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Prof. Dr. Risto Ciconkov, dipl. ing. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Sv. Kiril & Metodij Skopje, R. Macedonia
1. Introduction 2. Properties of Ammonia 3. Most common systems and applications 4. New technologies in ammonia systems - heat exchangers, - compressors, - new concept of systems. 5. Safety, prerequisites, facts 6. Event Ammonia Refrigeration Technology 2009
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
2008
1834 ethylether
(R610)
1930
2008
HCs
1930
Odour: characteristic, pungent Ignition temperature: 650 oC Explosion concentration limits: 15,5 - 28 % by volume Detection threshold: 5 ppm Tolerance limit: 500-1000 ppm
Advantages of ammonia
Environmental: ODP = 0, GWP < 1; High values for energy efficiency; Excellent thermodynamic properties: - high critical temperature 132oC, - large latent heat, - large vapor density, - excellent for heat transfer. In vapor condition it is easier then the air; Easy detection (warning); Low price.
Disadvantages of ammonia:
It is toxic; Flammable moderately in concentration in the air from 15,5 to 28% It is not compatible with copper.
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008 UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
Refrigerant class L1 L1 L1 L1 L1 L2
Practical limit according to EN 378 0,25 kg/m3 0,48 kg/m3 0,31 kg/m3 0,44 kg/m3 0,49 kg/m3 0,00035 kg/m3
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
Cold Storage
Food Processing
Dairy
Brewery
Food processing
Chiller 4 kg NH3
Flooded evaporators: gravity fed system, surge drum above; Dry expansion evaporator: miscible oil, electronic expansion valve; New technology: stainless steel welded modules, nickel brazed, fusionbonded.
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
Air-cooled condensers Air cooler - evaporators Smaller heat exchanger size, Reduced refrigerant charges, Material: aluminium.
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
Spray shell-and-tube evaporator (evaporating outside of tubes), Dry expansion evaporators, reduced charge of ammonia.
Co1 C1
coldroom o 4C pump
Tx1
NH3
4C
Ev1A
display cases
Mixture, water + ethilen-glycol, water + propilen-glycol, water + NaCl; CaCl2 New: potassium-acetate, CO2, ...
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
Co1 C1 Tx1
high cascade (NH3)
coldroom o -20 C
Tx2
-20 C
Ev1/Co2
C2
display cases
SUPERMARKET
Cascade system and indirect cooling
Co1 C1
coldroom o 4C pump
Tx1
Tx2
-20 C
Ev1A
display cases
Ev1/Co2
C2
display cases
Source: Sabroe (Denmark) years Assumptions, Energy cost: 8 eurocent/kWh; Operation: 365 days/year
Ammonia is excellent refrigerant which is in use in the past 150 years. The future of ammonia refrigerant has never been more prospective than today.
UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008
Thank you.