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/http://www.howstuffworks.com

http://www.howstuffworks.com/cell-phone.htm

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7,190

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PDF .GPS

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PCS, GSM, CDMA and TDMA
.


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.
Alexander
Graham Bell 1876

Nikolai Tesla .1894
.


.radio telephones

)( 25
-70
100 . 25

.

cells
)(

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Cells Cell Phone



.

CB radio )(City Band Radio

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cb_radio

CB Radio
walkie-talkie
.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkie-talkie

Walkie-Talkie

/.

www.trgma.com

CB radios Walkie-Talkie
.1 Duplex
.2 Channels
.3 Range
Duplex
CB radios Walkie-Talkie half-duplex
CB Radio
. full-duplex

.

" "Duplex
.
http://telecom.hellodirect.com/docs/Tutorials/DuplexExplained.1.080801.
asp

Channels
walkie-talkie CB radio 40
. 1664
: Range
walkie-talkie 2 0.25.
CB radio 5 8 .



.

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) (half-duplex

full-duplex


26
.
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.

analog system ) (1/7

.
.1 832 .
.2 ) (
) ( 395 )
( 42 ) (
.3 ) (1/7
56 .
56
.

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www.trgma.com

: analog
first-generation mobile technology .1G
2G
168
.
TDMA, CDMA, GSM .

0.6 3
CB radio 4
.
:


. 56

.




.

Mobile
Telephone Switching Office (MTSO).
) (
.

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codes
.
.


40-25

SID ) System Identification Code
( .

)
( .
.
SID
.
.
Mobile
(MTSO) Telephone Switching Office


.

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www.trgma.com

(MTSO) Mobile Telephone Switching Office






MTSO
.

) (.

.
MTSO

.


MTSO
/.

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Mobile Codes
Electronic Serial Number ESN
32-bit .
Mobile Identification Number MIN
10 .
System Identification Code SID
5 FCC
.Federal Communications Commission
ESN MIN SID
.

Roaming


SID
.roaming MTSO
MTSO
SID
MTSO

.
roaming
roam
. roaming

.


.
/.

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:
{
{
{ LCD
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{
{

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chips



.
digital signal processor DSP

.



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ROM

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.
RF
FM
.
.
LCD




.

.LCD

SID MIN

.SmartMedia

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:

.
30

.

.


/http://www.tech-faq.com

http://www.cellular.co.za/in-fone.htm
FCC
/http://www.fcc.gov

http://www.itu.int/home/index.html

/.

www.trgma.com

)(






)(
.

1983 analog
Advanced Mobile Phone System
AMPS
FCC
. AMPS
824 894 .




A .B
832 A B 790 42 .
.
30 .



.





.

/.

www.trgma.com

45
. 395
21 .
NAMPS Narrowband
Advanced Mobile Phone Service

. NAMPS
800
.

2G
2G

) (
.
.

.

binary ) 0 (1

.
3 10
.
.
.
Global System for Mobile Communication GSM
.
GSM
.
:
)Frequency division multiple access (FDMA
)Time division multiple access (TDMA
)Code division multiple access (CDMA

/.

www.trgma.com


. Frequency Time Code

.
division

:
FDMA .
TDMA
.
CDMA .
multiple access
.
)Frequency division multiple access (FDMA

. FDMA
45

.

FDMA

/.

www.trgma.com

)Time division multiple access (TDMA






.
TDMA





.


6.7ms 30
.

TDMA
TDMA
GSM Global System Mobile Communication


GSM TDMA CDMA
.

/.

www.trgma.com

)Code division multiple access (CDMA


CDMA TDMA
) (

.
CDMA



)( .





.


.

.
.

CDMA
.

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GSM .

TDMA CDMA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_division_multiple_access
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA

/.

www.trgma.com

)(

GSM
Global
System for Mobile Communication
GSM

GSM
IS-136

.

GSM
900 1800
850 1900
1.9 ) = 109 = 103.
GSM
.
GSM
SIM subscriber identification
module
GSM
.SIM

/.

www.trgma.com

: 850/1900
1800/900
GSM tri-band quad-band
.
GSM 1800 /900.

multiple-band
.multiple-mode



analog
digital .
.multimedia cell phone smart
phones
.

Sony Ericsson

/.

www.trgma.com


2002 2003
.

2.5
..
.

:
CDMA2000
Code Division Multiple Access
.
WCDMA Wideband Code
.Division Multiple Access
TD-SCDMA Time-
.division Synchronous Code-division Multiple Access

) 3Mbps
15 3 (

/.

www.trgma.com

) 144Kpbs 8
3 (

.
Multiple Band
Multiple Mode



:
Multiple Band

TDMA
800 1900
Dual Band GSM
Quad Band 850 950 1800 1900.
Multiple Mode
AMPS TDMA


AMPS
.TDMA
Multiple band/Multiple mode

.


default 1900
TDMA
800

.

/.

www.trgma.com

tri-mode
tri-mode

CDMA TDMA .AMPS

.dual mode
www.gsmarena.com

.

:
.1


.
.2

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.3

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.4

analog
ESN
.

http://www.privateline.com/PCS/GSM0.html
GSM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communication
s

http://www.privateline.com/mt_cellbasics/index.html

http://www.wirelessadvisor.com/glossary.cfm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone
www.gsmarena.com

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.




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.



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(

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antenna
. frequency
.

transmitter .

transmitter antenna
transmitter
3
0.75 1 .

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.

.
.
.





10-1
) 10-10 (
Electromagnetic
Radiation Wavelength
Frequency
3x108m/s

7 .
source .receiver
Hertz 1887

.


)
(.



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.

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= x



ultra-violet

.


.




.non-ionizing radiation

/.

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.

.
.

) (


.




.
:
Ionizing radiation
.
.
Non-ionizing radiation .
.
.


RF

.

.



.

.

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FCC
Specific absorption rate
) (SAR .

1.6 .



.
15
25
40
65 .





.


:
.1 .
.2
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.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
:
http://www.hazemsakeek.com/QandA/EMR/electromagneticradiation.htm

/.
www.hazemsakeek.com

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