Introduction To GSM

Cellular Mobile Communications-
III
Introduction to GSM
Dr. Nasir D.
Gohar
AN INTRODUCTION TO GSM
 Second Generation Cellular Mobile Radio
Systems-Digital Cellular Telephony:
 Main Advantages of Digital Cellular Networks
Higher Spectrum Efficiency
 Speech Encoding
 Better Access Technologies: TDMA and CDMA
Higher System Capacity
 Aggressive Frequency Reuse
Low Infra-Structure and Terminal Cost
 Application of VLSI/VVLSI Chips
 Many Traffic Channels per Carrier Channel [Transceivers are
shared among several users)
 Low S/I Ratio (SIR) Allowing Smarter Equipment
Better Integration with Digital PSTN [ISDN]
New Services such as Data Communications, Fax, and SMS
Better Privacy due to Encryption
T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 2

 Digital Cellular Standards
Table-L13.1: Overview of Second Generation Standards
Region Standard Developing Organization Remarks

Europe GSM ETSI Harmonized European Standard
DCS-1800 ETSI GSM Varient for 1800 MHz Band
USA D-AMPS, D-AMPS 1900 TIA [IS-54B, IS-136] Digital AMPS works in 800 MHZ and 1900 MHz Bands
IS-95 CDMA TIA/QualComm[IS-95] Downward Compatible with AMPS, later modified to work with 1900 MHz Band
PCS-1900 ETSI GSM Vairent to work with 1900 MHz Band
Japan PDC NTT Works both in 800 MHz and 1500 MHz
 Why So Many Standards?

 Digital Cellular Standards
Table-L13.2: Overview of Important Technical Parameters of Digital Cellular Standards
Parametrs Frequency
Air Interface
Duplex Speech Tx Power of
Access Tech. Channel BW Mod. Rate H/O
band(Mhz) Separation Encoding MS
Standard
Standard Forward Ch. Reverse Ch.
935-960/1805- 890-915/1710- TDMA, 8 Time

GSM/DCS-1800/PCS- 900/1800
1880/1930- 1785/1850- 45/95/80 Slots, Later 200 KHz 271 Kbps LPC,13 kbps 2W/1W/1W MAHO
1900 /1900
1970 1890 16 Time Slots
869-894/1930- 824-849/1850- VSELP, 7.95

D-AMPS 800/1900
1970 1890
45/80 TDMA, 3 Slots 30 KHz 48.6 Kpbps
kpps
1.2 W MAHO
1.2 to 14.4
Kbps
869-894/1930- 824-849/1850- QSELP, 1.2 to Soft
IS-95 CDMA 800/1900
1970 1890
45/80 CDMA 1.25 MHz Transmitted
8 kbps
0.2 W
Handover
at 1.339
Mchips/s
810-826/1477- 940-956/1429- TDMA, 3
VSELP, 11.2
PDC 800-1500 1489 + 1501- 1441 + 1453- 130/48 Slots, later 6 25 KHz 42 kbps
kbps
0.8 W MAHO
1513 1465 Slots

 Overview of GSM Milestones
 1982 GSM Group, set up by CEPT, started Investigation to reserve a
Spectrum in 900 MHz band for Pan-European Cellular Digital
Telephony
 1986 Two 25 MHz frequency Blocks [890-915 MHz, 935-960 MHz]
reserved by EC, July 01, 1991 set as Introduction date.
Choice of Digital and Narrow band [Approx. 200 KHz] TDMA
made.
 1987 13 Operators from 12 European Countries signed MOU to
Support GSM
 1989 ETSI established which took over GSM from CEPT
 1992 Introduction of first Commercial GSM Network
 1994 51 Commercial Networks Established
 1996 More Than 20 Million Subscribers in 191 Networks, More than
Double of all Subscribers of other Digital Systems [D-AMPS,
PDC, IS-95 CDMA]

 2006 More than 2 billion subscribers (30% of world
population and
82% of cellular market)
 Implementation Phases of GSM
 Phase-1: Most Essential Services [Voice, Data, SMS] Implemented.

Mostly all Current GSM Systems belong to this
Phase.
 Phase-2: Half-Rate Speech Encoding, Doubling the System
Capacity, Several Encryption Algorithms,
Conference Call Facility[ up to 5
Participants] ,
Call Waiting Facility,
Information on Call Charges, Calling or Called Part etc.,
Cell-Broadcast [Point to Multi-Point SMS].
Many of the Phase-2 Facilities have already been Implemented by some
Manufacturers.
 Phase-2 + GPRS[General Packet radio Service] for Packet
Switched
Data Transmission to Support LAN and Internet Traffic.
[Considerably Delayed due to Lack of Interest on part of Network
T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 Operators due to Large
NDG Investment
Notes required for Infra-Structure and MS
6
2G EVOLUTION TO 3G

GSM EVOLUTION

 GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
 MS MANAGEMENT SUBSYSTEM
SIM Card Fault Management Config. Management Security Management

Cost Management Performance Management
EIN/ESN
 Base Station HLR = Home
BTS HLR Location Register
Subsystem (BSS) BTS
B
S
BTS
Several Dozens of BTS C
MTX
VLR = Visitor
VLR Location Register
under one BSC
BTS
B
Each BTS has 3-5 Carrier BTS
S
BTS
Channels C GMTX =
Gateway MTX GMTX/
 Network &Switching BTS = Base Transceiver Station
IWF = Inter
Working
IWF To Other Networks
BSC = base Station Controller
Subsystem Function
MTX [up to 1 M users] MS BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM[BSS] NETWORK & SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM
Call set up , all Other

Functions •GMTX: An Interface to Other Networks
•HLR: Keeps Record of System’s Own Users
•VLR: Keeps Temporary Record of Visitors / Roamers [SID, ST,SVCES]
•Au C/EIR: Manages the Sub. Authentication and Encryption Data
 GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE-2
MANAGEMENT SUBSYSTEM
 Management Fault Management Config. Management Security Management

Cost Management Performance Management
Subsystem
[Operation
HLR = Home
Subsystem (OSS)] BTS
BTS
B HLR Location Register
S
Directly or Indirectly BTS C
VLR = Visitor
Connected to all Other MTX VLR Location Register
Subsystems BTS
B
BTS
S
Fault Management BTS C GMTX =
System Configuration Gateway MTX
IWF = Inter
GMTX/
IWF To Other Networks
BTS = Base Transceiver Station
Performance BSC = base Station Controller
Working
Function
Management
Cost Management MS BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM[BSS] NETWORK & SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM
Security Management

 GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE-3
 GSM Interfaces
Radio Interface:
Describes Data
Interchange between
MS and BSS
Abis Interface:
Describes Data
Communications
between BTS and BSC,
allows Various
Manufacturers
Equipment
A Interface: Describes
Data Interchange
between BSS and NSS

 LOGICAL
CHANNELS

Control Channels
Control channels fall into three categories:
Broadcast:: BCCH, FCCH, SCH
 One way, from base to mobile
Common Control: RACH, AGCH, PCH
 One way, some from base to mobile and some from
mobile to the base
Dedicated: SDCCH, SACCG, FACCH
 Two-way, stand-alone or embedded in the traffic
channels
All signaling channels share one carrier in a
cell
the dedicated control channels may be transmitted
on traffic carriers
Broadcast Channels
Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
Carries information for frequency correction
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Carries information for frame synchronization and for
identification of the BTS

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Broadcasts general information on the BTS
Broadcasts cell-specific information, e.g. Control
channel organization, frequency hopping sequences,
cell identification, etc.

Common Control Channels
 Paging Channel (PCH) - downlink only
for paging purposes
 Random Access Channel (RACH) - uplink only
used by any MS to request allocation of a signaling channel
(SDCCH)
a slotted Aloha protocol is used, so collisions among MSs
may happen
 Access Grant Channel (AGCH) - downlink only
used to allocate a SDCCH or a TCH
 Notification Channel (NCH) - downlink only
notify MS of voice group and voice broadcast call (ASCI
feature)

Dedicated Control Channels
Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel
(SDCCH)
used for call setup (authentication, signaling,, traffic
channel assignment), location updates and SMS
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
always coupled with a SDCCH or TCH
for communicating measurement data and control
parameters
Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
to respond to increased signaling demand, e.g.
during handover
bandwidth (bit slots) are stolen from the associated
TCH (traffic data are preempted)

Traffic Channels
GSM support two types of traffic channels
full rate (TCH/F): 22.8 kbps
half rate (TCH/H): 11.4 kbps
Mapping to physical channel
full rate traffic channel - 1 timeslot
half rate traffic channel - 1 timeslot in alternating
frames
Full rate channel may carry
13 kbps speech or data at 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbps
Half rate channel may carry
6.5 kbps speech or data at 2.4 or 9.6 kbps

Channel Usage &
MS Terminating Calls

 GSM Call Setup Procedure

 Locating the Subscriber
HLR keeps record of the MSC area which the Subscriber last
registered
VLR keeps record of the Location Area[LA] in which
Subscriber last registered
Location Area: A Group of Neighboring Cells having the
same LAC
LAC: Each Cell in the Area Broadcasts this Code
Each Mobile itself periodically registers itself with MSC
 Paging and Random Access Procedure [RAP]
GMSC interrogates HLR for MSC the Subscriber last
registered
Call is Switched to that MSC
VLR tells about the LA the user last registered
Ch
T.S. Rappaport MSC
11 arranges a Paging in all the Cells in the LA
NDG Notes 19
 GSM Call Setup Procedure-2
 Paging and Random Access Procedure[RAP]-Cont’d
The Mobiles listen to the Paging Channels for their Number
If received a Paging Message, the Mobile starts a RAP
 It sends a Random Number [RN] + Brief Guide to describe the
Purpose
 The System [MSC] responds to it by repeating the RN and
providing the decided Channel
 The Mobile listens to this RN, if it is the same, it gets hold of the
allocated Channel
 Reconfirmation is done by the System by sending again the
Mobile Number [in case some other Mobile has also sent the
same RN at the same time]
 If the Mobile hears its own number, it responds to the System
and thus it gets connected to the incoming Call,
 If it was a wrong number [other than its own number] it must
leave that Channel.
 In case, a Mobile listens no same RN from the System, it may
repeat RAP at some time later randomly.
CALL PROCESSING &
MOBILE TERMINATING
CALLS

CALL PROCESSING &
MOBILE ORIGINATING

 GSM Handover and Routing
 Handover
The Mobile keeps updating MSC about the RSS levels from the
neighboring Cells.
MSC, while looking at the quality of the existing link, decides
whether a Handoff/ Handover is necessary or not.
If yes, it asks the Candidate Cell to prepare the Channel [ GSM
uses Fixed Channel Assignment]
When Channel is allocated, it tells the Mobile to move to that
Channel
When Mobile has moved, it deactivates the old Channel
 Routing
GMSC interrogates HLR to locate the Subscriber by telling the MSC
where the Mobile last registered.
PROBLEM: Call originated from PSTN in CANADA for a US Mobile
roaming in CANADA will result in two International Calls
“TROMBONE PROBLEM”
????
[Don’t Worry, Be Happy, Other People will Take Care of this Problem]

HANDOVER TYPES
Intra-BSC
Old and new BTSs are
controlled by the same
BSC
The MSC is not involved
Intra-MSC
Old and new BTSs are
attached to different BSCs
The BSCs are attached to
the
same MSC
Inter-MSC
Handover to a new MSC
Serving MSC becomes
anchor
MSC
IMT (Inter Machine Trunk)
is
 GSM Numbering Scheme and Spectrum Efficiency
 GSM Numbering Scheme
Each GSM Mobile has at least three Numbers:
 MSISDN [Mobile Station Integrated Services Digital Network]
stored in SIM Card
 SIM Card holds Subscriber ID[MSISDN, IMSI], some Extra Memory
to store phone numbers and Encryption Algorithms
 IMSI[International Mobile Subscriber Identity] not known to the
User, HLR does translation between MSISDN to IMSI and vice
versa.
 ESN or IMEI:Permanently stored/wired in the Mobile Station
 Spectrum Efficiency
TDMA, 200 KHz Channel BW, 8-Time Slots per Carrier Channel
Radio Spectrum = 2 x 25 MHz bands can support 125[124] Duplex
Carrier Channels and 1000 Traffic Channels [1000 Simultaneous
Calls].
A typical GSM System Cluster Size = 12, so each Cell have Approx.
10 Carrier Channels and a Capacity of 80 Simultaneous Call
[Traffic Channels]
In case of half-rate Coder, Spectrum Efficiency will be Doubled.
 Technical Realization of GSM
 GSM Speech Communications
User Speech is Digitized using Adaptive PCM
Speech Encoding using Linear Predictive Coding [LPC]
User data flow = 13 kbps [ 6.5 kbps in case of half-rate coding]
Adding an overhead of 9.8 kbps[for error detection, error correction,
and synchronization], we get an over all user data flow of 22.8 kbps.
This user data flow is subdivided into short data blocks each of 456
bits, which is divided into 8 sub-blocks, each of 57 bits, 2 such sub-
blocks are used to make a burst [to fit into a time slot of 0.58 ms].
See frame structure.
These bursts from a user are interleaved over 8 time slots spread
over 8 frames.
TDMA/FDMA Mechanism
 Each Carrier Channels carries data burst of eight (8) users, each
in its allocated time slot in the frame.
 Time slots are transmitted on several Channels [Carrier Channel
or Frequency]
 Each Carrier Channel transmits the data of 8 users at 271 kbps.
 Technical Realization of GSM [ Cont’d]
 GSM Speech Communications-2
GSM Carrier Frequencies are numbered 1-124 Channels[Duplex]
Forward Channel = 935.2 MHz + (n-1) * 200 KHz
Reverse Channel = 890.2 MHz + (n-1) * 200 KHz
Due to slightly more than 200 KHz bandwidth of the modulated
signal, Consecutive Frequencies are not used in the same System
Also, 1 and 124 Channels are generally not used.
The Spectrum of 124 Channels is generally not allotted to one
Service Provider.
Separation between two Duplex paired Channels is 45 MHz.
Each user’s bursts are transmitted every 4.6ms apart.
97
96
Frequency
95
94
93
92
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frame [4.6ms] Time

SPEECH PROCESSING

SPEECH CODING
SPEECH ENCODER

SPEECH DATA
PROCESSING

CHANNEL ENCODING

INTERLEAVING

VOICE TRANSMISSION PATH

 GSM Framing Structure
Hyper Frame 3 Hrs 28 Min
1 2048
1 51 One Super Frame Occurs when

1 26 when the Speech and Control Channel
restart at the same time.
Super Frame 6.12 Sec
Multi-Frame 120 ms Multi-Frame 235 ms

1 26 Speech Control 1 51
Traffic Traffic
26 x Frames 4.61 ms 1 8 Each Frame is sub-divided into 8 time-slots 0.58 ms
Preamble
3 57 bits User Speech Data 26 bits 57 bits User Speech Data 3 Time Slot 0.58 ms
GuardTime
Block = 456 Bits

2 . 8 Blocked User Signal
1 .
Inter-Leaved into 8 Time Slots
8 sub-blocks 57 bits each
over 8 Frames
1 81 81 8 1 81 81 81 8 1 8
8 x Frames 4.61 ms, Slot-2 of each Frame is Allocated to the User

 TIME-SLOT STRUCTURE

 FRAME HIERARCHY

 BURST

TYPES OF BURST
Five different types of bursts
Normal burst
Traffic and control payload
Frequency correction burst
All zeroes sequence
Synchronization burst
A special fixed sequence
Random access burst
Extended guard period of 68.25 bitts (252 μs)
Dummy burst

BURST
STRUCTURES

 GSM Modulation Scheme
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying [GMSK] (For Detail see
Ch-5 of the Text Book)
 No Speech, No Transmission
 Saves Energy in MS, Reduces Ave. Interference
 Comfort Noise added for the Listener’s Pleasure.
 GSM MS Power Classes

Class 1: 20 W Not (yet) Available
Class 2: 8 W Car Phone
Class 3: 5 W -
Class 4: 2 W Normal Pocket Phone
Class 5: 0.8 W Limited Coverage Phone [Urban Areas Only]
 Maximum Cell Size: Depends on Max. Permitted Delay, 35 km.
 Maximum Mobile Speed: 250 km/hr

 GSM SMS
Individual Messages:
 up to 160 Characters long can be sent and received by MS
 SMS uses Signaling Channel, thus, it can be received during
current Communication Session
 Max. rate 600 bps
Cell Broadcast:
 up to 93 Character long message can be sent to all users in a
given area [Cells].
 Uses Communication Channel, so, can’t be received during
current Communication Session
 Neither Addressed Nor Encrypted
Applications of SMS: .Network Operator Messages, Third
Party Messages, Public Interest Information Messages
SMS Cost: Differs from Operator to Operator and depends
on type of Application

 Technical Realization of
GSM [ Cont’d]
 GSM Security Aspects
GSM provides security
about the identity of MS
Guards against
Eavesdropping
 Implementation
User Authentication
[A3 Algorithm]: 128 bit
Secret Number, Ki,
assigned to each User,
stored in SIM Card as well
as AuC, is used to create
SRES using Ki and 128 bit
RAND number from the
network, if SRES of MS
matches with SRES of the
T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 the MS is
network, NDG Notes 42
Data Encryption [A8+A5 Algorithm]:
Frame # + (RAND+Ki(Alg-A8))(Alg-A5) -> 144 bit Code Train ⊗ 1
44 bit user Data Train -> [Network] ⊗ Frame # + (RAND+Ki(Alg-
A8))(Alg-A5) ->Original Message

 Technical Realization of GSM [Cont’d]
 GSM Inter-Connection with Other Networks:
PSTN/ISDN for Voice
 GSM Speech data is Digital and Compressed
 Converted into audio of 3.1 KHz BW
PSTN/ISDN for Data
 For Data Interconnection, Modem Pools are used in GSM
Network. Many Telephone Modems at GMSC/IWF supporting all
the important telephone modem standards V.21[0.3 kbps, AS],
V.22[1.2 kbps, AS and S], V.32 [4.8 kbps, S] etc.
PSDN (Basic PAD or Dedicated PAD) for Data
 300 bps to 9600 bps on AS/S links

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN GSM
 Frequency Shortage and Extended GSM Band
 In some European countries, up to half GSM band is occupied by
Interim Systems; NMT, ETACS etc.
 Additional frequencies adjacent to GSM band is recommended by
ERO[1996], new terminals for this extended band are not
available in bulk
 New Encoding Techniques
 Half-Rate Speech Encoding
Instead of 13 kbps only 6.5 kbps will be required for the same speech
quality
Standardized in early 1995, but, only few manufacturers have
implemented
 lack of interest on part of system suppliers
 fear of investment decrease in network expansion [uCell]
 Enhanced Full Rate [EFR]:Developed by GSM and DCS-1800
Suppliers
Same 13 kbps speed, but, considerable improvement in speech
quality
More Immunity to transmission errors
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN GSM
 Any Cellular Phone may have many Speech Coders,
including FR/HR/EFR, it must be able to switch, and at least support FR
for roaming purpose.
 Data Communications over GSM
General Packet Radio Service[GPRS] offers packet-switched data
communications suitable for LAN and Internet Applications[PVC]
Requires GPRS enabled Handsets and Changes at BSS[addition of
Packet Control Unit, PCU]
Option of Upgrading of BTS to support Enhanced Data rate for GSM
Evolution, EDGE [8-PSK system]
 Multi-band Terminals
Cellular phones to support more than frequency bands [GSM and
DSC-1800 or GSM and PCS-1900 or GSM/DCS/PCS or many more
combinations]
 GSM Moving into 3G Mode
GSM extends itself into 3G as Universal Mobile Telecomm. Services
[UMTS]
 Radio Interface will use WCDMA technology [UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access, UTRA] in two different modes: FDD [two different frequencies for
uplink and downlink] or
T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 TDD[same
NDG Notes frequency for both uplink and 46
downlink but time-shared]
The Market Share of GSM
Suppliers [1/97]
 Networking & Switching Subsystems [NSS]
 Ericsson [48 %], Siemens [21 %], Nokia [14 %], and Alcatel [10%] =
93 %
 Others (Lucent, Motorola, Nortel, etc] = 7%
 Basestation Sub-System [BSS]

 Nokia [22%], Motorola [13%], Alcatel [10%] and Ericsson [7%] =
52%
 Others [Italtel, Lucent, Matra, Philips etc] = 48%
 GSM / DCS-1800 / PCS-1900 Mobile Terminals

 Ericsson [25 %], Nokia [24%], MOTOROLA [20 %], SIEMENS [9%]
=78 %
 Others [Alcatel, Panasonic, Nortel, etc.] = 22 %
 Due to Licensing Problems, Unfair and Restricted

Competition in GSM Markets
GSM and Health Problems
 GSM Terminals Cause Interference with

 Hearing Aid Devices and
 Pacemakers [Instruments used to regulate the heart
functionality of Heart Patients], and
 Some Research show that GSM phones cause Brain
Tumors *
 Inherent in GSM TDMA setup to generate strongly pulsating
transmission signals [Continuously Tx is switched on and off
that generates LF signals 217, 434, 651 Hz]
 * Extensive Research required to prove the validity of GSM
Cellular Phones being the cause of Brain Tumors or Cancer.

GSM Derivative Systems: DCS-1800 &
PCS-1900
 Digital Cellular System[DCS]-1800
 Originally started [in 1990] as a separate system, but, later on
became just a GSM variant
 Main modifications were made only in Air Interface
 Developed [by ETSI] particularly for densely populated urban
areas
 1.7 - 2.3 GHZ band [ 2 x 75 MHz spectrum, 1710- 1785 + 1805-
1888 MHz]
 Duplex separation is 95 MHz, Channel BW is 200 KHz, 374 duplex
channels
 Much smaller cells [cells within a building], lower power BTS and
MS as compared to GSM
 handoff problems are much cleverly settled using hierarchical Cell
structure
 Max Cell size 8 km with Class 1 MS [1W]
 Max Cell size with Class II[0.25W] even smaller [0.5 -4/5 km]
 International as well as National roaming is possible [Country to
Country,
T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 Network to Network, and Intra-Network]
NDG Notes 49
GSM Derivative Systems: DCS-1800 & PCS-
1900
 Personal Communication Services [PCS]-1900
 A GSM variant to adapt to US Market
 Frequency band 1900 MHz [1850-1890, 1930-1970 MHz]
 2 x 40 MHz bands with Duplex Separation of 80 MHz
 Channel BW is 200 KHz, 200 Duplex Channels
 TDMA 8 time-slots
 EFR speech encoding is getting more Interest from US Service
Providers

GSM Facing Challenges
 Higher Costs incurred on Network Capacity Increase
 Business Market Saturation
 More Money on Advertisement and Subsidies/Customer
Discounts
 Interconnection Costs [to PSTN/ISDN] are very high
 Leased Line Costs to Interconnect own Infra-structural
elements are very high
 High License Costs
 With Implementation of De-regulation policies this
will CHANGE.

REFERENCES
www.utdallas.edu/~nhutnn/cs6v81/LECTURE
http://www.gsmworld.com
Dr. Veselin Rakocevic
http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/~veselin/Wireless
Comms

Introduction To GSM

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Cellular Mobile Communications-

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 2

Region Standard Developing Organization Remarks

DCS-1800 ETSI GSM Varient for 1800 MHz Band

PCS-1900 ETSI GSM Vairent to work with 1900 MHz Band

 Why So Many Standards?

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 3

Table-L13.2: Overview of Important Technical Parameters of Digital Cellular Standards

935-960/1805- 890-915/1710- TDMA, 8 Time

869-894/1930- 824-849/1850- VSELP, 7.95

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 4

PDC, IS-95 CDMA]

 Phase-1: Most Essential Services [Voice, Data, SMS] Implemented.

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 7

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 8

SIM Card Fault Management Config. Management Security Management

Call set up , all Other

 Management Fault Management Config. Management Security Management

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 10

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 11

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 12

identification of the BTS

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 14

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 15

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 16

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 17

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 18

 GSM Call Setup Procedure

T.S. Rappaport Ch 11 NDG Notes 21

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Frame [4.6ms] Time

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1 51 One Super Frame Occurs when

Multi-Frame 120 ms Multi-Frame 235 ms

26 x Frames 4.61 ms 1 8 Each Frame is sub-divided into 8 time-slots 0.58 ms

Block = 456 Bits

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 GSM MS Power Classes

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 Basestation Sub-System [BSS]

 GSM / DCS-1800 / PCS-1900 Mobile Terminals

 Due to Licensing Problems, Unfair and Restricted

 GSM Terminals Cause Interference with

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 With Implementation of De-regulation policies this

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