2. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are -3 and 3. Write quadratic equations with roots 1 and -2. 2.4 SUM OF ROOTS (S.O.R) AND PRODUCT OF ROOTS (P.O.R) If the roots are a and b, x = a or x = b x a = 0 or x b = 0
3 4
What is the general form?
( x a )( x b) = 0
x 2 ax bx + ab = 0 x 2 (a + b ) + ab = 0
a and b is the roots so in the equation, a + b is the sum of roots and ab is the product of the roots Hence, the general form is
x 2 ( S .O.R ) + ( P.O.R ) = 0
Example: The roots of the equation 2 x 2 4 x + 1 = 0 are m and n. Find the equation whose roots are 3m and 3n. Solution: Make the equation in the general form
2x 2 4x + 1 = 0 1 x 2 2x + = 0 2
x 2 ( S .O.R) + ( P.O.R) = 0 by divide all terms by 2. This

is because in the general form, the value of a must be 1.
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From the equation above, we know that S.O.R = 2
General form is x 2 ( S .O.R) + ( P.O.R) = 0 . For this question, the equation is x 2 2 x + these two equations.
1 P.O.R = 2
Given the roots are m and n. Hence, m+n=2 1 mn =
1 = 0 . Compare 2
1 2
We know that the sum of roots of the equation is 2 and
If the roots are 3m and 3n, S.O.R = 3m + 3n 3 = 3(m +n) P.O.R= 3m . 3n = 9mn Substitute S.O.R = 3(2) =6 P.O.R = 9( =
1
1 . Given that m 2 1 and n is the roots, so m + n = 2 and mn = 2

the product of roots of the equation is
into
and
into
1 ) 2
9 2
the equation whose roots are 3m and 3n is
9 =0 2 2 x 2 12 x + 9 = 0
x 2 6x +
We can leave the equation with x 2 6 x +
9 =0 2
but it is better to let the equation without fraction so we multiply all terms with 2. EXERCISE 2.4 1. Given that a and 3 are roots of the quadratic equation px 2 + 3 x + 18 = 0 , find the value of a and p. 2. One of the roots of the quadratic equation x 2 + px + 8 = 0 is half the value of the other root. Find the possible values of p. 3. Given that the value of one root is 3 times the other for the quadratic equation 3 x 2 2 x + p = 0 . find (a) the value of p (b) the two roots
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2.5 CONDITIONS FOR THE TYPES OF ROOT OF QUADRATIC EQUATION
1.From the formula x =
b b 2 4ac , we know that the part b 2 4ac is called the discriminant of 2a quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 .
2. The value of the discriminate will determine the types of roots of a quadratic equation. 3. We can solve a quadratic equation by factorization if the value for b 2 4ac is a perfect square. Types of root of Quadratic Equation
1- If b 2 4ac > 0 , then the quadratic equation has two different roots(also known as two distinct roots)
x 2 2x 3 = 0
b 2 4ac = (2) 2 4(1)(3)

= 16
( x + 1)( x 3) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x 3 = 0 x = 1 or x = 3
b 2 4ac > 0
2- If b 2 4ac = 0 , then the quadratic equation has two equal roots
x 2 10 x + 25 = 0 ( x 5)( x 5) = 0
x5 = 0 x=5
b 2 4ac = (10) 2 4(1)(25)

=0
b 4ac = 0
3- If b 2 4ac < 0 , then the quadratic equation has no real roots(or no roots)
2 x 2 3x + 10 = 0
b 2 4ac = (3) 2 4(2)(10)

= 9 80 = - 71
b 2 4ac < 0
4- If b 2 4ac 0 , then the quadratic equation has real roots. Example 1: Given that 3 and k are roots of the quadratic equation x( x + 1) = 12 has two equal roots. Find the value of h. When compare the equation x 2 ( S .O.R) + ( P.O.R) = 0 and Solution:
x 2 (1) x + (12) = 0 , we would know sum of roots and

product of roots for the equation. Page | 25
x 2 + x 12 = 0
x 2 (1) x + (12) = 0
From the equation above, we know that S.O.R = 1 P.O.R = 12 Given 3 and k are roots, S.O.R= k + 3 P.O.R= 3 . k = 3k Hence,
k + 3 = 1 or 3k = 12 k = 4 or k = 4 k = 4
Example 2:
From the equation, we know that S.O.R and P.O.R are 1 and 12 respectively. From the given roots, we know that S.O.R and P.O.R are k + 3 and 3k respectively. Hence compare both of them to find the value of k.
Given that the equation x 2 4 x + k + 1 = 0 has two different roots, find the largest integer of k. Solution: From the equation x 2 4 x + k + 1 = 0 , we know that a = 1 , b = 4 and c = k + 1 . Two different roots:
b 2 4ac > 0 (4) 2 4(1)(k + 1) > 0
16 4(k + 1) > 0 16 4k 4 > 0 4k > 12 k <3
Integer is a positive or negative number including 0. k is less that 3 so the k= 2,1,0,-1,-2 and so on. Hence, the largest integer of k is 2
Hence, the largest integer of k is 2. Example 3: One of the roots of the equation x 2 + kx + 12 = 0 is thrice the value of the other. Find the possible values of k. Solution:
x 2 + kx + 12 = 0
Let the roots be m and 3m. From the equation, S.O.R = k P.O.R = 12
We can choose other unknown to be the roots but it is better to do not put x as the roots. But we cannot put k as the root. This is because in this case, k acts as the S.O.R.
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From the roots, S.O.R = 3m + m = 4m P.O.R = 3m x m = 3m2 Hence,
4m = k k = 4m
From the equation, we know that S.O.R and P.O.R are k and 12 respectively. From the given roots, we know that S.O.R and
1
3m 2 = 12 m2 = 4 m = 2
Substitute m = 2 into 1 , (i) m = 2 (ii) m = 2
P.O.R are 4m and 3m 2 respectively. Hence compare both of them to find the value of k.
k = 4(2) k =8
So, k = 8 Example 4:
k = 4(2) k = 8
Given that x 2 5 x + 5 = h( x 1) has equal roots, find the values of h. Solution:
x 2 5 x + 5 = hx h x 2 5 x hx + 5 + h = 0 x 2 (5 + h) x + (5 + h) = 0
From the equation above, we know that a = 1 , b = (5 + h) and c = 5 + h . Equal roots: b 2 4ac = 0
[(5 + h)]2 4(1)(5 + h) = 0 (5 + h) 2 4(5 + h) = 0

h 2 + 10h + 25 20 4h = 0 h 2 + 6h + 5 = 0 (h + 5)(h + 1) = 0
h + 5 = 0 or h + 1 = 0 h = 5 or h = 1
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Example 5: Find the largest integer value of k if kx 2 + (2k 7) x + k = 0 has real roots. Solution:
kx 2 + (2k 7) x + k = 0
Real roots: b 2 4ac 0
(2k 7) 2 4(k )(k ) 0 4k 2 28k + 49 4k 2 0 28k 49 3 k 1 4

The largest integer value of k is 1.
In Form One, We have learned about integer. Integer is a positive or negative number that is a whole number. Such as 1, 2 and so on. Fractions and decimals are not integer.
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CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE 1. Solve the equation 2 x 2 + 5 x = 6 . 2. Given
1 and 4 are roots of a quadratic equation state the equation in the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 3
where a, b and c are integers. 3. Find the range of values of p of the equation x( x 2) = p + 5 has two different roots. 4. Find the values of k such that equation (k 1) x 2 3(k 6) x + k 6 = 0 has equal roots. Hence, find the roots of the equation based on the larger value of k. 5. Given that m + 3 and n 1 are roots of equation x 2 + 6 x = 5 , find the possible values of m and n. 6. The quadratic equation 2 x 2 + mx + k = 0 has roots 7 and 4 . Find (i) the values ok m and k (ii) the range of values of p so that 2 x 2 + mx + k = p does not have real roots 7. Given that equation 2 x 2 6 x = 2k 1 has different roots, find the range of values of k. 8. Given that and are roots of equation x 2 + kx + 3 = 0 , whereas 2 and 2 are roots of equation x 2 7 x + m = 0 . Calculate the possible values of k and m. 9. Given that the roots of the quadratic equation ( x 2)( x + 5) = 0 are p and q. Form a quadratic equation with roots p + 1 and q + 1 . 10. The quadratic equation x( x + 4) = 2 p 3 has two distinct roots. Find the range of values of p. 11. Form a quadratic equation with the roots 2 and
1 . 3
12. Given that the quadratic equation x 2 5mx + n 2 = 0 has two equal roots. Express n in terms of m. 13. Determine the type of roots for the quadratic equation 2 x 2 3x + 3 = 0 14. Find the value of h if the straight line x + y = k is a tangent to the curve y = 8 x 2 .
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Chapter 2 - Quadratic Equations

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Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations

Additional Mathematics Module Form 4 SMK Agama Arau, Perlis