PES SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

Hosur Road, BANGALORE - 560 100

Deptt. Of CSE

1ST INTERNAL TEST (V Sem CSE/ISE)

SUB: 06CS55 COMPUTERNETWORKS-I MAXIMUM MARKS: 50

DURATION: 1HR 30MIN Faculty: Ms Swapna

Date: 02 Sept 2008

ANSWER ANY FIVE. ALL QUESTIONS CARRY EQUAL MARKS

1. a)Explain UDP,TCP,SCTP protocols governing transport layer in TCP/IP

architecture. 6marks

ANSWER:

b) What do you understand by the term layering? Why do we require

Standards? 4marks

ANSWER:

Layering is defined as:-

Decomposition or modularisation of overall communication function

in to a set of layers. Layering helps in simplifying network design,
network management& product development. It provides flexibility
to modify and develop network.

Standards are essential

1) In creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for
equipment manufacturers and in guaranteeing national and
international interoperatabilty of data and telecommunications
technology.
2) They provide guidelines in manufacturers,vendors,government
agencies & other service providers to ensure the kind of
interconnectivity necessary in today’s market place and in international
communications.
2. a) Define data communications. Describe different components of
data communication systems with a block diagram. 6marks

ANSWER:

Data Communications are the exchange of data between two devices

via some form of transmission medium such as wire cable. For data
communications to occur, the communicating devices must be part of
communication system.

A data communication system has five components (see fig above)

1. Message: Is the information(data) to be communicated. Popular
form of information include text,numbers,pictures,audio,and video.
2. Sender: Is the device that sends the message. It can be a computer,
workstation, telephone handset etc.
3. Receiver :Is the device that receives the message. It can be a
computer,
workstation, telephone handset etc.
4. Transmission medium :Is the physical path by which a message
travels from sender to receiver. Examples include twisted-pair wire,
coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and radiowaves.
5. Protocol: Is a set of rules that govern data communications. It
represents an agreement between the communicating devices.

b) Name the four basic network topologies and cite an advantage of

each type. 4marks

Mesh topology
Advantage:
1)Use of dedicated links guarantees that each connection
that each connection can carry its own data load, thus eliminating the
traffic problems that occur when links must be shared by multiple
devices.
 2)It is robust.
3)Privacy or Security.

Disadvantage:
1)Amount of cabling and number of i/o ports required.
2)Every device connected to other device, installation and reconnection
Are difficult.
3)Hardware required to connect each link(I/O Ports and cable)can be
Prohibitively expensive.

Star topology
Advantage:
1)Less expensive than Mesh topology
2)Easy to install and reconfigure because it needs only one link and one
i/o port to connect it to any number of other devices.
3)Robustness
4)If one link is fails, only that link is affected. All the other links remain
active, this factor leads to easy fault identification and fault isolation.
Disadvantage:
1) Is the dependency of the whole topology on one single point, the hub.
If the hub goes down, the whole system is dead.
2) Though it requires less cabling than a mesh,it requires more cabling
than other topologies.

Bus topology
Advantage :
1) Ease of installation
2)Less cabling: Backbone cable can be laid along the most efficient path
Then connected to the nodes by drop lines of various lengths.
Disadvantage:
1)Difficulty in reconnection and fault isolation.
2) A fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission.

Ring topology
Advantage:
1)Easy to install or reconfigure.
2)Fault isolation is simplified.
Disadvantage:
Unidirectional traffic: A break in the ring can disable the entire network.

3. a) What are the differences between a port address, a logical address

and a physical address? 6marks
ANSWER:
Physical address:
1)It is also known as the link address.
2)It is address of a node as defined by its LAN or WAN.
 3)It is included in the frame used by the datalink layer.
4)It is lowest-level of address. It will change from hop to hop.
5)Size and format of these addresses vary depending on the network.
6)Example: Ethernet uses a 6-byte(48-bit)physical address that is
Imprinted on the network interface card(NIC)

Logical address:
1)A Universal addressing system is needed in which each host can be
Identified uniquely regardless of the underlying physical network.
Logical addresses are designed for this purpose.
2)Logical address in the internet is currently a 32-bit address that can
Uniquely define a host connected to the internet.Logical addresses
do not change they usually remain the same.
3)Example:IP address which uniquely defines the host on the Internet.

Port address:
1)It identifies a process on a host.
2)It addresses each application/process like browser client to browser
Server(http protocol);email to email(SMTP);terminal to host(TELNET).
3)Example: Computer A can communicate with computer B by using FTP
And computer A can communicate with computer C by using TELNET.
Port addresses is the method used to label different processes.
4)A Port address in TCP/IP is 16bits in length.

b) What are the functions of data link layer, transport layer, session
layer and presentation layer? 4marks
ANSWER

Data Link layer: Responsible for moving frames from one hop(node) to
the next.
Other responsibilties:Framing,Physical addressing,flow control,error
control and access control.

Transport layer: Responsible for process to process delivery of the entire

Message.
Other responsibilties:Service-point addressing,Segmentation and reassembly
connection control,flow control and error control.

Session layer:Dialog control and Synchronization

Presentation layer: It is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the

Information exchanged between the two systems.Translation,Encryption,
Compression.
4. List and explain any five line coding techniques and represent the
sequence 101011100 using the techniques. 10marks

5. Explain the PCM technique of changing analog signal to digital signal

with neat diagrams of PCM encoder and PCM decoder. 10marks

Answer:

PCM encoder:
PCM encoder has three processes
1) Sampling: Analog signal is sampled every Ts.Ts is sampling interval or
period. Inverse of the sampling interval is called sampling rate or sampling
frequency(fs)
Three types of sampling methods
1)Ideal sampling, pulses from analog signal are sampled.
2)In natural sampling, a high speed switch is turned on for only small
period of time when the sampling occurs. The result is a sequence of
samples that retains the shape of the analog signal.
3)Sample and hold method creates flat top samples by using a circuit.
After sampling result is still an analog signal with non-integral values.Sampling
rate must be atleast 2 times the highest frequency ,not the bandwidth and
bandwidth should be limited.

2) Quantization: Assuming original analog signal has instantaneous amplitudes

between Vmax and Vmin.We divide range into L zones, each of height delta.
Δ=Vmax-Vmin/ L.We assign quantized values of 0 to L-1 to the midpoint of each
zone.We approximate the value of the sample amplitude to quantized values.
In quantization input values are the real values and output values are
approximated values.

3)Encoding: After each sample is quantized and the number of bits per sample
is decided ,each sample can be changed to an nb-bit log code word.nb=logL.
Bit rate=sampling rateX number of bits per sample.

PCM decoder
It is required for recovery of the original signal.It uses circuitry to convert the
code words into a pulse that holds the amplitude until the next pulse.After the
Staircase signal is completed ,it is passed through a low pass filter to smooth
the staircase signal into an analog signal.The filter has the same cutoff freq
as the original signal at the sender.If the signal has been sampled at the nyquist
sampling rate and if there is enough quantization levels,the original signal will
be recreated.Maximum and minimum values of the original signal can be
achieved by using amplification.Bandwidth of the digital signal is Nb times
greater than analog signal.Maximum data rate =2XB.WXlog L

6. a)Explain broadband transmission with neat diagrams 6marks

Explanation :Refer notes

ANSWER:
b)Define a DC component and its effect on digital transmission. 4marks

DC Component or Direct current component are frequencies around zero.In

Digital transmission when a voltage level in a digital signal is constant for a
while,the spectrum creates very low frequencies.These frequencies around
zero,called DC components which present problems for a system that cannot
pass low frequencies or a system that uses electrical coupling(Transformer)

Example:A Telephone line cannot pass frequencies below 200hz.Also a long

Distance link may use one or more transformers to isolate different parts of
the line electrically.For these systems,we need a scheme with no Dc
component.

7. List the three techniques in serial transmission and explain the

transmission in detail. 10marks

Serial Transmission:
Asynchronous Transmission:
 Synchronous transmission

Isochronous transmission:Refer notes