ANSWERS

(HAPTER 1
21. (a) For each positive value of x, there are two values ofy. (b) For each value of x of. 0, there are two values ofy.

Section 1.1, pp. 8-10

1. D:(-oo,oo), R:[l,oo) 3. D: (0, (0), R:(O,OO) 5. D: [-2,2], R: [0,2] 7. (a) Not a function of x because some values of'x have two values ofy (b) A function of'x because for every x there is only one possibley 9. (a) No (b) No (c) No (d) (0, 1]

-I

11. A
13•
X

v'3 x2,
d.4

P = 3x
= 2d2,

23.

n,)= ' .

f 2-.1:.

oS.t·S 1

l<xS2

v'3'

15. (-00, (0)

17. (-00, (0)

g(X)

= ,jjX[

25.

-2

19. (-00,0) U (0, (0)

--~~-L~r-~-L~--+x -3 -I 0

--' I I I ~tc_I_,_I_':-) I _,
-4 -3 -2 -I -2 ! 2

...

f{/)=.!...

27. (a) [(x) = {x,

-x + 2,
0
S

<x
2 3

-s 2

3.

2, (b)

x<1

lex) =

0, 2, 0,

I sx 2 sx

< <

3 s x -s 4

A-l

A-2

Chapter 1: Answers

+l

:s x < 0

13. Symmetric about the origin

J

29. (a) f(x)

= {..

~!'x +~,
+
2,

~~ : : ~
-2
:5

Inc. -

00

<x <

00

:5

0
-I

(b) f(x)

= {~~

0<x:51

-1, l<x:53 31'. (a) (-2,0) U (4, co) 33. (3) 0 :s x < 1 (b) -1 < x :5 0 35. Yes 37. V = x(14 - 2x)(22 - 2x) 39. (3) Because the circumference of the original circle was 871 and a piece of length x was removed

15. No symmetry Dec. 0 :s x

<

co

(b) r (c) It

=
s=

87T - X 211" ' ~16

I V 10 J

=
2

4- ~

27T 27T

r: =

Y'"16-1I"-x---x-=·2
~---;1

(d)V=-m'-h= 3

(811"-x)2V

1611"x -

);2

2411"-

17. Symmetric about the y-axis

4

Section 1.2, pp. 19-20

(b) power, 1. (a) linear, algebraic, polynomial of degree 1 algebraic (c) rational, algebraic (d) exponential 3. (a) rational, algebraic (b) algebraic (e) trigonometric (d) logarithmic 5. (a) II (b) f (e) g 7. Symmetric about the origin -" Dec. -00 < x < 00

Dec. -co < x :5 0; inc.O :s x < 00

-8

-s

--4

-2

19. Even 2l. Even 23. Odd 25. Even 27. Neither 29. Neither 31. (a) The graph supports the assumption that y is proportional to x. The constant of proportionality is estimated from the slope of the line, which is 0.166.
10

-2

y=0.166 ...

9.. Symmetric about the origin J Inc. -

00

<x

< 0 and 0 < x <

00

(b) The graph supports the assumption thaty is proportional to x 1/2. The constant of proportionality is estimated from the slope ofthe line, which is 2.03.

1].

Symmetric about the v-axis

)'

Dec. - 00 inc. 0 :s x

< x'$'O; < 00

o ~I------::-----:----';------'+
1

.r'"

Chapter 1: Answers

A-3

33. (a) k ~ l.l 35. (a)

10

(b) k "" 0.059

+ i ;;:: (.\-+

.:>

l)3

•
4

•
23. y =

Vx +

0.81

25. Y = 2x
Y
y;:;

-0::+--'1--'-2--'-3

--'-4 -SL-

L....17--L8_;_9

+:

2x

),,,,,-.h-+O.SI

(b) k ~ 0.87 (c) Using y = 0.87x with x = 13, we get y = 11.31.

Section 1.3, pp. 27-31 1. Dj: -00 < x < 00,

Dg; X 2: I, Rf; -00 < Y < 0::'0, Rg:v 2: 0, Df+g = Dfog = Dg, R/+g;y 2: I, Rfog:y2: 3. DJ; -00 < x < 00, Dg: -00 < x < 00, RJ; Y = 2, Rg:y2: I, Dflg:-oo<x<oo, Rf/g:O<y:52, Dgif; -00 < x < 00, RgiJ: y 2: 1/2

27. y -

x-I

29.

5. (a) 2 (f) -2 7. (a)

X

(Il) 22
(g)
x

(c) x2 + 2 10 (h) x4

(d) x2 + lOx 6x2 + 6

."t

22

ee) 5

42 -

(b) ~ - 5 x2 (f) (4x ~ 5)2

(c) (~ -

5)2

(d) (

1_ _ 4x - )

)2
31. 33.
3

(e) 4.:.:21_ 5 9. (a) f(gG:c» (e) g(1i (f(x») 11. g(x) (a) x - 7 (b) x (c) (d)~

(b) j{g(x» (e) g(g(x» (f) h(j(f(x»)

(d) j(j(x» g)(x)

fl,)

(f

+
XZ

v:;: v:;=s
X X-

~
3x

3.1:

+
X

6
-2

~
35.

--::+--'-1 -...Iz---..J....,._ .v 0
4.

x-I

.1'

37 .

(e) x-I

1 +x

x
x

(0

13. (a) f(g(x))

Jt

1, gU(x»

(b) DhJ= (-OO,-l]U(O,oo),D,d (c) Rfog = [0, I) U (l, 00), Rgo.f = (0, (0) 15. (a) y = -(,1" + 7f (b) y = -(x - 4)" 17. (a) Position 4 (b) Position I (e) Position 2 (d) Position 3 19. (x + 2? + (y + W = 49 21. y + 1 = (x

,----Vx+l = (-1,00)

39.

41.

..
-

1)3
-2

A~4
43 ..

Chapter 1: Answers 45.

r 1
I)"

51. y = 3;\:2 - 3
}=--.,

Ix -

57 • 61.

]I

-y'~ ~ +
2

'4

59.}! = I ~ 27x3 63.

47.

----------1-------~-=-2 ~-;--1 ::10 ~1~2----> s:

-2

-I

~t'=J,+1 r 3
2

49. (a) D: [0,2].

R' [2, 3J

(0) D: [0, 2],

R: [-1,0]

65.

67.

y=Ilx)+2 r=II-<)- I

-3

(e) D: [0, 2J,

R: [0,2]

(d) D: [0, 2],

R: [-1,0]
69.

-4

-4

71.

~f[X.1

(c) D:[-2,O],

R:[O,IJ
2

(f) D: [1,3], R: [0, 1]

-I -4

-6

y=f(x-I)

73.

75.

-2

(g) D: [~2, 0],

R: [D, 1]

(h)D:[~l,I],

R:[O,l]

-2

.\'=/1-.,)

Y== -j(.f:+ J)-+ I

-2

-~

Chapter 1: Answers

A-5

77.

ex

4?

16

(y -

3 )2 9

=1

Center: ( -4, 3) and (0, 3).

9. [-3,3] by [-6, 6]
}'

11. [-2,6] by [-5,4]

The major axis is the line segment between (-8,3)

)'

10 Ix+4)2 -16(>_3)2 + -- -9=1 H

13. [-2,8]by[-S, (d) Even 79. (a) Odd (b) Odd (c) Odd (0 Even (g) Even (h) Even (0 Odd 83. A = 2,B = 2?r, C = -?r.D = -1
y ""

10]

15. [-3,3]by[0,

10]

(e) Even

z s!n

fx+

nJ - i
-4 -2 -2 -4

17. [-10, 10] by [-10, 10]

19. [-4,4]

by [0, 3]
y

85. A =-

11~

2 B = 4 , C = 0 , D = _!_ '7T
.
\'=--SID

IS

Y= :r+3

3.0 2_5
2.0 f(x)

)'

2.
it

[ITI) +~r.: J '2

-

x+2

= "~ + 2
.r- + 1

-111-8-6 -4

-2 -4 -6

B 10

0.5

8 -4 -.1 -2 -I 123 4

21. [-10,10]

by [-6,6]

23. [-6, 10] by [-6,6]

)'

Section 1.4,. pp, 37-39

L d) 3. d) 5. [-3,5] by [-15,40] 7. [-3,6] by [-250, 50]
-llI-8 6-4~

8 4

6
2 -2 4

i(x)

=--f-=-i'--.<-6
-5
-2 10

2 ~ 6 8 La

-4 -6

40
30

50

-2

A-6

Chapter 1: Answers 35.

1,0
/1,l'l.::;; sill

2x+

":0:-;'3.\"

~2.11 -

37. 27. [- I OO'iT, 1DDT.1 by [ - 1.25, 1.25J

29.

f-

J~' ~

39. by [-025. 025]

y =-T+ ~ ...in

'. '.

•=

'I... ·J

3~h

\'"'.
-I -1 -1

3].

41. (a) y = I 059.14x - 2074972.23 (b) fIJ = 1059.14; this is the amount the compensation increase by each year,
(c)
jU,noo
40.01111 30.000

will

33.

In.OIlQ 1(1001)

19R'i

19<)0

1995

,(JOll

200S

(d) S53,899.17

Chapter 1: Answers

A· 7

43. (a) y = 0.0866x2

(b)

1.970 l.r

50.0594

5.
.
y=

.L
~,,\

y=

1" ~

500

200

---t -_;

2 -I

3·1

so

100

7_
\' _ 2-~ J

\' = 2\" - I

(c)

If the

speed

is

72

mph, the approximate

stopping

distance stopping

is

(d)

367.50 ft. lf'the speed is 85 mph, the approximate is 522.67 ft. )' = -140.4121 -1- 6.889x
distance

5011

~oo
ill!) 200 HKI

• •
9_

-~ -

• •

Ifthe

speed is 72 mph, the approximate

stopping

distance

is

355.60 ft. If the speed is 85 mph, the approximate stepping distance is44S.IS ft TIle quadratic regression equation is a better fit.
11. 161/4 Range:

2 0

13.41:2
-00

Section 1.5, pp. 45-46

1.
\' = ~~
l'

21. Domain: 25 . .v "" 2.3219

= :2'\

< x < 00 < .1' < 1/2

15. " 23. Domain:

Range: 29.

19. -I - oo I
<,

<,

'x'

27. x "" -0.6309

31. (a}

A(I)

= 66 (I "2

< \' <

·X

After I <) years

(b) About 38 days 1,II<:r

:13. "" 1 1.433 years 35. "" 11.090 years 37. "" 19.108 years 39. 24~ .0:: 2815 X I()I~ 41. (a) Regression equation: Pix) = 6.033( \.030)', represents 1900

.. here .v = 0 v

--J

-3 -2

-I

(}

3.

.r

(b) Approximately 6.03 million, which is not very dose actual population
(c) The annual rate of growth is approximately 3%.

(0

the

-J -4 -5

_""_'21 -

A-a

Chapter 1: Answers
55. 5. One-to-one

Section 1.6, pp. 59-61

1. 7. One-to-one D:(O,J]
)'

3,. Not one-to-one R:[O,oo)

(a) 1.89279 (e) 5.29595 59. (a) -1T/6 67.

(a) rlCx)

(b)

-0.35621

(e) 0.94575
(g) -1.03972

(d) (h)
tt

(f) 0.97041

(b) 71'/4
log2

C x_ x)
00
1

(e) -'TT13

61. (a)

-2.80735 -1.61181 (b) n/2

(b) rl(x)

10&1.1(50

x_x)

69. (11) Amount 71.

75.

= 8 (2

)'/12

(b) 36 hours

9. D: [-1', I)

R:[-1T12,r./2)

"'" 44.081 years 73. x "'" -0.76666 (a) y = lnx - 3 (b) y = InCx - I) (e) y = 3 + In (x + I) (d) y = 111 (x - 2) - 4 (e) y = In(-x) (f) y = eX

Practice Exercises, pp. 62-64

1. A = 7Tr2 , C 5. Origin
15. Neither

27Tr , A

2 = -C 4'7r

3. x = tan8,y = tan2(J 11. Even

13. Odd

7. Neither

9. Even

11. (a) Symmetric

about the line y

17. 19. 21, 23. 25. 27.

(a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a)

Domain:

29. /(x) 31. (a)

=~

all reals (b) Domain: [-4, 4J (b) Domain: all teals (b) Domain: all reals (b) Domain: (3, co) (b) Domain: [-4,4] (b) I x O!Sx<! = ., { 2 - x,

Range: [-2,00) Range: [0,4) Range: (- 3, 00) Range: [-3, 1]

Range: all reals

Range: [0,2]

Is
=

!S 2 (e) x,x

13. rl(x) 17. rl(x)

=~
=

(b)_l_ 1

19. J-~(x)
21. i-I(.x)
range:

Vx - I = ,y;:; domain:
<Y <
~; domain:

15. rl(x)

v2.5

'1/5

fI

*a
v'

(d)
=

oo < x < co; range: -co

-00

< y < co

Vl/vX+2 + 2
0 0 0 0

= ~;
-00

domain:
00

<x <

co; 0

23.
25.

1- (x) =
I

x> 0;

range: y In3)

>

33. (a) (f g)(x) = -x, x .;;:,-2, (g flex) = 4 - x2 (b) Domain (j g): [-2,00), domain (g J): [-2,2) (e) Range (j 0 g): (- 00,2], range (g 0 i): [0,2] 35, Replace the portion for x < with mirror image of the portion for x > 0 to make the new graph symmetric with respect to the j-axis,

(a) 1n3 - 21n2 Cd) ~11l3

(b) 2(ln2

(e) 1n3

1ln2
i

(e) -ln2,

(f) ~(31n3 (e) In (t2)

- In2)

27. (a) In 5
29.

(b) In (x - 3) (b)~ (e) ~

(a) 7.2
I

31. (a)

33,. e21+4 39. (a) k 41. (a)

(b) I (e) -x2 35. e51 + 40 37. Y = 2xer + I In 2 (b) k = 0110) In 2 (c) k

y=x

1000 In a 37. It does not change it. 39, Adds the mirror image of the portion for x > 0 to make the new graph symmetric with respect to the j-axis 41. Reflects the POrtiOD for y < 0 across the x-axis 43. Reflects the portion for y < 0 across the x-axis 45. (a) Domain: -00 < x < 00 (b) Domain: x > 0 47. (a) Domain: -3 s x !S 3 (b) Domain: 0 s x s 4

t=

-101n3

(b) 1=_JJ12

(e) t= Ln.4 lnZ (e) 0.5 In 3 49. (a) ~

43. 4(lnx? 45.

47.

(a) 7
(a)

(b)

V2
x2

(e) 75
(e) sinx

(d) 2

(0 -[
(b) 3
(e) 2

v:;:
12

(b)

51. x =

53. x = 3 or x = 2

Chapter 2: Answers g) (x) = In (4 - x2) and Domain: -2 < x < 2; f)(x) = 4 - (In x)2 and Domain: x > 0; f)(x) = In (In x) and Domain: x > I; g)(x) = -x4 + &:2 - 12 and Domain: -00 < x < 00. R:
-11' [

A-9

49. (j
(g

0 0 0 0

(f (g

55. (a) D: (-00,00) 57. (a) No 59. (a) f(g(x» (b)

(b) Yes

7T] 2' 2
X,

(b) D: [-1,1]

R: [-1, I]

3. Yes. For instance: lex) = I/x andg(x) = and g(x) = x/2, or I(x) = eX and g(x) = 5. If lex) is odd, then g(x) = lex} - 2 is not unless j(x) = 0 for all x. If I is even. then also even. 7. y Ixl + Iyl = I u

s ]», or lex) = 2x ln x , odd. Nor is g(x) even, g(x) = j'(x) - 2 is

= (~)3
r

g(f(x»

=x

11. (a) No, unless the function

13.

61. (a) y = 20.627x

)'

338.622

] 5. 17.

y=

20.627 x

+ 338.661

19.

I is an even function or ao odd function. (b) Not always. If I is odd, then h is odd. If the graph of IV) passes the horizontal line lest, so will the graph of g(x) = - I(x) since it is the same graph reflected about the x-axis, (a) Domain: all reals, Range: If a > 0, then (d, 00); if a < 0, then (~oo, d). (b) Domain: (c, 00), range: all reals (a) y= 100,000- 10000x,0$x$ 10 (b) After 4,5 years In (10/3) After In 1.08 ~ 15.6439 years. (If the bank only pays interest

at the end of the year, it will take 16 ycars.) 21.1:=2,x=1 23.1/227.-4<111<0

(b) Approximately 957 (e) Slope is 20.627. It represents the approximate annual increase in number of doctorates earned by Hispanic Americans pcr year.

CHAPTER

2
pp.

Section 2.1,

75-78

Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 64-66

1. (a) , (b)

(-1.0)

H.O) -3

(1.0)

-3

.r

-3

-3

1. (a) Does not exist. As x approaches I from the right, g(x) approaches O. As x approaches 1 from the left, g(x) approaches I. There is no single number L that all the values g(x) get arbitrarily close to as x ~ I. (b) I (c) 0 3. (a) True (b) True (e) False (d) False (e) False (f) Twe 5. As x approaches 0 from the left, x/Ix I approaches -I. As x approaches 0 from the right, x/Ix I approaches I. There is no single number L that the function values all get arbitrarily close to as x-> O. 7. Nothing can he said. 9. No; no; no H. (a) I(x) = (x2 - 9)/(x + 3)

(e)
)'=-2/1<+ (-4.1) 1)+1

(d)

3
(0, T)

-2
(-I. -2)

'I 0.-2)

"

(e)

x~-3

lim I(x)

= -6

A-10
13.

Chapter 2; Answers

(a) GCr) = Ix

6),/(x2

4x -

12)

37. (a)

(b) (e)

"" $56,000/year "" S42,OOO/yem

39. (a) 0.414213.0.449489.

(v'1+/;" 1.01 1.004987 0.4987

I)/h

(b) g(x)

v'x

1.1 1.04880 0.4880

1.001 1.0004998 0.4998

1.0001

(e)

x--6

lim

G(x)

-1/8

= -0.125

\1I+h (v'l"+h - 1)/"

1.0000.1 1.000005 0.5 (e) 0.5 1.000001

1.0000499
0.499

15. (a) fIx)

= l.\·!- I )/(1, I-I)

1.0000005 0.5
(d) 0.5

(c]

"--1

lim Jlx)
=

=2

Section 2.2, pp. 83-85

J. IS. 27. 37. -9 3.4 5. -8 7.5/8 9.5/2 II. 27 13. 16 3/2 17.3/2 19. 1/10 21. -7 23.3/2 25. -1/2 4/3 29. 1/6 31. 4 33. 1/2 35. 3/2 (a) Quotient Rule (b) Difference and Power Rules (e) Sum and Constant Mulliple Rules 39. (a) -10 (b) -20 (e) -I (d) 5/7 41. (a) 4 (b) -21 (e) -12 (d) -7/3

17. (a) g((;l)

(sin (J)IIJ

~-11

lim giG)

=I =

19. (a) flxl

.\",.,!-"

43. 2 45. 3 47. 1/(2 7) 49. 51. (a) The limit is I. 53. c = 0, I, -I; The limit is 0 at c and I at c = L - I 55. 7 57. (a) 5 (b) 5

v'S

O.

Section 2.•3, pp. 92-95

I. ,) = 2

3. 8 = 1/2
x-·J

-7/: -3
4/9

-112 1;2

lim [ix) "" 0.36788 23. 0 25. 9 27. 7i/2 29. (a) 19 (b) 1

5. 8 7. 15. 19. 23. 25.

1/18

21. -i

41i

4 (b) _ 3~,/3 33. I 31. (a) - T. " 35. Graphs can shift during a press run, so your estimates completely agree with these.
(a)

1118y

not

8 = 0.1 9. 8 = 7/16 J 1. 8 = 2 (3.99,4.01), 8 = 0.01 17. f-0.19,0.2]). \3,15)' 0=5 21. {IOn, 5), B = 2/3 (-\13.5). 8 = V4.5 - 2 "" 0.12 (V'ls, \/17), 4"'" 0.12

Vs -

13. 8 = 0.36 = 0.19

\14.5,

a =v17 0.03)
Ill'

27 . (?- (b) "" 50 In/sec or 180 km/h 29.

33.

G - ,~;"*+ t),
0 = 0.05

0.03 2 m'

0.03
111

8=

fh

31. L = -3. ,)

3 = 0.0]

L = 4.

35. L = 4,

0.75

Chapter 2: Answers

A-11

55. [3.384,3.387]. To be sale, the left endpoint was rounded up and the right endpoint rounded down. 59. The limit does not exist as x approaches J.

27.

ll'l '
5 :

r:::-I-

Section 2.4, pp. 106-109

I. (a) True (b) True (e) F81se (d) True (e) True (f) True (g) False th) False (i) False 0) False (k) True (I) False 3. (a) 2. I (b) No. lim j(x) lim jtx) (e) 3.3 _\"-----1-2' ;r~2(d) Yes, 3 5. (a) No (b) Yes, 0 (e) No 7. (a) (b) I, I (e) Yes. I
2
I

'\=

'*

:
29.
III

5-

-5

9.

(a)

D: 0 s x s 2, R : 0 <

_I'

(b) (0, I) U (1. 2)

j~~~.
~::~;

(e):c
I

=2

s I and y = 2, (d) x = U 31.

\;;;;
____ ~ ~ _l

-10

11$1<

"

'~\

<2

,, ,, ,, ~: I. ,, ',
:__ :"~;; .._ ~

o II.

\13
(a) I

B. I

IS.

2/Vs

17. (a) I

(b) -I

25. 2 27. 1/2 21- I 23. 3/4 (b) 2/3 (b) -J 37. (a) -3 29. 2 31. I 33. 1/2 35. 3/8 41. (a) -5/3 (b) 1/2 (b) -5/3 43. 0 39. (a) 1/2 49. -I 45. -1 47.0 51. (a) 2/5 (b) 2/5 57. (a) 0 55. (a) 7 (b) 7 53. (a) 0 (b) 0 65. oc 59. (a) -2/3 (b) -2/3 61. 0 63. 1 77. 8 =
1'"2

19.

33.

(bl 0 73. 1

,
~

~ x-·s+-

lim ~

=0

~1)""--;:-=-j=H-I+~
I

~I''''

x:

(b) 399 (c) The limit docs not exist. 81. (a) 400 85. 3/2 87. 3 83. 1

II I
I I

21

..J

Section 2.5, pp. 117-119

I. 11.
00 00

35.

17. (a) 19. (a)

21. (a) 23. (a) 25. (a)

(b) -00 3. -00 5. -00 7. 00 9. (a) '::JO 13. 00 15. -00 (b) -00 (d) 00 '00 (e) - CG -00 (b) 00 (e) a (d) 3/2 -00 (e) It will be -00, (b) 1/4 (e) 1/4 Cd) 1/4 -00 (b) 00 (d) 0(, 00 (e) 00 (b) 00

i'=-~-~~~:

"".1"+ I

A.-12
37.

Chapter .2: Answers

(c) For every negative real number - B there exists a corresponding numberi5 > 0 such that for all x
xo -

i5

< x < xo==}j(x)

<

-8,

57.

39. Here is aile possibility.

y

-)

59.

41.

Here is one possibility.

).

43.

Here is one possibi lity

,

61.

, , ,
J{X)~~

I.x-:n---

. ;-./4-)

.< !,';;;;--

-2

,
.( ='2 :

45. Here is one possibility. 63.

11(.<)="£ • .<;<0 y

1·<1

51. (a) For every positive real number B there exists a corresponding number 0 > 0 such that for all x xo -

-2 -3

a < x < Xo

==}

f(x)

> B,
65. At
00: 00,

(b) For every negative real number -B there exists a corresponding number i5 > 0 such that for all x Xo

at -O;J: 0

67. At

00:

0, at

-00:

< x < Xo + 8~

f(x)

<

-B.

Chapter 2: Answers 69. (a) y ___,. (see the accompanying graph) 00 (b) y ___,. (see the accompanying graph) 00 (c) Cusps at x = ± I (see the accompanying graph)
J

A-13'

9. Y

12~

16

J(.r "2

l'.. x)

m
1-2. -8) -8

71. (a) e' 75. (a) 2x2

(b) -2x (b) 2,2

73. (a) x

(b)

11. m = 4,y - 5 = 4(x - 2) 13. In = -2,y - 3 = -2(x - 3) 15. m = 12,)1 - 8 = 12(t - 2) ]7. 19. 25. 29. 37. 43.
In =

Section 2.6, pp. 129-131 1. No; discontinuous at x =

3. 7.

±,y -

± (x -

4)

21.

29.
33. 39. 65.

2; not defined at x = 2 Continuous 5. (a) Yes (b) Yes (c) Yes (d) Yes (a) No (b) No 9. OIL 1, nonrernovable; 0, removable 13. All x except x = 2 15. All .r except x = 3,x = 1 17. All x 19. All x except X = 0 All x except x = l1:[r/2, n any integer 23. All x except 117r/2, n an odd integer 25. All x 2": -3/2 27. Allx 0; continuous at x = tt 31. 1; continuous aty = 1 1; continuous at x = 0 35. g(3) = 6 37. f(I) = 3/2 a = 4/3 63. x ~ 1.8794,-1.5321,-0.3473 x "'" I ,754967. x"" 3,5156 69. x"'" 0,7391

m = -10 21. m = -1/4 23. (-2,-5) y = -(x + 1),y = -(x - 3) 27. 19,6m/sec 671' 31. Yes 33. Yes 35 .. (a) Nowhere (a) At x = 39. (a) Nowhere 41. (a) At x = (a) Atx = 0

Practice Exerdses, pp .. 139-140

1. Atx = -I:
x---ix____"-l

lim

I(x)

lim f{x)

=
=

_r_____"-~

lim

/(x) = 1, so
+

f(

l }; continuous at x = -]
= 0, so
x---+O

Atx

0:

Section 2.7, pp .. 136-138

I. P1:ml = I,P2:m2 5. Y = 2x + 5 =5 3. Pv.m,
= 5/2,P2:m2=

x~o-

lim f(x)

-1/2 Atx=l:

However, f(O) t= 0, so f is discontinuous at x = 0, The discontinuity can be removed by redefining teO) to be 0, lim f(x) = -I and lim f(x) = I, so lim l(x)
x""'"1-

.1'-0+

lim fex)

lim lex)

O.

x-iIol+

x-:"]

does not exist. The function is discontinuous at x = 1, and the discontinuity is not removable.
}'=/(.'J

(e) 0 S. 4 (d) I (e) 1 (t) 7

-I

7. y

3. (a) -21
(g)

(b) 49

-7

(b)-'7

(b) [0,00) (c) (-00,0) and (0, 00) 7. (a) (-00, +00) (b) 0 (d) (0, 00) 9. (a) Does not exist I 2 21. -00 13. 2;( 15. -'4 17. rr 19. 11. 2 23. 0 25. 2 27. 0 29. 2 5 31.

33. -00

35. 0

A-14,
37.
.'[-=-+1

Chapter 3: Answers 45. (a) y' = -2"(: (d) -00 < x 47. (a) y' = x2
(b)
y

39. I.

41.

'IT

43, No in both cases, because

x---+-l

(c) X

<

0,0

<x <

< O,x = a,x >

00

lim f{x} does not exist, and lim f(x)

does not exist.

49. (b) 1.324717957

AdditionaL and Advanced Exercises, pp, 140-143

3. 0;, the left-hand limit was needed because the function is undefined for lJ > c . 5. 65 < t < 75; within 5° F B. (a) B (b) A (c) A (d) A 21. (a) lim r+(a) = 0,5, lim r+(a) = 1
a-i-O a-+-l-

} .\,=3

y'=.\

-I

(b) 25. 0

a--).O

lim r-(a) does not exist, 29. 4

. a......,.~l+

lim

r-(a)

=1

27. 1

CHAPTIER 3
Seeticn 3.1, pp, 152-156 1. -2x,6,0,-2
5 3 .' 2"'1/3e" 2{q 2 1 2

(c) x O,x = 0, none (d) -00 <x< 00, none 49. y' = Jx2 is never negative 51. Yes,y -I- 16 = -(x - 3).istsngentat(3, -16) 53. No, the function ]I = lx J does not satisfy the intermediate value property of derivatives. 55. Yes, (- f)1 (x) = -(j'{x)) get) 57, For g(t) = mt and h(t) = t, lim ,--( ) = In, which need not be ' .....0 (I I zero.

3. -fJ,2'-4'-3v'3
1 3 2v2 7. 6x2 13. I - 2'

2v'3'2'
-j

Section 3.2, pp. 167-169'

. (21

11.,

9
]

-4 17. _ ~' (x - 2) V x 21. 1/8

+1)v'q+l
1.

°
." 1)·

+ 1)2
-

15. 3t2 - 6)

dv d\' 1. --- = -lx, ----, -2 = dx dx:

2t, 5

ds _ 2 3. -d - 15t 'i

151

.4

'-.-2 -

y - 4=
-}

-2 (x
-]

19. 6
29. d

el2s _ 3 "Ot - 601 dl

1

5. -d
7.

dy

23, ---, (x + 2)" 31. (a) x = 0, 1,4 (b)

25.

(x -

2/,., b

4x2
z3

+ 2eX, -,
d2w
Z2'

cPy
dx"

8x + Ze"
2 z3 12 - 30,·-4
-

f' on {-4,

6)

dz dy 9 . dx

dw ~=

l. --6 + -[Lx .. -2
353
4

dz2

[8 =~-Z4 ell)!

" 10 ..L 10,·-3 d:r2 , ", d2r = 2s2' ds2

>,

dr= 11. ds

+ .2_

1.. _
s4

5
s3

13. y' = -5x

,

12x2 - 2x: - 3
x2

15,v'=3x2+10x+2-J..
33.
y'

17.v'=
[2-

(3x - 2)2

-19
I

19.

g'(x)

= X2 -I x -I:

(x dv 23. _:_ = -2e-x dx dv 2 27. -=- = 3x eX dx'

29. = 0, I(x)

21. ~d.lv =

0.5) I 25. v' = --'x2

(I -I- t )-

21;,

+ 2:i.:-3/2

~. 7

B4 c-:J 87 SR

~"'e~ ".
0

-3.3

c-:J

y'
y(lI)

2xJ

3x -

l,y"

= 6x2

3,y'"

= 12.,yI4)

35. 37. 39. 41. 43.

Since lim,~o+ J'(x) = 1 while 11111.1'_0- f'{x) differentiable at x = 0, Since h%-t' = 2 while lim,,'_r differentiable at x = I. (a) -3 :s x :s 2 (b) None (c) None (3) -3 :s x < 0, < x :S 3 (b) None (a) -1 :s x < 0, < x :s 2 (b) x =

is not is not

0 for n ::" 5
= 2 -I- 14.\"-3
l

12.

rex)

rex)

31. y' = 2.,> - 7x-2,y"

= 1/2, f(x)
(e) x = 0 (c) None

33. dd = 3e-4, d :. = -120-5 ..er de" 3- dw = 6' :'l. -'_ ze: -I 3)· -.-, = 6' z-·e·, d w eus: dz:
2

12 ze:

) 3z-e' -

Chapter 3: Answers

A-15

37.

tip I I~, tlq = 7/' -1- q .

rs

-r-

~; (tp I q ., dq2 = 6"

(e) 7/25

I -4 S ~6 2_q -q

19.

(a)

"7 sec.

280 em/sec

(b) 560 em/sec,

980 cm/sec2

39. (a) 41. (a) 43..

13
I'

= =

-'s -1- 4"

8-, ~ IS. \.

(b) -7 x 5

(<I) 20

(b)

111

= -4 nt (0. I) 17

(e) _J'
1'

-lr. Y = 2 45. a = I. b = I, ..f7. (a) _l' = 2\' + 2. (c) (2,6) 49. P'(x) = IW"X"-! + (II - I )(/I~lX"~l

= 8x

-I-

0
2a2.\· Rule,
.L

(e) 29.75 flashes/sec 21- C = position, A = velocity, B = acceleration 23. (a) $110/machinc (b) $80 (e) $79.90 25. (a) b'(O) = I O~ bacter.a/h (h) b'(5) = 0 bacteria/h (e) b'(,IO) = ~IO'lbactcria/h
al

+ ... +
Multiple RuJe.

27. (a) - = - dt 12
(b) The largest the smallest (e) ."

ely

I
value of-I' value of

5 I, The Product
latter
IX

Rule is then the Constant case of the Product

IIVII,'

the

dv
{I

is a

is 0 m/Il (slowest) I mill (fastest)

when I = 12 and

special

dv

53. (a) lei

IX

(III1W)

1111'\1'

!I'VW

(II is -

when

I=

O.

(b) _(_/' (1I11I2113U.+)

U'I112

= 1I!1I2!13114

-I- UI!l2U3Uij

lIILl2113114-1-

I/J 114
lIj'''Ur. 1I',1l2""

(e) IIx

d ()

=
till

1I!1I2"'1I"~11I1I

1,1!1I2 .. ·tI,,~2UII~IUn

... +
55. dl'

tiP

nRT
(1'~l1b)2

2ali~ 1'3

Section 3.3, pp. 177-181

1. (a) -} Ill. -\ TIll ec (b) 3 m/sec, l rn/sec; 2 m/sec2, 2 m/sec/ (e) changes direction at t= 3/2 sec 3. (a) -9111. - 3 rn/sec (b) 3 m/sec, 12 m/sec; 6 rn/sec', ~ 12 l11/ser:~ (e) no change in direction 5. (a) -20 l11. - 5 m/sec (b) 45 m/sec, (I/S) m/sec; l-lO m/sec'', (4/25) m/sec1 (e) no change in direction 7. (a) at I) = ~6 m/scc!. a(3) = 6111/5ec" (b) v(2) = 3 rn/sec (e) 6 m 9. Mars: "" 7.5 sec, Jupiter: ~ 1.2 sec 11. g, = 0.75 rn/sec! 13. (a) u = - 321.1 u 1 = 32t ft/sec, a = -32 ft/scc2 (b) I "" 3.3 sec (e) v"" -107.0 f"l!sec 15. (a) I = 2, I = 7 (b) 3 :S I :S 6 (el (d)
4Speed

29.

I = 25 sec

D = -9-m

6250

31.

(a) (tI)

II 11

> 0 when 0 :5 I < 6.25 6.25 < i s: 12.S ~ body

= 0 when

= 6.25 sec. ~ body moves up;

11

< 0 when

moves down. and slows down on [0,6.25).

I

(e) Body changes direction

(d) Body speeds (e) The body is moving

at I = 6.25 sec.

up on (6.25,12.5]

fastest at the endpoints 200 ft/sec.

0 and slowest and

-2

012345678910 I
0---0

= 12.5

when it is traveling

It's moving

_.1 ~I

at I = 6.25 when the speed is 0, (f) When

I = 6.25 the body

17.

(a) 190 ft/scc (b) 2 sec (e) 8 sec, (d) 10.8 sec, 90 ft/scc (e) 2.8 sec
(f) greatest (g) constant acceleration acceleration happens between

is s = 625 rn from the origin

ft/sec,

farthest

away.

2 sec after launch 2 and 10.8 sec, - 32 fi/sec2

A-16
33.

Chapter 3: Answers

21. sec2 q 23 .. sec2 q 25. (a) 2 esc' x - esc x

(b) 2 sec:' x - sec.r

27.

.Y

29. (a) v (b)

11

0 when 0 when
11

f=

6±V15
3

sec.

<

6-VlS 3
s; 1

<t < <

6-

6+VIS 3
3

= body moves
, I >

left;

> 0 when 0

V15 or
.

6+VlS < I S 4 = 3
. ..

)'~~2-.f3x_l~"

+2

.1';:::

.r.

~2.\.-

*I.".'.r,
4~"'IlL

body moves right.

(c) Body changes direction aU = Cd) Body speeds lip

6±

VIS sec.
+3 "\/lS ,4

6 - 3'/15,2 ) U (6 on (
3VlS) U
=
(2, 6 0 and
=

31. Yes, at x

and

35. (-f, -I} (f, 1)

7T

33. No

slows down on [0, 6 -

+ 3VIS).
I=

(e) The body is moving fastest at t

4 when it is sec.
-_-""-'::I2::---L__-r-~--_-;,,1::-2 -+x

.. moving 7 umts /sec aile II owest at t s

(f) When I = 6

6±VIS 3

+3 vl5

. .. the b 0 d y lS at posrtion s ~ -. 6 30~ :J I1F 5-0 = -- = --- I1t 73

units and farthest from the origin. 35. (a) It takes 135 sec. (b) Average speed 0
=

5 73 ;" 0.068 furlongs/sec.

(e) Using a centered difference (Section 3.4, Exerfurlongs/sec.

quotient, the horse's speed is approximately tlF 4- 2 2 1

cise 53)

fu

= 59 _ 33 = 26

13 ~ 0.077

37. 39. 45. 47.

(a) y = -x + 7T/2 + 2 0 41. -1 43. 0 m/sec, m/sec, c=9 49. sinr

(b) y

4-

V3

v'2

v'2

v'2 m/sec2, v2 ill/sec3

(d) 111e horse is running the fastest during the last furlong (between 9th and lath furlong markers). This furlong takes only 11 sec to run, which is the least amount of time for a furlong. (e) The horse accelerates the fastest during the first furlong (between markers a and 1).

Section 3.5, pp, 199-.203

1. 11.,,3 3. 3 cos (3x 7. 10 sec2(lOx - 5) 9. With
"II

+ 1) =
u5.

5. -sin (sin xl cos x

ely
cL"r: =

= (2):

l),y

dll

ely du elx

= 5u '2

Secti,on 3.4, pp. 186-188

1. -10-3sinx 7. -csc1 X (1 3. +csc x cotx 9. 4tanxsecx

lO(2~

[)4

L
Vx

5. 0

11.
x2 cos x

With 11 = (1 -

cot X}2

- csc2 x

n. e

_7u~8.
13.

(_+) (I - ~ys
=

(xj7)),y

dv dy du = u-7 : --"- = --;=

dx

du dx

13. sec21 19. sec

+ e"

e esc (J (tan I) -

15 -2csctcott . (J - esc 1)2 cot tI)

=

17. -0(8cos8

2 sin 8)

sec2

e-

csc2

Chapter 3: Answers

A-17

. dy 15. With u = tan x , y = sec 'I . . ,.. dx

= -. - = du dx

ely du

87.

(sec u tan u)(sec2 x) = sec (tan xl tan (tan x) sec2 x ely ely du 17. With II = sinx,y = u3: - = -= 31.12cosx = dx du dx 3 sin2 x (cos x)

.19.

y = e" ,

II

dy = ~5x , dx = ~5e-5 ..

21. )'
.' 23.

= eU

11

= 5 ~ 7x - = "dx

dy

-7e(5-7x)

2v'3=t

25. ~ (cos 3( - sin Sf)

27. ~--:c,-"sc::_c_:c8 __ cot8 + esc 8

89.

.I'

91.
n S r$
..... ....: '·=~1_.,2
",/2

31. (3x - 2)6 X

3(
+

II 4-2,·2

)2

(4x + 3)3(4x + 7) 33. ,.:__-----'----:-~ (x + 1)4

,=0

",
\

35. (l - x)e39.

3e3r

37. (~x2 - 3x

3) e542

\ \

-2 -I

t:;;-\ -I

Vx

sec2 (2

Vx)

tan (2-V:;)
+

41. _2_s_in_8-----.". (1 + cos ef 93. (a) x = a cos t,y (b) x = a cos I, y (c) X = (least,)' (d) x = acost,y 95. Possible answer: x 97. Possible answer: x 99. Possible answer: x
=
+

43. ~~ = -2 sin (e2) sin 28 45. ~~ = 49. 21T

SiD

28 cos (2fJ) cos (e2) 47.

2(;110'-11'

/:

[2)]/2)COS(vf+-J)
I)' cos (71'/ -

a sin t, 0 :s;

sin (e-rf)

= a sin t,

I :s; f,s

21T
47T
I S;

:s; I ,s 271'

= -asinl,O,s = C/sinr,O,s

(1T1 - 2) cos (71't - 2)

8 sin (21) 51. ~-___:_-(I + cos 21)5

l)'ecos-(rrl-I)

dy 53. - = -21TSin(1Tt dt 55.

-2

57.
59.

(I + tan4C~) y(tan3C~)sec2C'2))
cot (3x 71. (b) 21T + 5 (g) 5/32 79. (a) y

C05 (C05 (21 -

5»(sm

(2l -

5»

lOt. Y = -_\' + 2v2. ----:2 d!

dx

r,s 41T = -1 + Sf, y = -3 + 4r,O :s; = {2 + l,y = t, t s; a = 2 - 3t,y = 3 - 4/, 12: 0 2y 1=,,/4
=-

V2

103.Y=x+ld2~1
105

63. 2 csc2 (3x - 1) 67. 5/2 69. -1T/4

73. (a) 2/3
(f)

J)

65. y"

= 2 (2:'(2

I) e,t' (e)-I

107. Y = 2, -:2 = -! dx ,=.,,(2 109. It multiplies the velocity, acceleration, and jerk by 2, 4, and 8, .=

x- 4-

, dx:

d2Yl

dx

=-2
r=l/4
(=-I

=-

I 2

el2Yl

respecti vely,

(e) 15 - 81T (h)

(d) 37/6

v2/24
(b)

-5/(3\/i7)
71'X

111. u(6) = tm/sec, 121.

a(6) = - 1~5 m/sec2

= 2xatl =

75. 5 77. (a) 1

=
83.

2-

1r

(b) 71'/2

(~.I),y

O,y

= +Zr at r =

7T

81.
2

)'

Section 3.6, pp. 209-211

~+i4 16
2

=1

9 .5/4 1. -4_\

21/3 3. ~/3
3x

5.
ds

7
2(x

I/" 6)' -

7. -(2'(

/ 5)-) 2

1=

",12
-I

9.

2x

-2

(x2

i. 1)1/2

u, +

dt

= 11-5(7
7

-I

13. dy = _ 1. e2t dt 3

5)-5/3 cos [(2t

5)-2/3]

A-iS
15. f'(x)

Chapter 3; Answers

_~======
-] 4Vx(] - vX)
2

Section 3.7, pp. 221-222

cos 28)-2/3

] 7. h'(B) = - -.3 (sin 28)( I 21. 25. 31. Y sin

121: 2]'

2y - I ,

23.

-2,' + 3x~l} ry
0

xyl

1.9. ---:2,...:c----=X + 2xy

-2.xyx

y2

1. (a) rl(x) (b)

=~- ~
Y

.\ (x

+ 1Y

27. cos2 y

G) - t) +
(
cos
n

-i

- x +y 2e2.' - cos 29. ( 3 cos x 33. -

ex
+

+
3)'

3y) )

-v;.-I'
\18

35.

e
(e) 2, 1/2

xy x2
(2.1: y
22 -1-)1" ' -

x 37. yl = - v')'

_y2

ely 39. dx 41. v' =

xe\""

-,

Y
d'y dx2
'J'

.J 2x e'
);r2

- x e"

2 2.2

3. (a) rl(x) (b) ."

-% + %

]I'

y3
----'1'---

vi vY+
7

43. -2

1" 2(0+ 1)3 45. (-2, 1): III = - L (-2,

1.

v" =

i ~IlxJ~-4x+,

l ] : til = 1
29

47. (a)Y=4x-2> 49. (a) y = 3x

51.

(b)Y=-7x+7 (b) y = -]" x 7 (b)Y=-"6x-"6

6,

+ 3"
7
'iT

6 .6 (a)Y="7x+"7'

(e) -4, -1/4 5. (b)

]"

'iT 53. (a) Y=-2X+7T, 55. (3) Y = 57. Points: (21TX ~1T,

2 2 (b) Y=1Tr-1T+2
'7

x (b) Y = - 2'iT

21T

VI, 0) and (\17", 0),

59. m = -1 at 61. (-3,2)'/17 (3, -2): 67. (a) False 69. (3, -1)
dy yJ
=?

('{3, ~),
= --8

Slope: -2
= V'3at

In

(~3,~)
= 8;

27, . 27 =-S;(-j,-2):m =8;(3,2):111

III

27

'17

63.0

65.-6 Cd) True

(e) Slopeofjat(l, l):3;slopeofgat(I., 1): 1/3; slope ofj' at (-], -1): 3; slope of gat (-1, -I). 1/3 (d) y = 0 is tangent to y = x) at .r = 0; .r = 0 is tangent to y='Viatx=O 7.1/9 9. 3 H.l/x

(b) True

(e) True dx dy x2 y3

13. 2/t
(Lnli

15. -I/x .,_

17.
1-

O+l
III I

73. -d

x·

+ 2xy + 3.\)'"

3xy2 2.ty'

"'

dx dy

19. 3/x
27. 33. x(l

21. 2 (In t)

.... :;,.--,-

t:

+
3x 2J: (x

lnx)
2

29. _1_ x lnr 35.

2

3,1.2 cos (Lnl:l) tan (lnl:! I 8

I)
2I-

,37. {(l - In f)"

39.~+(1.)

x·

x
(

41.

(?
-

1 )'

v x(x

I.

I)

I, x'

~l
.\

1)

43.

G)~ (+ -

. 2 Yx(x

2x

' I)

t~

I) = 2V'/(lI+

J)V2

Chapter 3: Answers

A-19

45. 47.

v8+3(SinO)Cce·~
ret +
1 )(1

3)
_1_

-I-

cot 0 )
_I -]

+ +
1

2)

[1 + t
Xl

1+1

+
]

1+2

= 3t2 -I- 6t

49. Ocos8

O+5[ e

5-

51. x~ (x -I- 1)2,] 53. 57. 63. 69.

[1 +
X

1 e+ _x_

tane

63. 2 ]

lellVCe'f -

67. 0
1

+1

3(x

+ I)

69. sin"" x 71. (a) y = 55. -2 tan 0 73. (a) y = 81. (a) (b) 83. (a) (b) 93. (a)

t1X_~:: ~) (~ + X ~ 2 - X2~: 1)
1~ t yeYeosx ,.. 59. 1/(1 -I- eO)

%
2
7T

(b) y = -!!.. (b)

(e) None

)1

= !!..

(e) None

61. eOOSI( 1 - t sin t) y2-xylny x

2
+

G~)5\;;
+ (log,
C'l/r)'

1-

ye-

smx

65. -d
71. 79

dy x

xy ln x

67. 2,T 10 2 3 75'-14 xn

7TX(,,--I)

73. 81~ 2 -2 I )(x -

2(10 r) 77. r(J.n2)(ln4) 81. sin (log- e) 85.

91.

Defined; there is an angle whose tangent is 2. Not defined; there is no angle whose cosine is 2 Not defined; no angle has secant O. Not defined; no angle has sine Domain: all real numbers except those having the form -I- lett where k is an integer; range: -1T/2 < Y < 1T/2.

v'2.

. (x

I) 83.

+ ~ 7 cos
87.

(log7 e)

Ii;

95. (x

ln.,)~;,2) (
-7T/6 -rr3 / 3-rr/4 7T/4

e~t t)
3 )310£11 -I-

89. (x -I- 1)X

C~

(b) Domain: -00 < x < 00; range: -00 < Y < 9S. (a) Domain: -00 < x < 00; range: 0 -<; y :S -tr (b) Domain: -] :S x:s I; range: -1 :S Y -s 1 97. The graphs are identical. 1

00

In(x -I-

Section 3.9, pp. 236-240

dA dr 1. - = 27Trdt dt 3 .
(a) dV = 7Tr2 dlr

93. (sinx),,(blSinx

+ x cot x)

Section 3.8, pp. 230-232

I. (a) 7T/4

dt dV (e) - = dt

dt J dh 11rdt

(b) dV = 27Thr dr

cit

ell

3. 5. 7. 9. 11.

(a) (a) (a) (II) (a)

(h) -TT/3 (b) 7T/4 (b) 3-rr/4 (b) rr/6 (b) -1T/3
(b) 7f/6

3-rr/4

(e) TT/6 (e) -7T/3 (e) -rr/6 (e) 21T/3 (e) 1T/6 (e) 2TT/3 5
= 12,csca=S,cota=S

5. (a) 1 volt/sec
(e)

dr + 271'hrdt 1 (b) -"3 amp/sec (d) 3/2 ohms/sec, R is increasing.

dR __ _l_ (dV _ J:. ell) dt 1 dt I dt

dd
y2

7. (a) ds = • ~ dt V x2 -I13 13 12 (b) ds = dt

dx

x t

12 13. cos o = 13,tana lS. .

SLn

= T2,seca

Vx2 x
1

-I- y2 dt

dx -I- ---:=y== dy + y2 dt

Vx2

a=

2 1 \IS' cos cr = - Vs' tan a =

-2, esc a = -2-'

Vs

(e) dt = 9. (a)

ydy dt d8 dt
(1

cota = 17.

-2
19. 29.

dt

ciA

= 2abcos8

l/V2
v'x2
x-

-1/V3
2 37.

21. 4

27. 7T/6 35.

-

v?+4

2V3
31. 4y2

v3 Vx2

23. 1 33.~
-

25.

-V2

dA 1. (b) cit = 2 ab cos ~ (e) 1

de I . da dt -I- 2 b Sill (Jdi ~

v'9.1=I
39. x -2,

2x I

V9 3 47. 0

16

41. 1T/2

~ 11. (a) 14 cm2/sec, increasing (b) 0 em/sec, constant (c) -14/13 em/sec, decreasing (b) -59.5 J'f;sec (e) - I rad/sec 13. (a) -12 ft/sec
15. 20 fi/ser.:

= -abcos(j-

I . ~ -I- -bsm(J-

-asll1(J-

43. n/2

45. 71'/2

49.

-vI-7

51.

V2 v'l=2?

17. (a) dh = 11.19 em/min

dt

(b) ell' dt

14.92 em/min

A-20

Chapter 3: Answers
13. 8 cos ' (1 - 2t) sin (1 - 2t) OcosO + sinO 17.• ~ v 20 sine 21. 19 .• cos 15. 5(sec t) (sec t

19. (a) 2~~ m/rnin

(b)

I'

= V26y -

y2

m,

tan 1)5

dr /"'111m (c) ~ = ---m5 dt 2881T" 21. 1 ft/min, 401T if/min 23. 11 ft/sec 25. Increasing at 4661168J L/min 27. 1 [ad/sec 29. -s m/sec
31 '.

v 1.1:)28

V2e r..:::.

XCSC(f)

csc(~)

cot(~)

- I 500 ttl sec . in/min

5, . 10. 33 . 721TIn. / mlll'3m.-

'/

rnm

35. 7. I 37. (a) (b) (c)

-32/vl3 ;:::8.875 ft/sec d(Ndl = 8/65 rad/sec, d(h/d! = -8165 tad/sec dOI/dt = 1/6 rad/sec, d02/dt = -1/6 tad/sec
35. 5. Lex) = x 1T

-2 sin 0 (cos

Section 3.10, I'p. 250-254

1. L(x) = lOx -

e-

1)

37. 3~ 45.

39.

-9[

5x (5x2

+ cos2x

sin 2x)5/2

13

3. L(x) = 2 13. 1 - x

7. 2x

41. -2e-x/5 47.

43. xe4x

9. -5

11.

I 4 I2x + '3

2 sin 0 cos 8 2 (j = cot sinl

2
(In 2)x

49. -8-'On 8)

15. j(O) = 1. Also, r(x) = k(l + x)H, so 1'(0) = k . This means the linearization at x = is L(x) = I + 10;. 17. (a) 1.0 I (b) 1.003 ]-y 2 3) 2 - ZX2 19. ( 3x - • r dx 21., 2 2 dx 23. r: dx 2vx (I+x) 3Vy -I- x

53. (x 57.• 61.

2y+2(JIl(X -1

+ 2) +

1)

v 1 - x2COS-1 x

;-:---?

59. tan-I(t) 63. -1

{ _ _II 69. x dp

+ -'1

25. 29. 31. 37. 4l. 43. 45. 51. 55.

2~COS(5v:;.:)dX ~(csc(1

27. (4x2)sec2

(;3)d'x
35. 1

v'?=l
-3x2
~

I-

sec"! z
2

t2 2t y+2 65. --+ ~ x j 2y (x

- .l,

- 2v:;.:)cot(1 33. ~ I

- 2\h))d1:

67. 2te
X ' ,

4y

4x -

4yl/3

71.

+
4q

1)

73. -1/2

,1r . e ....,r., dx 2'v x

dx
x<

dx

e2x

75. yix dl' 81. ds = (2r ~ 1)(taIl2s)

6q-4p 3pl

79. dq =

oj -1
(a) (a) dV (a)

. e-2t -

dx

39. (a).41

(b).4

(e) .0]

(b).2 (c) .031 (b) -2/5 (e) [/15 = 41Tro2 dr 47. dS = 12xo dx 0.081T m2 (b) 2% 53. dV;:::; 57. 0.05%

.231 -1/3

49. dV = 21Troh dr 565,5 in3

tOI"

-b.y3 - 2x4 -2r/ - 1 d2y d2y (b) = 83. (a) - 2 = 2 y5 x4y3 dx dx (b) ~2 85. (a) 7 (d) 1/4 (e) 12 (c) 5/12 (I') 9/2 (g) 3/4 87. 0 95. (a) 89.

3v2eV3;2
4 y

59. The ratio equals 37.87. so a change in the acceleration of gravity on the moon has about 38 time the effect that a change of Lhe same magnitude bas on Earth. 6]. 3% 63.3% 67. lim ~
.,~O

cos (e V3!2)

91.

-'2

93.

-2
(2t

+ I?

,V1+o
I

+ (~) +
1

(%)

= _!_ = 1

71. (a) L(x) = 1

(In 2)x ;:::;0.69x

75. O.07c

Practice Exercises" pp. 255-260 I. 5x4 ~ 0.25x + 0.25 3. 3x(x

5. 2(x

- 2) + 1)(2):2 + 4x + I) 7. 3(e2 + sec 0 + 1)2(20 -I- sec o tan 0) 2

(b) Yes

(c) Yes

9.

Vi

1(1

Vi

1)2

11. 2 sec2 x tan x

Chapter

3: Answers

A-21

97. (a)
y===
{

X.

oses I
<;;:52

2-x.l

143. (a) ciS = (47T1' cit dS (e) -1

at

+ +
r

27Th) ~/'
at

(b) dS = 27Tr clh

cit

dt

(47T1'

dr 27Th) -,

.M

dh 27T/'-d
t

(b) Yes

(c) No

(d) dt

dr
=2

21' + h

dt
149. 22 m/sec

dh

99. (t.~)and
1m. (a) (-2, lOS.

(~,-~)
(6), (3,11)
y

101. (-L271and(2.0)
(b) (0,20), (1,7)

145. -40 m /sec 151. (a} r ." 153. (a)

-;c

147.. 0.02 ohm/sec 125 (b ) - 144'7T ft' . lmll1

-;-/1 :J

3 krn/sec or 600 Ill/sec :.

18 (b) -rr rpm

155. (a) L(x)

2x

+ -2-

71-2

107.

109. 4

111. Tangent: y = 113. Tangent: y .. 115. Tangcut.

4 x + '4' normal:

4x - 2

2.x - 4. normal: y

= - ~x +

(0)

L(x)

-Vb: +

,/2(4

.4

- 7T)

j. =

-4x

4 II 6. normal: y =)'x - 5 »r nor defined

11.7. (I, l}:m = -t;(l.-I): 119.), 123.

=

(~)x + ±,±
f. A =
graph of

121. B = graph of

f'

125. (a) 0.0 (b) 1700 rabbits, ""1400 rabbits 127. -1 129.1/2 13J. 4 133. [ 137. -,----= ~==V cos 2x 139. 141. 5 [ (r (I
2(-,2

I) [

-,-.C +

2,X

tan 2x

157. [(x)

= 1.5x

0.5

159. dS= (e) 12%

~dh

161. (a) 4%

(b) 8'%

+ Il(i - I)]' [ I - 2)(t + 3) l+l + ~

1
f-

2- t

Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 260-263

L (a) SIn2(! = 2 SII1 (j cos tI; 2 cos 28 = 2 sin () (-sin e) + cos 8 (2 cos e); 2 cos 2fJ = -2 sin2 f.I + 2 cos2 8; cos 28 ""
CDS 2

. 1 (si r:. SlTI

ve

e·)\ii.i(ln~ ']

f.I col

e)

(b) cos 2f)=

cos' B - sin28; -2 sin 2() = 2 cos (:J (-sin 8) - 2 sin 8 (cos e); sin 28 = cos8sinf! + sinecosf!;sin28 = 2sinecosf!

e-

Sill"

()

A-22
3. (a)
(I

Chapter 4: Answers

= I. b =
9

0c

=-2
5v5

(b) h = cos a,

sin a

19. Absolute

maximum: -0.25;

absolute minimum: -4

5. It = -4. k

= 2' a = ~

7. (a) 0.09.1' (b) Increasing 81 J % per year 9. Answers will vary. Here is aile possibility.

~~) t,',-~';~,::~,
-3 -4 (0.5. -'I) Abs min

21. Absolute maximum: 11. (a) 2 sec. 64 ftjsec 15. (a)

II{

2; absolute minimum: -I

(b)
III

12.31 sec, 393.85 fl

7T

= -7F

(b) 9

= -!. b =

__ ---I-I. -(] Absuun

;:I~}I
ntux

17 , (a) a

= 4' ) = 4

3I

19.

odd =>

f'

is even

23. Ii'i defined but not continuous at x = 0; k' is defined and continuous at x = O. 27. (a) 0.8156 ft (b) OJ)0613 sec (e) It will lose about 8.83 min/day.

23. Absolute

maximum:

2; absolute minimum: 0

(HA'PTER 4 Section 4.1, pp. 272-275

1. Absolute minimum al x = C2; absolute maximum at x = b 3, Absolute maximum at .r = c; 110 absolute minimum 5. Absolute minimum at x = a; absolute maximum at .v = c 7. Local minimum at (-1.0); local maximum at (1,0) 9. Maximum at(O, 5) II. (e) 13. (d) 15. Absolute maximum: -3: ab clute minimum: -19/3 -_-_j_-+-_j_------;~
1-:2.01 -I

25. Absolute

maximum:
(-:;1"'2.

I; absolute minimum:
I J Ab, max

-1

-2 -I

IJ -I Abs nnn

v= sin

I), -r./2

S (;

s: j1i/6

~3. J -J
-3

27. Absolute maximum:

2/\/3;
Abs runx (2'iTf3,

absolute minimum: I

1.1
1.(1 -

(I.S
0.6

(m'3. 'JJ'JY.) ~
Abe min

Ahs mnx

JI'\S)

OA

17. Absolute maximum: 3: absolute minimum:

(2,

-I

O_~
"Tl13

ron

2r./:1

3 ~Abs max \' =x2._ -I

I

29. Absolute
2

maximum:

2; absolute minimum: -)

s.e s

-I

Chapter

1: An swe rs

A-23

31. Absolute

maximum:

I/e; absolute minimum:

-e

Ahli

max
fl. lie)

v = xe-\'
~ l. -~'I -3 A~~ -4

mm

33, Absolute 35.

maximum

at (4, ~ + In4); absolute

minimum

at (L I)

Increasing on (0, 8), decreasing on (-[, 0); absolute maximum: 16 at x='8; absolute minimum: 0 at x = 0 37. Increasing 011 (- 32, 1); absolute maximum: 1 at e = I: absolute minimum: -8 at e = -32 39. Minimum value is I at x='2. 41.
43.

Local maximum
Minimum

at (-2, (7),. local minimum

at

(j,- i~ )
-:1

63, (a) No (b) The derivative is defined and nonzero for .r 2. Also. J(2) = 0 and J(x) > 0 for all x 2. (e) No, because (-co. co) is not a closed interval. (d) The answers are the same as parts (a) and (b) with 2 rep laced by a. 65. (a) e(x) = O.3~ + 0.2(9 - .r) million dollars, where o :s x :s 9 mi. To minimize the cost of construction, the pipeline should be placed from the docking facility to point B. 3.58 111ialong the shore from point If, and then along the shore from point B to the refinery. (b) In theory, the underwater pipe cost per mile p would have to be infinite to j ustify funning the pIpe directly from the docking facility to point A (i.e., for x" to be zero), For all values of p > 0.218864, there is always an Xc ill (0, 9} that will give a minimum value for C 111is is proved by looking at l6p eft (xJ = , ,'" wh ich IS always positi lie for p > (). . (16 + X(~)'I~

67. The length of pipeline is L(xl V25

= \/4

x~

+
along

value IS 0 at x = -I and x = I 45. There is a local minimum at (0, 1). 47

~ ... tv

(10 - x)2forO:S

x:s

10. .r = 27° ~ 2.857mi

"1" aXII11Un1 va I' ue

1 IS:1

. at x = '1' l1lUl1Jl1Ul11 ;

1 va 1. ue

IS

at

the coast from Town A to Town B.

o
S tui

49.

-1. Minimum
x:=

value is 2 at (0, 2).

va ue IS

51. M· . irumum 53,

I'

M.

axunum

value

IS W

. '2
o

-1 -1) e at e' e at ,
69,

(1 (0"2 w)

Minimum 55, Critical

4 .r =-- 5

value is 0 at (±l, 0) point Derivative Extremum Local max Local min Value

(a) Maximum value 15 144 at x = 2. (b) The largest volume ofthe box is 144 cubic units, and it occurs when x = 2.
=

71. The largest possible area is A (~) , 73.

21 crrr'.

l2: 25

101/3 = I'... 034

b + Sit
o

vo"

75. Yes
= 3ax2

77. g assumes a local max irnum at -c.

x=0 57. Critical x= -2 x= x= x=2 59. Critical x 61. puin!

Undefined

o
Value 0

79'. (a) .f'(x) + 2bx + cis H quadratic, so it can have 0, I, or 2 zeros, which would be the critical points of). Examples: The function '/(.1) = .r 3 x = - 1 and x = I.
v ~.'i"~-lr

Derivative Undefined 0
()

'Extremum Local max Minimum Maximum Local min

Extremum

3x has two critical points at

-'Vi

V2

-2 2
0 Value 2
Value

Undefined point Dertvatlvc Undefined point

Derivative

Minimum Extremum Maximum Local min Maximum

The function /(x)

.'(3

1 has nne critical point at x = O.

Critical x = -1
:r

°Undefined
0

5
I

A-24

Chapter 4: Answers

The function I(x)

= x' + x has

no critical points.

47. Because its average speed was approximately 7,667 knots, and by the Mean Value Theorem, it must have been going that speed at least once during the trip, 51. The conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem yields 1 1

~
(b) Two or none

b- a

= _ _!_=C1(a 2
c

ao

- b) = a - b=s c = v{ib,

81. 83.

Maximum interval [Maximum -5 on the

value is 11 at x = 5; minimum value is 5 on the 3,2]; local maximum at (-5,9). value is 5 ontheinterval [3, (9); minimum value is interval (-00, -2].

Section 4.2, pp .. 282-284

1. 1/2
3.

55. f(x) must be zero at least once between a and b by the Intermediate Value Theorem. Now suppose that fix) is zero rwrce between a and D. Then, by the Meal] Value Theorem, f' (x) 'would have to be zero at least once between the two zeros of H,), but this can't betrue since we are given that /,(x) 0 on this interval. Therefore, f(x) is zero once and only once between a and b. 61. 1.09999::;; f(O.1) ::;; 1.1

Section 4.3, pp.289-290

-

C = ±)l

;2 '"

±(),771

5. Does not; f is not differentiable at the intenor domain point x = 0, 7. Does 11. (a) ij ------------~--~~--_.----------__4 o ii) iii) IV) ----------~--~---.-------~5 -4 -3

~I

__
is

----+_--~

24

23. Yes
25. (a) 4
12

(IJ) 3

(e) 3

27. (a) '2 + C

eb)

x 3- +
3

(e) '4 + C

r4

29. (a) y = -Inlxl + C (c) y=5x+hllxl+C 31. (a] -tcoS2!

(c) -

(b) y = x - Inlxl + C (b) 2sinf

+
21

C . 2 sm

I '2 cos

'2 +

1. (a) 0, I (b) increasing on (-09, 0) and (1, (9), decreasing on (0, I) (c) local maximum at x = 0, local minimum at x = 1 3. (a) -2, I (b) increasing on (-2, I) and (1, (9), decreasing on (- 00, -2) (c) no local maximum, local minimum at x = -2 5. (a) Critical point at x = I (b) increasing on [I, (9), decreasing on (-09,1] (c) local (and absolute) minimum at x = 1 7. (a) -2,0 (b) increasing on ( - 00, - 2) and (0, (9), decreasing on ( - 2, 0) (e) local maximum atx = -2, local minimum at x = 0 9, (a) Increasing on (-09, -) ,5), decreasing on (~I ,5, (0) (b) local maximum: 5,25 at I = -1,5 (c) absolute maximum: 5.25 at t = -1.5 11. (a) Decreasing on (-00,0). increasing on (0,4/3), decreasing all (4/3, (0) (b) local minimum at x = (0. 0), local maximum at x = 4/3 (4/3,32/27) (c) no absolute extrema 13. ea) Decreasing Oil (-00,0), increasing 011 (0, 1/2), decreasing

33, f(x)

x2

35. I(x) = 1

+2
1 - cos ( 'iTt)
'iT .

e2.r

, 37. s = 4.91"

5/

. 10

39. s =

41. s = e' + 19t + 4 43. s = sin (21) - 3 45. if T(t) is the temperature of the thermometer at time 1, then T( 0) = - 19 DC and T(J 4) = 100 "C. From the Mean Val lie Theorem, there exists a 0 < to < 14 such that T(14} - T{O) 14 _ = 8,5 °C/sec = T'(roJ, the rate a1 which the

temperature was changing at t = II)as measured mercury on the thermorncter.

by the rising

(b) local minimum at e = 0(0,0), local maximum at e = 1/2 (1/2,1/4) (c) no absolute extrema is. (a) Increasing on (- 09, (0), never decreasing (b) no local extrema (c) no absolute extrema 17., (a) Increasing on (-2, 0) and (2, 00), decreasing 011 (~oc, ~2) and (0, 2) (b) local maximum: 16 at x = 0, local minimum: 0 at x = ±2 (c) no absolute maximum; absolute minimum: 0 at x = ±2 19. (a) Increasing on (-00, - J), decreasing all (-1, 0). increasing on (0, 1), decreasing on (], oc ) (b) local rnaximum at x = ± I 0,0,5), (~ I. 0,5), local minimum at x = 0(0,0) (c) absolute maximum: 1/2 at x = ± I; no absolute minimum

Oil (1/2,09)

Chapter 4: Answers

A-25

2]. (a) Decreasing on ( -2 \12, -2), increasing on (- 2,2), decreasing on (2, 2 (b) 1oca1min~lla:g(-2) = -4,g(2V2j = O.

47.
y

V2)

local maxima: g( -2V"2)

0, g(2)

(e) absolute maximum: 4 at x == 2; absolute minimum: -4 at x = -2 23. (a) Increasing on (-00, I), decreasing when I < x < 2, decreasing when 1 < x < 3, discontinuous at x = 2, increasing all (3, (0) (b) local minimum at x = 3 (3. 6). local maximum at x = 1 (1,2) (c) no absolute extrema 25. (a) Increasing all (- 2, 0) and (0, co ) , decreasing on ( - 00, - 2) (b) local minimum: -6'0'2 at x = -2 (c) no absolute maximum; absolute minimum: -6V'2 atx == -2 27. (3) Increasing on (-00, -2!\r-n and (2(v7, (0), decreasing on (-2/v7, 0) and
(0,

r-. v
Y~fl.r'
y =/Ixl Ib)
ie)

1"' 49. (a)

!"

(b)

III
51. (a) Max

2/\.17)
~

OiltX

O,min

-ln2atx

71'/3 == 2.

(b) local maximum: 24V'2/77/6 local minimum: -24V'2/7,:6 (e) no absolute extrema 29. (a) Increasing on

3.12 at x = ~ -3.12 atr

-2/V7:
=

(b) Max = 1 atx == 1, min = cos (In 2) atx == ~andx 53. Maximum: 1 at x = 0, minimum: 2 - 2 In 2 at x = In 2 55. Abs max of l/(le) assumed at x == I/V/~ 57. Rising 61. Increasing, therefore one-to-one: df-'/dx 63. Decreasing, therefore one-to-one: df-I/dx

2/\/7

(t

In 1/2,

00 ),

= ~ X-2/3
=-

decreasing on ( -00, till 1/2 ) .. 3 I (b) Iocal mmunum: 21/3 alv == "3 In (I) "2 (e) absolute rnnumuru: 22/3 at x ==

x-2/3

..

"3 In "2

I (I)

Section 4.4, pp. 298-301

local minimum: -3 atr = 2. point of inflection at (1/2, -3/4). rising on (-00, -1) and (2, oc). falling on (-1,2), concave up on (1/2, 00). concave down on (- 00, 1/2) 3. Local maximum: 3/4 at x = 0, local minimum: 0 at x = ± I. points of inflection at
1. Local maximum: 3/2 at x = -I.

31. (a) Increasing on (~, 00 ), decreasing on (0. lie)

(b ) Ioca I mnumurn:

..

-I 1 e at x = e

.. -I (c) a b Iure rmrumum: so at x

=e

(-\13, f)
3

and (

V3, 3

;14),
+

33. (a) (b) 35. (a) (b) 37. (a)

39. 41. 43. 45.

Local maximum: 1 at x == I; local minimum: 0 al x = 2 absolute maximum: J at x = I: no absolute minimum Local maximum: J at x == I; local minimum: 0 at .r = 2 no absolute maximum; absolute minimum: 0 at x = 2 Local maxima: -9 at r = -3 and 16 at r = 2; local minimum: -16 at t == -2 (b) absolute maximum: 16 all == 2; no absolute minimum (a) Local minimum: 0 at x == 0 (b) no absolute maximum; absolute minimum: 0 at x = 0 (a) Local minimum: (IT/3) - V3 at x = 271'/3; local maximum: 0 at x = 0: local maximum: 1T at x = 271' (a) Local minimum: 0 at x == Ti/4 Local maximum: 3 at 0 = 0; local minimum: - 3 at () == 271'

rising on (-1,0) and (1, 00 J. falling 011(-::Xl, -I) and (0, I), concave up on (-00, -\Il) and ("V3, ::Xl), concave down on (-V3, \/3) 5. Local maxima: -2IT/3

V3/2 at x

= -21T/3'"3
-!!_.

Tr

-2-

'V3

at
-

~ 3' oca ". x - ~ 1 .1 rrunnua: . - ~ 3

at x =

2;

V3 at. x. -2

3' 2 7T /3 -

V3/?

,points of inflection at (-71"/2, -Tr/2), (0, 0), and

(Ti/l.Ti!2), rising on (-7T/3, 1T/3) , falling on (-2Ti/3. -1T/3) and (Ti/3, 2Ti/3) , concave up on (-71'/2, 0) and (71'/2, 21T/3), concave down on (-271'/3, -Ti/2) and (0, 1T/2) 7. Local maxima: 1 at x == -~andx
X

= -¥-;Oatx

= -27Tand

. .. 371" d 3Ti 0 271";local mU11111a: at x = - 2 all x = 2' at -[

x = 0, points of inflection at (-1T, 0) and (Tr, 0), rising on ( - 37T/2, -IT/2), (0, 7T /2) and (3Ti/2, 21T). falling on (-2Ti. - h/2), (-71'/2, 0) and (71'/2, 37T/2) , concave up on (- 27T, -71") and (Ti, 217").concave down on (-?T, 0) and (0, 17")

A-26
9.

Chapter 4: Answers 11. 29.

.3_

_\=

31.

~r+J

-I

_.1
I~,

-II LL'I.:mil1

II,

I)

lllJ.:10111

-6

-2 Lnc min Loc rmn

-s

13.
(:!. 51 Lee rnnc

15.
I

= _[~ -

2.\~

33.

35.
." = 1110 - .(~I
Loc
1nJ.\

)0. In 3) l"i'I
I),

-3
-:!

."=-.2r' +6x:! - 3

17.
-,
21 I'

\.

19.
O.:p}
L(_'IC:

37.
)'

39.
Lee max
111.1))

mux

'"~
12. ...=Jr~_x4

(0.0)

Y=

x:'i _

sx-l

I.
LOl'

!' max
1-41T,0)

0.5 -1,5 -I -05 0.5 ) (In :!. I - ~In 2) Loc min

L""
r'IlJ..\

"
21. 23.
j'.·la-x_ '::!:=-. ~ ..
\ =r+Sin_\ t

-O.S
10.-1)

-"r.

(-2". tI)
-2,.

! max ,
I~IT.

Ute OJ

Loc
max

"'"

,,1,,-, Il)

~"

'\

\Y=~2111'2, '(I)
Inflection

(31 ' -2,1112)

41.

WI

_"..--'-'-'--

Min

__

l_

...L.-+x

43. y" 25. 27.

4 Loc min y Loc umx

J-

2;'
LOl: max

45. y"

3(x - 3 )(x 11111

I)

Lor ruin

\=

Lee max

(-~\~, n)
I

.1.:=-1

-2

2 (-1;'2.0)
Lee ruin

47 . .1''' = 3(x

2)(x
Loc
\'=1)

+
max

2)

\·~,<,\W

Lee 'Hill

[011 .p;:.-2

inflx e 2 Lee min

Lot

min

.T=-~-.,'3

Chapter 4: Answers

A-27

61 . .1"/'

.r .v

<

>0

11\11 x==-o lnll

51. 63.

53. r

= 2 tan 8 sec"

'1

e. -2 < 8
"iT

<2
7i

65.

lj;f
Lee mill

55.

_I'''

-sin

I, 0 :::; r :::; 277

; "" 4"
r~ Lee

67. Point
lufl r=~
Lee mill

I'

nun

"\

Q
R

+ +
0

+
0

S
T

69.

y ,6.71

Inn

73. ::::: 0 thousand units 6 points at .v = 1 and x

81.

75. Local minimum 5/379.b=-3

at ,v = 2, inflection

(a) (

_.!:_

2a'

4ac - b2) 40
(I

(b) concave up if

>

0, concave down

if

(I

< [)

A-28
85.

Chapter 4: Answers

The zeros of y'

0 and y"

0 include

the extrema

and points at

(b) Domain:

(0,9)

of inflection,
.it

respectively.

inflection

at x = 3, local. maximum

= 0, local minimum at _\"= 4.

x = 7 ~ "\Il3, which confirms = 2 in. or x = 5 in. 19. ""2418.40cm3 21. (a) It = 24,1'1,' = 18 (b) (2~. 10368)
(e) x
l[)[JIII) SIl!lO

(c) Maximum volumc w 1309.95 iJl'> when x "" 3.39 in. (d) V'(x) = 24.1'2 - 336x + 864, so the critical point is at
the result in part (c).

87.

The zeros of!" maximum

= 0 and )/' = 0 include Inflection at x local minimum

the extrema

and points local

sooo

of inflecbon'-respectivelY. at x = -2,

at x

= ~ "'0<2:, = O.

aoco "onl) I)
"""__l___'___'_.!...'

I (I

15

20

__'L...._.L-...,u.__,. 2:'1 JO 35

23.

If r is the radius of the hemisphere,

and V the volume, then /'

h file height of'the cylinder,

113 and

= (~:)

h = (~:

y/3

25. (b) x = 5gl

)'~=

(c) L "" 11 in .

16{:r3+2)

27. Radius
31.

. ;:::: = 'v 2111, height

I m. volume

271 --:3 nr'"

91. (b) !'(x) = 3x2 + k; -12k; positive if k < 0, negative if k > 0,0 if" = 0; f' has two zeros if k < 0, one zero if k = O. no zeros if k > 0; that is, the sign of k controls the
number oflocal extrema. lim y' =
DO

(II) v(a) = 96 ft/sec (b) 256 ft at t = 3 sec (c) Velocity when s = 0 is v(7) "" 46.87 Ft 35. (a) 6 X 6VJ

=
in.

-128

It/sec

93.
95.

(b) A cusp since

x~o-

and

;'(-0

lim+y'

33.
~OO

37.

Yes, the graph of y' crosses through

zero near - 3, so y has a

horizontal

tangent near - 3

(a) 1071' "" 3 1.42 em/sec; when f = 0.5 sec, 1.5 sec, 2.5 sec, 3.5 sec; s = 0, acceleration is 0 (b) I 0 em from rest pos ilion; speed is 0

39. 20 (5 ~

Vl7)
=

III.

Section 4.5, pp. 309-316

1. 16 in., 4 in. by4 in, 3.. (a) (x, 1 ~ x) (b) A(.l) = 2x( I - xl
(e) 41. x =

1 "2 square 35
X

units,

1 bY"2 I 2450.
J

45..
49.

(a).fi¥
enough
.j< _

l'v

CI

4
(b)

ka

43.

%+

50

\1

/2km h
should orderpx units of material to have

(a) The cabinetmaker

. 3"

14

3 X 3111·'nll1·
It
deep.

5.

7. gO,OOO 1112; 400

In

by 200

III

unti 1 the next delivery.

9.

(a) The optimum edges and 5

dimensions

of the tank are lOft on the base

(c) Average
x -

cost per day

(d + p; x2) d ps
x
o .. , .=

X+

2 x,

(b) Minimizing tile surface area of the tank minimizes its weight for a given wall thickness. The thickness of the steel walls would likely be determined by other considerations such as
structural requirements.

-vf2d. px .~ ~ -v[TjXl gives Ps' ~ -'-s

intersect r;:::-; 0,
Xil1lmectiol1

a 1l11fUlTIUl1l. when

.1.1. 9

18 in.

13.

-I

(d) The line and hyperbola

r = '2,x

ps

For

15. h: r

8 : 'IT"

17. (3) V(x) = 2,(24 - 2.1')( 1 g - lx)

1400 Maximum X=3.3944487 Y= 13tl9.9.547

.r

>
tJ1S

= ~ ;~ =

x*. The average cost per day is

daily cost of delivery is equal

minimized to
1200

when the average

average

daily cost of storage.

51. M

= i='
2

57 .. (a) y

= -[

Chapter 4: Answers
. Vs 59. ( a ) T'" nununurn di[stance IS -2-' ne ..

A-29

(b) The minimum distance is from the point (3/2, 0) to the point (I, 1) on the graph ofy = "\IX, and this occurs at the value x = 1, where D(x), the distance squared, has its minimum value.
y.D(x)

2.5

11. The points of intersection of y = x3 and y = 3x + j or y = x3 - 3x and y = I have the same .r-values as the roots of part (i) or the solutions of part (iv), 15. 1.165561185 17. (a) Two (b) 0.3500350l505249and-1.026173161530.l 19. ±1.3065629648764, ±0.54lI96]OOI462 21. 0,0.53485 23. The root is 1,17951. 25. (a) For Xo = -2 or Xo = -0.8, Xi ~ - I as i gets large. (b) For Xo = -0.5 or Xo = 0.25, Xi -* 0 as i gets large. (e) For Xo = 0.8 or Xo = 2, X; -* 1 as i gets large. (d) For Xo = - '1/21/7 or Xo = Vii/7, Newton's method does not converge. The values X; alternate between -V2l/7 and /7 as i increases. 27. Answers will vary with machine speed. 29. 2.45,0.000245.

vS

or

Section 4.8, pp. 338-342

0.5

61. (a) Vex) = (b) When a

t e1T~7T- "J
=
4:1' =

15

2.5

(12- e1'i~1T- x
= 4v'3 --,-;whena
;)

y
= s:
r,

I. (a) x2

(b) (b) (b)

x3 3

4"\/6 -~-,h
:J

3. (a) x-]

-tx-3
-x-5
\I\:

(e) -:;- - x2
J

xJ

(e)
(e) 2x

-1x-3
+~

+ x2 +

3x

5'1/6 h = ----:;-,

sv'3. = -3-; when a 8\16 -3'

5. (a)
I

-x-I

= 6:

= 2V6,

h = 2 v 3;

when a = 8' r = .
:J

sv'3 II = -v'3
3

7. (a) \lx3 9. (a) x2!]

(b)

(e) -3'ec) x-Ii;

2W

+ 2\1\:

(b) xli) (b) 71nx

(b)

. Q "\;16 a (c) Since r = -~ - and 11 = -3 -, the relationship

..

1S -

. =\12. h
I~

Ll. (a) Inx

(e) x - 5 III X -3 eosx (e) -"1T cos (7TX) -I- cos (3x) 2 (c) -3"tan (e) 2 esc
1

13. (a) cos (7TX)

15. (a) tan x 17. (a) csc x

Section 4.6, pp, 323-325 11. 5/7 5. 1/2 9. -23/7 1- J/4 3. 5/7 7.1/4 17. -2 21. 2 13. 0 15. -16 19. 1/4 23. 3 I 27. In 3 25. -1 31. In 2 33. 1 35. 1/2 29. [? ll_ 37. In2
49. 39. cos a 51. lie 53. 41. -1/2 e1/2 55. 43. +! 57 .. 3 45.
47. lie

(b) 2 tan

(f)

ex) "2

(b) ~ esc (5x) (b) -e-x (b)

(7TX) 2

1' 19. (a) - e~x

(e) 2eX/2 (e) In (e) C

21.

61. (b) is correct.

63. (d) is correct.

59 .. 1 27 65. c = 10 67.-1

(a) _1_. 3"' In3

-=lrr
In 2
~tall-Ix 13

(;;3)
2
29 .. ;

G),
2;:
4

23. (a) 2Sll1-IX 25. xj

(b) C 27.
:... + C

1. tan"'

"2 +x +
I x
~
~3

+- +
4

/2

+
5
2

-I- 7x -I- C

Section 4.7, pp. 329-331

1. 7. 9.
X2
XJ,

31. - - -

5 13 = - 3"' 2T
r

3.

X2

51 5763 = - 31 ' 4945

x 3

33. ~x2!J

35. ~x]/2 39. x 45. 51.

1

%x4/3

37. 4v2 - ~V3/4

and all later approximations will equal Xo·

3·

C
-I- C

2 +:x +
f)

41. 2Vr - ~
47. 3eotx C 53. C

+C

43. -2Sll11

te

-21 cos 3" + C

3.\" -

5e-'

-r= + 1:x +
4

C
-I- C

55. 4 sec x - 2 tan x

57.

1 -"2 cos 2"( + cot x

A-30
59'!_ .2

ella pter 4: Answers

27.

Sill

4t + C

61.

111\X\+
C

[<1n-

_\'

63. _. _

1,(V'3+1)

Y3+1
69. -cos
f}

65. lan8

67. -cotx

- .\'

+0 +C

83. (a) Wrone::!!__ ~ dx . x sm x

(x2 sin,r 2
cos x

c) =
C)

2, sin 2

x + x22
+ xsinx

COSK =

+ '2

x2

(b) Wrong: dd (-xeosx x

=
+
C
)

29.

v v
= -.t~ + 6.(2 -

-cosx

9x + J

. d . (e) Right: dx ( -x ccsr + sinr

C) = -cos.\'

+. XS111X +
1?(2)

3-

= x sin x . d. (2< 85. (a) Wronc: b dx 2(2x + 1)2

cosx

+
3

1)3

= ---:---

3(2,

+
3

--t+--C---t::----:--'~)-I

.r

\
y 500 r6.43'2)

d (b) Wrong: dx «2,

6(2Y-'-1)2 (e)

+ +
-

1)3 + C) = 3(2x

+
+

1)2(2)

31.

Right: dy«2x 89. y =

,,2

1» 7x

'.

C) = 6 2x 10 91.

1)-

87. (b)

+ =

11 =

I -y

x2

2-

1 '2

93. y = 9x 1/3

95. s

t
11

97. r
lOt.
1)

cos ('lT8) -

99.
tt

si 11 I -I- 4 I I = '2 see I -I- '2 x3 4x2

= 3 sec-I t -

105. r =

++
+

103. J' = x2 -

+ + =

4x -I5 2~3/2 - 50

33.

2t - 2

107. Y = x3

109. y =
113. v
117.

sin r + cost
);4/3

13 -

111. Y

x-

+~
x-

115. Y

-sin.>.' - cos r - 2
(iii) 33.2uuits = 415/2
-

35. True

(a) (i) 33.2 units, (ii) 33.2 units, 119 .. 1= 88/k, k: = 16 121. (a) 1)= IOt3/2 - 6/1/2 (b) S 125. (a) - \h + C (b) x + C (d) -x + C (e) x - \IX +

(b)

4t>!1

(e) \h -I- C C (f) -x -v'X

Practice Exercises, pp. 343-347

I. No 3. No minimum;
absolute maximum:
110 absolute

f( I) = 16; critical
maximum; critical 1

points: x = I and 11/3

37.

5. Absolute
point

minimum: g(O) = I;
= O.

7. Absolute minimum: at x = 1.
9. Yes, except at .r = 0

2 - 21n 2 at x = 2; absolute 11. No 15. (b) one

maximum

17. (b) 0.8555996772

23. Global minimum

value of

at x

25. (a) t = 0,6,12 (b) t = 3,9 (d) < I < 6, 12 < t < 14

(c) 6

<t<

12

Chapter 4: Answers

A-3t

39.
\=Inl..~

55.
4~.~J)
.v

= -'\2+ -,=X+

In'

:t

-I

'

-~ -.1 -~

~:
I

41.

57.
x2

"

~.'= -

43. (a) Local maximum at x = 4, local minimum inflection point at x = 0 (b)

Lee max

at x = -4,
"
- -:

1'=

- __ t

,I

=0

_,3+:! \ l"=-'-=~+2x 2

I
.t

Inn Lee min

59.
:

45.

(a) Local maximum at .r = 0, local minima at x = x = 2, inflection points au' = (I ± '17)/3 LUI': 11Ii1X (b)

l and

:y=
: x=
I

.tl_4 .\.2_J
r-

\/3

r=

Loc min
JI1I'1
\ =-1

47.

(a) (b)

Local maximum at x = local minimum at x inflection points at x = ± I and (]

L""

v2,

Vi

'"0'

61. 5 63. 0 65. 67. 3/7 69. 0 71. I 73.lnIO 75.ln2 77 .. 5 79_ -'Xl 81- I 83, eN 85, (a) 0.36 (b) 18. 18 87. 54 square units 89. height = 2, radius = r: 91. x = 5 - V 5 hundred s= 276 tires. l' = 2(5 hundred s= 553 tires 93. Dimensions: base is 6 in. by 12 in., height = 2 in .. maximum volume = 144 in.'

V2

-Vs)

("",1

Loc min

95.

X5

= 2.195823345
-

97.

.;,A 5 4 + '2x 2

7.1

53.

99. 2tJ/2 lOS. }(I 109. - ~

4+
01'4)3/4

ClOt.

- r ~ 5+C 107. [Own 111.

103. ((11

I )~il

to + C
sill ~

esc To

'V2 f) + C
+

±x I

---------

1-----"----------6

113. 3lnx 117. 2 _ 82-...

.~2

ells.
3

±e' + eZsec-Ilxl
=

+ C119.

-I- C 4/5/2

"1 . ,l' [_

= ". - 1,. x

123. r

413/2

81

A-32
125.

Chapter 4: Answers

Yes, ~jn-l(x)

and -COS-I(_~} differ by the consrant

rr/Z.

n.'1. t/v2 tmits long by lrV~ units high, A = 1/Y2e "" 0.43 units2 129'. Absolute maximum = 0 at x = e/2, absolute minimum = -0.5
131. atr = 0.5 x = ± 1 are the critical points; Y

(e) 8sm(-i) Increases,

"" 3.061
To

(d) Each area is less than the area of the circle. the polygon area approaches" .

As n

I is a horizontal

asymptote

in both directions; absolute minimum value r' e-V2/2 at x = -1, and absolute maximum

of the function is ~ value is e " 2/2 at point down

Section 5.2, pp. 369-370

1.
3.

x = I. 133. (a) Absolute maximum of 2/e at x = e2, inflection (es/3, (8/3)e-4/3), concave up on le8!", DC), concave
on (0, e~(3) (b) Absolute maximum of I at x = 0, inflection cave down all (c) Absolute concave points (± 1/\/2,

T+T+2+1 =7 COSO)77 + COS(2)1T +

. .77

6( l)

6(2)

COS(3)7T

5. sm rr - sm"2 7. All ofthem 15.

SII1"3

1T

\13-2
2

cosl-llrr

=0

I /\,0t) , concave lip OIl (-co, -1/ \/2) U (1/\1'2, CX!), con-

(-I/"V2, I/V2)
of I at x = 0, inflection point (1, 2/e), down on ( - CX!, 1)

maximum

lip all (I, co ); concave

k~1

±(
y

9. b

_l}H

Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 348-35:1.

1. The function is constant on the interval.
3. 5. The extreme (a) and .r points will not be at the end of an open interval. at x = - I , points of inflection at x A local minimum

17. (a) -15 19. (a) 55

21. -56

k (b) 1 (b) 385

-73

1.

(c)

(d) -11 27. 3376 (b)

(e) 16

(c) 3025

23,

25. 240

29. (a)

=
r:

0
j(_'r_~",-_ r"2

(b) A local maximum

at x = 0 and local minima at x

_ I.

at x = -1

and x = 2, points of inflection

I ± V7
3

OSx~2
Left-hand

1:1. a = I,b = D.c 9. No 15. Drill the hole at y = h/2. 17. r= RH for l-l 2(H - R) . (b) ~ 2e
(c) (.b) c

13. Yes R iff.i """?R -

>

')R r -, Cd) 0

~9. (a) ~ 21. (a)

1
+
2

(e)

-t
-

(t) 1 4e
q

(g) ~
2

(II) 3

c- b

(e)

2bc

+ 4ae
25.s=cekl (c)
y
(2.3)
1'(x)=,\_2_1, U~.\"~2

(c1)c+b+123.mo=1--ql,n"l1
2

27. (a) k
29.

-38.72

(1)) 25 ft 31.
1..'0=

Yes, y = x

1'/2 ---:::-= b 3/4

.)

Midpoint

CHAPTER 5
Section 5..1, pp. 360-362
L 3. 5. 9. B. 1'"
(a) 0.125 (3)1.066667 0.3125,0.328125

(b) 0.21875 (c) 0.625 (d) 0.46875 (b) 1283333 (e) 2.666667 (d) 2.083333
7. 1.5, I.574603

(a) 87 in,
31 16

(b) 87 in. 11. (a) 349011 (b) 3840 A: (a) 74.65 It/sec (b) 45,28 ft/sec (c) 146.59 ft

31. (a) y
j{x)

(b)

17. I
Upper Upper = 758 gal, lower = 543 gal
= 2363 gal, lower

19. (a) (b) (e) 21. (a) (b)

1693 gal

::::sinx. -7T$XS::" Left-hand

::::31.4h,""32.4h

2Y2 "" 2,828

Chapter 5: Answers (c)

jLr) = sin .r.
-OT$X::;'Ii

A-33

1
lX

55. 51/4 61. d,sincey' 63. b, since

57.

11

59. I

~7T

Midpniut _'!.-Cf-'

=
F'

y8ndY(7T) sec

= ./" ,dt - 3 = -3

('"I

-r.:

iT C -__, I--12--j -,ir"----1I--~--1I---"----+ I--'

and yeO) =

./0

{asec

t dt
dx

4=4
Sf)

65. J' = ('sec t dt 33.

39

1.2
~..J...~~

37. 12

2711 -; 9,12 2n-

69.

2 '3 bh

J2

67. s = ('I(x)

Jill

7 J. $9.00
= d,"

.6

6n2'

73. (a)

Section 5.3, pp. 379-383

1. 7.

j'(l
-if/oJ,

Ino

X2

dx

3.

15
-7

== -dd ["f(x) dx = 1(1) =v(S) = I(5) = 2 m/sec ~.t o (b) a = df/df is negative since the slope of the tangent line at t = 5 is negative.
1.-'

tl

(x2 -

3x) dx

s.e_l~dX

.J~

.\

(c) s =

l3

f(X)

dx = ~(J)(3)
triangle formed

tm

since the integral

is the

sec x dx

area ofthe

by .\. = j(x),
1=

the x-axis, and lies below the

x
(d)
f

9. (a) 0
11. 13. 15. ]7. 21. 29. 39. 51.

(b) -8 (c) -12 (d) 10 (e)-2 (f) 16 (~l) 5 (b) 5-v3 (e)-5 (d) -5 (a) 4 (b)-4 Area = 21 square unit Area == 9r./2 square units 19. Area = 2.S square units Area = 3 square units 23. b1/4 25. b2 - a2 27. 1/2 2 3r. /2 31. 7/3 33. 1(24 35. 3a2/2 37. b/3 -[4 41. 10 43. -2 45. -7/4 47. 7 49. 0 Using n subintervals of length ilx = bin and right-endpoint
values: Area=

3. = 6 since after t = 6 to
= I=

9. the region

x-axis,

(e) At t = 4 and
there. (f) Toward velocity between

7, since there are horizontal

1

tangents

the origin between is negative

6 and

I=

9 since the
is positive of there. 0 to 9

on this interval.

Away from the origin

t = 0 ~1J]d! = 6 since the velocity

side, because the integral there being more area above the

(g) Right or positive is positive, below.

I from

x-ax

is than

77. 2x - 2

79. -3x

_fo

(b3x2cLr=b) h/n and right-endpoint

81.

(a)

True. Since

5 g is differentiable
or Calculus. it is differentiable. by Part I or

is continuous, Theorem = f(l) because = !'(l)

53.

Using values:

II

subintervals

of length !1x=
Area

the Fundamental (c) True,sinceg'(l)

(b) True: gis continuous

(d) false,sinceg"(I)

= O.

./0

/b2crdx=b2

57. av(.f) = -2 59. aV(ll = J 61. (a) av(g) = -1/2 (b) av(g) =1 (e) av(g) = 1/4 63. a = 0 and b = I maximize the integral, 65. Upper bound = 1, lower bound = 1/2 67. for example, 69.

55. av(f)

=0

(c) True,sinceg'(I) (f) False: g"(x)

= 1'(1) > O . f'(x) > 0, so g" never changes sign. (g) True, since g'( 1) = /( I) = a and g'(x) = I(x) is an increasing function cf.r (because j'(x) > 0).

>

O.

= Oandg"(I)

10"
2::

Jat'1(x)

dx

l. a
J

sin (x
b

dx:S;

10"

dx =
=

Section 5.5, pp. 402-403

1/2 I. -+cos3x
.J

0 dx=

71. Upper bound

+
)

1 3. -2 sec 21 + C C

5. -(Ix

- 2)-4

7. -6( 1 - rOJ '/2

1 )1' 9''3(x'"-I.

Section 5.4, pp. 392-395

L6 15. -r./4
23.

1. (2 ,I) -c;Stn.x-'--L.

") +

3. 8

5. 1
17. -,2113

7. 5/2
19. -8/3
25. 16 I)

9. 2

11. 2V]

13. 0
L I. (a) -

21. -3/4 27. 7/3

35.

(co~ 2e)

(b) -

(csc2 20)

+ +

C C
C

'\1'2 - \Y8 +
-Jr
(4
77 -

29. 7T
(cosvX) ( ,1

31.

2")

I 33. 2(e -

37. 4{5 45. L

39. 3.\'" e-_'Y 47.

2xe(I/2),"

41. 49.]

v'I+7
51. 28/3

2 vx

r:)
sinr

13.

I. -')\3 - 2.1"-),-" + C
- (;i2)j!~

2 lS. '5 (5.1'

J9. (-2/(1

4) ," 1-

17. -~(l

+ +

+ ,/t») + +
C

43. _~x-I/2 53. 1/2

21. ~sill(3=
J

4)

23. ln lsecx]

A-34

Chapter 5: Answers

25.

(;.~

Y+
+ I) 1

27. C C C

-teos
35.

(X3/

1)

3. (a) -1/2 C 5.

(b) 31
1)-1/2 dx = 2

(c) 13 7.

2~ 33. 37.

I. 2 cos (21 I) +sin ( T

+ + +

31.

Sill" (l/e) 2 2

lS(2X ~ + -2\112
=

i>OS~dX
8v2
6-

(d) 0

=2

(s3+2s2-Ss+5}2

n. 8/3
C

9. (a) 4

(b) 2 13. 62 I

(c) -2 15. 1 25. 4

(d) -27T (e) 8/5 17. 1/6 19. 18 21. 9/8

23. 32

27.

7
33.

?(

1-

x1 ).,,"

39. e,;nx

29. Min: -4, max: 0, area: 27/4 37. Y C dt - 3

41.2ran(eV;_:+I)+C 45. z - ln Ll + e'J + C

49. es;n.r

43.lnllnxl+C

+
2.

51. tan" x

47 .. %t311-1

e;') +
+

l\Si~11)
_I

31. 6/5

39. Y

Sin-I.,

41. y = sec

x+

3' x>
+
I)

2'iT

43. -4(cosx)]'c

+
C

(sin-1 x)3 C

53. In] tan'" C

yl +

45. 82

+
.J

sin (2f.!

47.

"3 + I + +
C
1- C

(3

55.

(a)

----'--:.:- +
+
2
I

6 (b)• 2 + tan'x

I . J .,) 49 .. -::;- cos (2c :- + C 55. -~17 57. In (9/25)

51. t<1l1(e" - 7)

53. e''''H

(e) 57. I "6 sin

+ tan'x
()']

6.

+C
1"

59. -±(lnxr2

V 3 21' -

C 9

59. s

I = 2"

.~ (3t- -

1)4 _ )-

61. ? II " _ n.J 6.5 .

(3·,2)

63. l2 sin" 2lr -

I) +- C I1

61. s = 41 - 2 sin (21 63.. s = sin (2f -

+ ~) +

\/'2 tan - I ')

-

(x . -.r:·1) + C
v2
C 71. 2Vtan-1 79. 8

6.7 _.1. -I 12.1' 'J. 4 sec

y

I) +

1001 + 1

65. 6 rn

69. b) 399 Volts

69. e,;n-I 75. 2 8S

-r: -In.
+
I

73. 16 83.TI/2 91. 2 93. 101. 9/J4

\13"

81. 27\13/160 89. -I 99.1/6

87. 6\13 - 2'iT Jn2 97. e - I

Section 5.6,. pp, 410-419

(b) 2/3 (b) 0 11. (II) 1/6 (b) 1/2 17. 3/4 19. 35/2 - 1 27. In 3 39. 47. 57. 67. 73. IT/12 16/3 29. (ln2)z I. (3) 14/3 5. (a) 15/16 3. (a) 1/2 (b) -1/2 7. (a) 0 (b) 1/8 9. (a) 4 13. (a) 0 (b) 0 15. 2\/3 rr, 3 23.rr/3 25. e 31. b~4 33. In 2 35. 11127 (0) 0

95. 15/16 103. 9: 2 111. 'TT112 117. (a) 37.

tr

105. 'iT
113. (3) b

J07. 71/\13 (b) b

I

109. sec-112yl + C

-t (xlnx (ox
12 L

-x

C) = x·-:--\. + lnr - 1 .

0 = lnv

41. 2-rr/3 43.\13" 49. 25/2 51. 'iT/2 5/6 59. 38/3 61. 49/6 8/3 69. 8 71. 5/3 (There 18 75. 243/8 8/3 4 4 87. "3 - IT 83. 56/15 85. 4

rt.

-I 45. -Tl/12 53. 128/15 55. 4/3 63. 32/3 65 .. 48/5 are three intersection poinrs.) 79. 2 81. 104/15 , 89. 'TTj2 91. 2 93. 1/2

1 (b) e - 1 119. 25"F 12S -129. 133.

\12 +

cos) x

123. -"--~

-6

dv -2 dv I __:'_ = ,co, (2 lnx] 127. = /====;,-~===;==-: dx xc ell" '/1 -~.lVI _ 2(sin-l.\f Yes 131. -VI +x2 Cost f':; $10,899 using a lower sum estimate

-=-

., + x

95. 1 97. 1n 16 99. 2 JUI. 2111 5 103. (3) (± V~, c) (b) c = 42/3 (c) C = 42/3 105. 11/3 107. 3/4 109. Neither 111. F(6) - F(2) ]13. (a) -3 (b) 3 115.1= a/2

135. 600, S IS.OO

137. 300, $6.00

Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 419-423

1. (a) Yes

5. (a) 1/4
7.. j(x) 11. 36/5

Practice herdses,pp.
I, (a) about 680 ft

415-419
(b)
h (feel)

= -.....:.:....~ 9. y +1

(b) No (b)"J,ij2 x

Vx"

xl

+ 2, - 4

~:;~t
;00

~oo
.1110
20U 100

---J~'-'----'-l

-6L___l_

....

(sec)

Chapter 6: Answers

A-35

13. 2
y

59. ".2/2
63. (a)

61. V = 3308 crrr'

= Ti
Ii

(b)

=0

(c) "=
I
7r~

-I

15.

13/3
y

..

Section 5.2, pp. 443-446

1. 67T 13. (b) 471' 19. 417 3
(a) 21.

3. 271'

5.
15

147T
3

7. S... 9. 5) 17.

51T 6
81T 3

JI.

717 15

15. 16". 16". 3 (b)

(3\12 +

17. 1/2 27. (o)

19. 'rT/2
1T/,1

21. In 2

23.

1/6

25.

Jo

tJ(X) dx

23.

6;

4?T
)

(e) 2...
r

(d) 2" . . the y-axis: V

=

29. Il:2' 21:12' 2: 1

-71"

31. 2/17
=2 (g) [-2rr,0]

. 25 . (a) Ab out t h e x-axis:

tr

27T Is; a b out

11" 6

33. (a) 0 (b) -1 (c) (e) y = 2~'+ 2 - -ir 37. 2/x 39. sin 4r sin .;. - --'

(d);.: = I Ixl x In--;::::

(f) x = -I,x
l'

(b) About the .r-axis: V = ~~; about the j-axis:

21T (b) 4... (c) 2... (d) 3 3 4... 7... 29. (a) (b) 15 30 24'iT 4811" (b) 31. (a) 5 5 9rr 91T 33. (a) T6 (b)

V=

vr

2";;;

41. 2r lnlxl-

27. (a)

43. (sin x)jx

45. I

\12

577 3

CHAIPTER 6 Section 6.1, pp. 434-438

1. (a) A(x)

16

35. Disk: 2 integrals; washer: 2 integrals; shell: I integral

(b) /lex)

= 'IT( I - .r2) (c) A{x) = 2(1 - x2)

16 S.

= 4(1 - x2)

(d) A(x) =

\13 { I

- x2)

39.1T

(I - i)

3.

3'

16

7. (a)

2\./3

(b) 8

9. 8".
(b) s2h

Section 6.3, pp.45.2-453

15. 2;

11. (a) 'iT2j2

(b) 2... 13. (a) s2h

17 .. 4-17 27. Eln4 2 35. 4-tt In 4 43. 17(17 - 2) 51. (a) 817 53. (a) 55. 16". 15

3217 L9. 5 29. 7r(-T

37 ..
1J':!' -

21. 36 at

23.
13 ) 1

-tt

25. -T (I

- J,)
e-

5V'lO 3 123 13. 32

1.

3. 7 15.

.• 2 21 ~. 17.... /3 4x2 dx
(c)

7.

e)

~+

9. 12

8
+

99

+ 2\/2 2'7T
3

31. 271"
41. 11;7T

33. 27r 19. (a) 21. (a) 23. (3) 25. (a)

2 ... 39. 3 47. 811'

1\/t
-I

45. (b) (b)

-

41T

321T

(e) (e)

561T
15

817 (d) 3 6471'

15

77r 49. 6 22417

15

I" 1~
./0

0::,:

6.13
".OJ

VI +

cos2ydv
(v

(c)

3.82 9.29

VI +

1)2 dy

(c)""

/"i(' scc x dx

(c) "" 0.55

V = 2a1b17l

57. (a) V=

17112(3a - h) 3

I (b) ""lJQm/sec _ 7T

27. Yes. f(x) = ±x + C where C is any real number. 29. (a) y = Vx from Ct, 1) to (4.2) (b) Only one. We know the derivative of the function value of the function at one value of.r.

and the

A-36

Chapter 6: Answers
1

31.. y = e·</2 -

33. -In (2)

35. e3

3 e

23. 253rr/20 31. (a) 5V27T

27. Order 226.2 liters of each color. (b) 2; (2v'2 - 1)

Section 6.4, pp. 463-465

1. 7. 9. 1.3. 17 . 21.

4 it 3. (L/4, L/4) 5. Mo = 8, M = 8, = 1 lv10 = 15/2, M = 9/2,.r = 5/3 Mil = 73/6. M = 5, x = 73/30 11. Mo = 3, M: = 3, x x = G,y == 12/5 15. x = J,y = -3/5 .x = 16/105,), = 8115 19. = O,y = rr/8 (a) 1.44,ji "" 0.36 (b)

33. 8rr2 35. 527T /3 16 37. -;;- '17(e'3/2 + 3e I" - 4) ,j

43. V

32rr, S

32 v'2rr

45. 4172

47. 3",)/6

= O,.v =

1 49 ..

x~

4b == O,y = 3rr

51.v21Ta3(4

53.

+
2
3

~I

Section 6.6, pp. 482-485

3. 4 em, 0.08 J 5. (a) 7238Ib/in. (b) 905 in.-Ib. 2714 in.-Ib 7. 780 J 9. 72,900 ft-lb 13. 160 ft-Ib 15. (a) 1,497,600 ft-Ib (b) 1 hr, 40 min (d) At 62.26 !b/ft}: a) 1,494,240 ft-Ib b) 1 hr. 40 min At 62.59 Ib/frI: a) 1,502,160 ft-lb b) 1 hr, 40.1 min 17. 37,306 ft-Ib 19. 7,238,229.47 ft-lb 21. (a) 34,583 ft-Ib (b) 53,483 ft-Ib 23. 15,073,099.75 J 27. 85.1 ft-Ib 29. 64.6 ft-Ib 31. 110.6 It-Ib 33. (a) r(y) "" 60 - V502 - (y - 325)1 for 325 ::::; ::::; 375 ft y (b) t!. V'" 1T[60 - V2500 - (y - 325)2f c"y (e) 1{1" = 6.3358" 107 ft-lb 35. 91.32 in.-oz 37. 5144 x 10iO J

1. 400 N . m

23. 27. 31.

- = ~,y4 - =' 0 In x

'5 -c = 7 ,)-; _. x 29.

11116 12

= 3/2,y

== 1/2 (b)

x=

~~6'Y 0

41~ 16

(a) (e)

22i

rr

= 2,.J! =

)'
A

Section 6.7, pp. 489-491

1684.81b 3. 28081b 5. (a) 1164.81b (b) 1194.71b 13091b 9. 41.6 Ib 11. (a) 93.331b (b) 3 ft 1035 ftl 15. wb/2 No. The tank will overflow because the movable end will have moved only 3 ft by the time the tank is FLlIL 19. 4.21b 21. (a) 374.41b (b) 7.5 in. (e) No 1. 7. 13. 17.

-4

35.

= 1/3

37.

x=

a/3,y

= b/3

39. 138/6

Practice Exercises, p.494

9rr 1. 280 7. (a) 27T 9. (a) 8", 3.
2 tt

41 .x=

a 'Y=4 - aTT

72", 35

Section 6.5, pp. 474-477

1. (a) 2'171Tr/4tallxVl 3. (a) 2rr

(b) '17 (e) 12rr/5 (d) 2671/5 (b) 1088'17/15 ee) 5121TIIS rr)/3 13. 7T(e 23. 9~ 29. 1) 15.. 25.
2~7T

sec4xdx

(e) "'3.84

11. 7T(3 19. 3

v3 -

ft3

17. 8/5

[2 Y V I + ),-4 dy
-

(e) ;:,;5.02 27.

~o

1112

21. 10
= 12/5

..

x "" o.j :=
=
11/10 37. 4640 J

= 3/2,y

= 91S,y

5. (a) 2rrl\3 7. (a) 2'17 9. 47TVs

[7.

v'.;:} V

(I -

3x-I/2)2

dx

(e) ""63.37

31. 28rrV2/3 39.

33. 477

35. 76'17/3 45. 332.81b

1"'/3(1""
- 1)/9

10 ft-lb, 30 ft-Ib

41. 418,208.81 ft-lb 47. 2196.481b

tan t dt) sec y dy 13. 98'17/81

(e) "'2.08 15. 2'17

43. 22,50017 ft-lb, 257 sec

11. 3rrV5

rreYs

19. 35rrVs/3

21. rr

C~

49. 216w] + 360W2

In 2)

Chapter 7: Answers

A-37

Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp. 494-'t95

1. j(x) 5. x
=

J2Y;;
=
211

15. I, J 21. (h) In(eP\lotJooo) = 17,000,000

= el7
~

a
11

3. /(x) l' (0. 1/2)

== V~

<

(e17XIO'')I/JO''

a. where C ::=:

24, 154.952.75

0-

'.1'

9. (a) .t = .v = 4(/2 (b) (2a/rr,2a/rr) 11. 28/3 17. (a) 211/3

ab

b21/i3'T1"(a

b))

13. 4hY33mh (b) (6a1

(e) X""· 3.4306311 X 1015 (d) They cross at x ~ 3.4306311 X 1015 23. (a) The algorirhrn that take' 0 (Ii log2 11) steps 25. It could take one million for a sequential search; at most 20 steps fo r a b i tl ary search. 411)

IS. ~ 2329.6 Ib

8ah

-I-

3112)/(6a

-I-

Section 7.4, pp. 530-534

L eosin = 5/4, tanh x = -3/5, coth x = -5/3, sech,r = 4/5. cschx = -4/3 3. sinhr = 8/15, tanhr = 8/17,cothx = 17/8, scchx = 15/17 cschx = 15/8

CHAPTER 7 Section 7.1, pp. 506-508

1. In(t) 7. In (I 15. 3. lnly1251 I
-I-

+
C

C 11.

5.11116
8el.'i-11

-I-

3[31111 + C C C C 27. 21n2 13. 2

5. .v

-I-

1
I

7.
I

e5x

9.

e~\"

13. 2 cosh

123.2

+ Y~) + C 9. 2e\~' + C 17. -e-I'

-I-

+ +

15. sech" v

-r.,

tanhVt

'VI

17. coth:: 21. tanh3u

19. -elix
-t-

21 . _I_ e""'''' r. 29. In 2

23 . 1

25. In (l

e)
r

19. (In seche)(sechA 25. 2\/x(l

I

tanh s) 27. -[ [ -

31. 1:7

33. 32760

35. 3Y2-1 41. 3 ~2 43. III 10

x)
I

e-

tanh"! 8
I

37. 111\0 45.. 49. 55. 69.

CIIl;y)2)

29. --r - coth" V 2Vt

31. +sech" x

39. 20n2f

(InlO)lnlln.l;1 + C 47. y = 1- ccs Is ' - 2) _\' = 2(e-" + xj - 1 51. j: = x + Inlxl + 2 53. '"IT In 16 6 -I- 1112 57. (b) 0.00469 (a) 1.89279 (b) -0.35621 (c) 0.94575 (d) -2.80735 (e) 5.29595 (n 0.97041 (g) -1.03972 (h) -1.61181

35. I sec x]
45. 7lnlex[7 49. -2 sech 57. 3/4 67. (a)

4I

cosh 21; 2

43. 12 sinh (~ - In 3) +C

+
I

e-x,171

47. tanh('x 3 53. 32

3) +
+
1112

C 55. e - e"
I

51 . In~2 InY2

Section 7.2, pp. 515-517

1. 3. 9. 11. 13. 15. 21. (a) -0.00001 (h) 10,536 years (e) 82% 54.88 g 5. 59.8 ft 7. 2.8147498 X 10'" (a) 8 years (b) 32.02 years I 5.28 years (:1) Aoell.2 (b) 17.33 years; 27.47 years 4.50'% 17. 56,563 years (a) 17.5 min. (b) 13.26 min. 23. -3°e 25. About 6659 years 27. 41 years old

59. ~ sinh-l

61. In (2/3)

63. -~3

65. In3

eV3)

(b) 1n(\1}

2)

69. (a) coth-I(2) 71. (a) +sech "

un
+

- coth-I(5/4) -I- secll-I (~) (12/13f)

(b)

G) LnG)
(I +
In

_ ([ + \/1 (b) In -In(%) (12/13)

VI ~ (4/5)2)
(4/5)

In(2) = [n(4/3) 2/(.<) -2- = j( .. )

Section 7.3, pp. 521-523

(e) slower (d) faster (b) slower 1. (a) slower (e) slower (f) slower (g) same (h) slower 3. (a) same (h) faster (e) same (d) same (e) slower (1") faster (g) slower (h) same (d) faster (e) faster 5. (a) same (b) same (e) same (f) same (g) slower (Ii) faster 7. (I. a. c. b (d) true (e) true (h) false (e) true 9. (a) false (f) true (g) false (h) true 13. When the degree of f is less than or equal to the degree of g.

73. (a) 0

(b) 0 2[(xl 75. (b) ii/ex) = -2-' 77. (b)

=
;>:;

/(x). ii)f(x) 178.89 fl/sec 81. 27T

Ji!!f-

(e) 80YS

79. y = sech-I(x) - ~ 8- 16IT In 6 :1. 4S5r. + -9-

83.

89. (c) a"" 0.0417525

(d) "" 47.90 lb

A-38
Practice

Chapter 8: Answers

Exercises, pp, 535-536

r

1. -cos e·

3. In 8

5. 21n2

7.

83()'OI"8+ . a sin (In (x - 5))2

-"3

SITI~

(b) sin r1 - ~ sirr' fJ (c) /cOS9 e de

9. 31n 7

11. 2(V2 - J)

13. y = In (3/2l

In 2

sirr' B

15. y = lnr - In 3 17. (a) same rate (b) same rate (c) faster (d) faster (e) same rate (f) same: rate 19'. (a) true (b) false (c) false (d) true (e) true (t') true 21. 1/3 23. I/em/sec 25. In 5x - In 3x = In (5/3) 27. 1/2 29. 18,935 years

=/
=

.I

coss 8 (cos 8) dO (! - sin2 B)4 (cos 8) dB -/ tan8d8

85. (a) !t3n3 0 dfJ

1tan20 1tan28

(b)

Additional and Advanced Exercises, p.536

1. (a)
1

=
tanS 8 dO

Inlcos e]

tan" 0 - ./tall> e de - jtan5()dfJ 811~

(b) 71/2

(1:)17"

3. 2/17

7..

x=

tnr.4, 5.i

(e) ftan70de
(d)

l=:

= ttanliB
I

8 d8 =

J... tan2k
2k

j'

tan2k-1

e dB

CHAPTER 8 Section 8.1, pp. 542-544 1. 2V8x2 + J + C 3.

7. 21n
11.

87. 2(sinv)Jj2

5.ln5 - 7x)1

91.

2Y2 - In (3 In (2 +v3)

2\12)
93. x
=

89.

O,y

= In

(2\1'2 +

3)

(\IX.l..

I)

-l-

9. -t!Jllsin(3 cot (eo

-Inlcsc(eo

13. 3 In sec 15. -Inlcsc(s

f+
+

1)

tan

fl

1)1

+ +

Section 8.2, pp, 552-554 1. -2;'(cos (,'(/2) + 4 sin (x/2) +

3.
[2

C 5. ln4 -

C C
?V/~

sin t

+
+

21 cos t - 2 sin t

4"

- 77)

cot Is - 77)1

17. 1
?

7. ytan-l(y)
9. x tanx l1.

- lnv'1+7 Inl cos x]

+C

"
+

23. -I 25. 3 tan-I 3u 31. 37.:!r. 43. C C 27. 71/18 6sec-115xl+ 33. tan-leX + C

n~

+
S2

29. sin "

35.111(2

\/3)

(x' - 3x2 + 6x - 6)e" + C 13. (x2 - 7x + 7)e' + C 15. (.'15 - 5x4 + 20x3 - 60x2 + 120x - 120)e' 17.
112 -

39. sin'" (t - 2) II+C,whenlx+

19 cos B

41. sec-II~\+ 45 . .c

11>

511

3 \./3

tanx - 2 lnjcsc x

cotr]

- cot x - x

sill 2'1
I

51.
55.

212_-

2 tan-I

(t) +
C

47. x - In C

Ix + II

+C +C + +

21. ~ (-eO 49. 7

+ +

eO SiJ11:1)

+ +

C C
-I- C

+
x2

In 8

2.,-

53. sin " x C 63.4 59. ln] l 65.

VI sin81

+
C

23. ~3 (3sin3x C 25.

2cos3x)

V2

57. ranr - secr

(~e\13rl9

- eVW)
Ti -18

61. cotx

+.\ + csc x + +

Y2

67. 2

27.-3-

77v3

- In(2)

2
+
C

69.1nhl2+II-IIlIV2-1i 73. -In I csc Isin B) 75. ln jsinr]

71.4-~ cot (sin 8) I -I- C 29. ±[-xcos(lnx)

+ xsinClnx)]

lnjcos x]

77. 12 tan"

(vY) +
+
C

79. sec-t'

~ 11 -I- C

81. ln lsec ftan rj]

(a) 33. h(1

31.

1T

(b) 311 (e) 5'iT (d) (2n + l)'iT - In 2) 35. (a) Ti(r. - 2) (b) 21i"

37. _l_(l - e-21T) 39. u = x".dv = cosxdx 2r. 41. u = x", du = e'''' dx 43. x sin " x -I- cos (sin-I x) 45. x sec'" x - In + 49. (a) x Sinll-1 x - cosh (sinh"! x) (b)
X

Ix ~I
+

C C

47. Yes

+
C

sinn"' x - (l

X2)1/2

Chapter 8; Answers

A-39

Section 8.3, pp. 563-565

1

.. x - 3 + x - 2

3 _1_+ .x+1 I 7. I

(x + 1 f

25 . -I 2 sin

(t_) 5

+ tV25=f2 + 2
49
1

5. ~2

-,1

z:

+ _ -=
~

_17_ 1-3

-12 {-2

9.

Ilnl;1:
7[

-I- V4X~ -

+C
13. ~ 17. -2V4
IV

I 9. 2[ln11 11.

xl ?

Inll - xl]
-

C 13. (lIlIS)/2

II.

'/ y2 7 49 2

sec-l"7

C') ] + C
-I- C x \! x2
-

x -

+
)1."1

I "7lnl(x +

6j-(x -

1)'1 -I- C 1 -I-C

15. 17.3In2-2

b(x
j

4)3/2 - 4~ 21. -

+C

1 1 ]5. -2Inltl+"6lnlf+21-1-3Inlt19 . .!.LnIX+II4 x-I 23. tan-I v __

. y2

II

-I- C

19. 4"\/3 - 4rr /3 23.

2(..- - 1)

;'

21. (rr+2In2)/8

_l(~y
5

+C
4x +C -I- I)

+C

25. 2 lan-j 2\" -I-

(4x2

25. 27.

-(5 - 1)-2
& 2

+1 + (s 2

1_

-I- C 1)-1

29. In 9 - 111 (I

+
1

via)
C

+ tan " s

-I- C

- I.

2(}

29. x

+ In x ~ 1

In (82

20 -I- 2) - tan-I (&

l)

31. 'Tr/6 C 37. y = {

33. sec'"]»] 'v~

35.

+C
-

- sec-I (~)

Vx2

31. 9x 33.

21n

Ixl

-I-

xI -I- 7ln/x
+

II +

C 35. In

39. y = 1lan-1 (~)

- 3;

41. h!4
47. V'9'377

y2

I 2 -lnlyl+"21n{1

I 37. -In .1 sin .y. 5 smy + 3

21
+

+v2} + C
C

(£....±J..) + C e' + 2
= t+2 61

43.

1-

2 tan (x/2)

-I- C

45. I

39.
41.

(tan-1

2d

- 3 Inlx -

21 +

6 x _ 2 -I- C In2 43. x I

49.~·

]
\12

In

1tan (1/2)

tan (t/2)

+ +

I1
-I-

V21
Y2

lnll - 21 - Inlt 47. l.10

II +

45. 371ln25
49.

I + tan (8/2) 51. In 1 _ tan (0/2)

(a) r = . 499 2 51. (a) 27 - 71

IOOOe41
e4!

(b)

I.. 55 day.s

Section 8.6, pp. 584-587

1. ~ 3.

(b) 0.04%

(c) The area is less than OJI03.

(tan-\!-:r ; 3) + C
(2(X 3 5
2)
1)

Section 8.4, pp. 569-570

1. 8/15 ]3. 23. 2\/3 29.2(1 3. 4/3 15. 4 -I- In 17. 2 5. 16/35 7. 37T 9.
IT

. r+»: V.x - 2
(2'( -

11. 2

19. 21n (I 25. 4/3 .-

+ \12)
27. 4/3 33. -6/5

21.

\12

5.

3)3/2(X

(2

-I-

\13)
3" 27 4

- 1112) 2?-r ((

31.

InV3

35. rr

7. -~ 9. (x

2 - 31n

1~-31
~

+C

V9 - 4r + 3
. 4 sin
.
-I

9'J'4 + 1)3/2

1)
41. In

37.

39.

(1

\12)

2)(2x - 6)~.L 6

41. 7T2/2 Section 8.5, pp. 575-576

1. In

11. __ I-ln

if?

13. V r--;; x2 43. 7T/4 5. 7i"/6 15. ~\/25

l \)'7 ~I 12+~1
+
x
-

(x - 2) +
~

2 111

x'

IV9

+ y2 + yl

-I- C

- p2

2} sin-I .~ -I- C

A-40
17. 2 sin~1 19. 21.

Chapter

8: Answers

% - ~r'/4 1

)"2

C C

-ttan- [ttan(* - (J)] +

e21
2

2 77. x y - In2 In2

[X2.1 -

I.n2

- -.--, (In2)"

2"']'

79. -xr.' - -- 'JT< 11111 (In 11)2

8]. t[sec(c'

tall (e In
l

l j tanIc' - 1) +Inlsec(e'-

n
+

13 (2 cos 3t

+ 3 sin

3/)

C
-

-+
83.

1),

1+ C
I)
-

v'2
2

(vi +
cos,I'" jX
-

85. 'fT/3
112~ 90 SU11
jX

x _) 1, 23. leos ~I( x, + '4 Sin-1(. ,I) 25. s 18(9 -

1 4x V'~l
J)"

-.t

.2

] 'nJ4~ .87 . 120 SI , jX

cos b3' .t
T

I 'C 45 cos 13 X T 1

S2)

+ -OIS
I'

In

Is + I S

"9 . "3 SI111jX " x ,. I "

2x '9 cos 11 ~ + jX C 101. In\./2'

2. 27 sin h 3x 'C

27. - V~
x 29. 2 V jt
31.
,3

+2Inl~-31
3
,2

I V4x + 9 + 3
+
C

+C

91. - SeCj17 x

2rr'V3 + 'fT\12
105. 7.62

In (\12

'V3)
'fT/4

103.

4/3,.11

107. '17/8

Ill.

,~

111-4 4 - 4 tan~lv-- -4-

'3 tan " x - (;

+ 61n
+

Section 8.7, pp. 597-603

(1

+ XC) +
35.

33 . 37,

_ cos 5x _ cos x io 2 63111 (0/12)

c
.

Sl
+

Jsin
C

(7t/2)
7

sin (9t/2) 9

j,
T

+ %sin
I)

(78/12)

39 • .lInex-" 2 41.

2( I

(x -

~)Sin~I\;:;_: - \/x ,2 Sin I -

+
.1'2

i~
+
C

x")

+ -21 tan-Ix +
+
C

43 .. sin~l~ 45.. '-II v 47, In

I11 ---'.--J+

YI

r-r-r--r-r-r-rr-

sml

5i0

/1 +

Ilny

+ Y) +
-

(InFP

I+ C
x +C
4

49. In 131" 51 . x cos

+'/9r·1

I +C

-Iy- + 2: sui X -:2IV~-2I '-I\h x x

2 sin} 2x

sin" 2x cos 2x 53, - =-=':I-=O'=-::::":' 55. 57. cos 27T~ Sill 2m sin"
2~~OS2 3

15

cos 2x

- --15-

cos 2x
31

+
C

+ ~ cos 27T~sin

2m

2fJ

Sil~~2e + C

59. ~ tan} I

61. t,u,22); - 21nlsec2tl 63. 65. 8 [I sec

+ +
1

1. I: (a) 1.5, (b) 1.5, 0 0'% II: (a) 1.5,0 (b) 1.5,0 (e) 0% 3. I: (a) 2.75, 0.08 (b) 2,67,0.08 (e) 00312 "" 3%, 11: (a) 2.67,0 (b) 2.67,0 (c) 0% 5. I: (a) 6.25,0.5 (h) 6,0.25 (e) 0.0417"" 4% n: (a) 6, 0 (b) 6,0 (e) 0% 7. I: (a) 0.509, D.03l25 (b) 0.5, 0.009 (c) 0.01.8 "" 2'% II; (a) 0.5,0.002604 (b) 0.5, 0.0004 (c) 0%, 9. r: (a) 1.8961,0.161 (b) 2,0.1039 (e) 0.052 "" 5% II: (a) 2.0045,0.0066 (b) 2,0.00454 ee) 0% 11. (a) 0.31929 (b) 0.32812 (e) 1/3,0.0]404,0.00521 13. (a) 1.95643 (h) 2.00421 (e) 2,0.04357, -0.00421 15, (a) 1 (b) 2 17. Ca) 116 (b) 2 19. Ca} 283 (b) 2 21. (a) 71 (b)]O 23. (a) 76 (h) 12 25. (a) 82 (b) 8 27. 15,990 ft3 29 .. 5166.346 ft Po; 0.9785 rni 31. ""10.63 ft 33. (a) ""0.00021 (b) "" 1.37079 (e) ""0.015% 35. (a) 3.11571 (b) 0.02588 (e) WitbJl.l= 3.ll,wegetIETi'" (,,3/1200)(3.11) <0.081 39. 1.08943 41. 0.82812 43. (a) TIO "" 1.983523538, TlOo "" 1.999835504, TlOtio "" 1.999998355 (b) n IETI = 2 ~ T" IO 100 1000 0.016476462 = 1.6476462 X I D~2 1.64496 X 10-4 1645 X 10-6

ee)

cot3 I

cot t

tJ
3.
.X

C tan 7l'X I

7TX)(tan'17X) 7T

+ 7TIn I sec ToX +

67 '. ,eel 3x tan 3x 3 69. -csc3xcotx 4

+
-

3t811

2,

C 3 - Slnlescx

3escxcotx 8
,2

+ 9
C
e3x

cotr]
(3x -

+
1)

71. 4x4(lnxf 75.

b,"e,/2 -

- 2\·4(1nx) + ~ 12,2",.</2

C I)

73.

96ex/2

(i -

Chapter 8: Answers

A-41

45. (a) (b)

(x) = 2 cos (x2)

.1';::- -"'_~
o;in\x~)

4x2 sin (x2)

77. (a)

."

+ 2 cu;;Lr)

/
(e) The graph shows that -3 (d)
:=;

rex)
=

:5

2 for -1

:-=; x:=;

1.

(b) ~O.683, ""0.954, ""0.997 81. Diverges 83. Converges 85. Converges

87. Diverges

IETI

(-(-I)
:-=; :-=;

12

(.:1x2)(3)

2
(1)
11 ~

D.\.2

(e) IETI

2
.:1x2

012 :-=; ---]

Practice Exerases, pp. 618-622

20 1 '3" 1. 12 (4x~ - 9) /5.
-I- C

< O.Ot

47. (a) 2.3,1.6,1.5, 2.t, 3.2, 4.8, 7.0, 9.3,10.7,10.7,9.3,6.4,3.2 1 (b) 4r.}o (C(y)bZl' (e) ""347 in."

r,

'

3.

(2t·

I ()

1)5/2

(2T

-I-

I )~/2

v'~ 8

1(_ 7. 21n 2)

+ )r) +
0

(d) V:::::: 34.79 ill.] by Simpson's Rule. Simpson's Rule estimate should be more accurate than the trapezoid estimate. The error in Simpson's Rule estimate is proportional to ilx4 = 0.0625. whereas the error in the trapezoid estimate is proportional to i1x2 = 0.25. a larger number when LlX = 0.5 in. 49. (3) ;::,,5.870 (b) IETI $ 0.0032 51. 21.07 in. 53. 14.4 55. 54.9

9. -~ 13.

+C
I cos 28)

11. ;5 (.:513 + 1)5/3 + C C 1 15. --4 Inl3 1

2( I -

4 cos

II

-1- C
-I-

17. -Ieco,lT

+ +
.

J9. -3cosJ(ell) 25. In

C C 29.

+C
v] + C

21.!;2

2·,-1

23. ln lln vi + C
27. sin-I (2x)

12 +

tan-I

sin"' (~)

Section 8.8, pp. 615-617

1. H/2

3. 2 17.17

5. 6

7. rr/2

15. 25. 35. 43. 51. 59. 65. 67.

v3

19.111(1 +

f)

9. In 3 21. -1

1 L In 4 23.

13.

31. -3

tan"

(-.l~)+

33 . Ssec -I I

Isxl "4

35. Sin-'('; 2) + C
39 . sec -II x - 1 I 43. 45.

37. ~tall-tl; 4] . 2 x

2) + C
T

-1/4 27. Ti/2 29. rr!3 31. 6 33. In 2 Diverges 37. Converges 39. Converges 41. Converges Diverges 45. Converges 47. Converges 49. Diverges Converges 53. Converges 55. Diverges 57. Converges Diverges 61. Converges 63. Converges (a) Converges when P < I (b) Converges when p > ( 69. h 71. III 2. 73. (b) ""0.88621
(a)
v

sin 2x -4-

tcoS3(~) - 2COS(~)
tan2

+ +

75.

47. 53.

(2/) 1 4 - lIn Isec211 in I esc (2x)

co\(2.x)
(~)

I+

49. 111\/2 C

51. 2

2\/2
+

55. x - 2l8J1-1

+
C

57. x -I- xl
1.2
Il.~ U.6 . 0.4
SIL~ I;;;;

.10

21n

t ..

in I dt

\ "" sin
/

59. In (y" 61. -\/4 65.

4)

--::-I'----r-:--{--~--r-~-r~<;:::;t::-~

25

- r2

U.'2
I)

-0.2 10 15 20 25

-tin
I
(

G·) + + 2Sin-l(t) +
-l
tan-'

12t-II

C C 63. x -Ianx -I- sec x

[sec If - 3x)

tan (5 - 3x)1

(b) 1T/2

67. 4 In sin

(*) I +
3

69. -2

(\~)3
-

(~)5)
5

A-42

Chapter 8: Answers

71. !(=V.:2 + I +
73'. In 1 y

Inlz

,\,.':2

1/) + C
x
2

163.

1:1sin (28 2 x2

+ + +

1) -I-

cos e2f) 4
.

1)
I

+ .v~I + y- + 25
- x~
sec-Ilw}

c
C
C

7~.

- - VIx 79. In

77. sin;lx
81. ~

+ +
-

15 +

\/~I

165.

T
1

-I- 2,

3 In Ix -

II

x_ \

+ +

167.

-cos (2Vt;:)
,

+
C C

169.

-!J1lcsc(2y) - (r
2)J

+ +

cat (2y)

I+

171. 2'tan-x 175.

]73. -y'4 177. - 2~

83. (x 85.

l)(ln(x

X tan "

(3x) -

1)

(x

+ +
C

1)

+
C

sec/ {~)3

+
3

v;)

Ln (l

+ 9x2) +
J)ex 2ex

87. (x -'- 1)2ex 89. 2e

x

2(x

179. 2.(

181.

tan-I (y -

l)

:;.

_in 2,

eX c~s 2x

+
II

I ' 183. "3 In I sec e> I 185,

C In (z1
189.

91. 2lnlxI:}l1l. ~l"Illx\ -

21-lnlxIn f"

II + x

~I

187. 191.

9-

e.

_lin \cos 8 - 11-'- c 3 cos e + 2 '

+
I)

i]n Izi [t -±\1'9-4f2 +

~z - ~ C In

+ 4) +

ttan-I

(~)]

+ +

C
2

Inlsinal-tln(] -BIn

97. 4111lxl- tiJ1(X2

4tan-1x

197. -

co; x

IsecvYl
-I- C

+ +

193.

I: ~;1
+
C
C
38 1 )

sin 1:1) 195.

C
C

-I- C

x+

199. In (I
C

99. ]61n

I(v - 2)5(v + v6

2)1

+C
+
C

203.1nllnsi.l1vl

207. 101. ltan-I 2 103. 105 ..

r-

\13 tan-I_I_
6

I -5 tan _I
In

205.

fx
C

e')

201. 1/4

J/2

cos (51)

'

209'"3

1(271n+ 27

+C

v'3

211. 2v,.. - 21n(l

213.

+ v,..) + C
)~2 -I-

r~ 4 2 '2 + Iln Ix + 21 + Jln Ix - II + C

1)1: 21
6

+~-

215. 4 sec "

C~J)+

;2 _ ~

In

Ix + 31 + ~ In Ix + II + C
+1+1 / +C
x2 j

217.

Vs-I

219. -T(3b - 0)

+2

107. +In\Vx+l ~ \/x 111. -\./16 115. III 1

1+

.109. 1]]1

j-

e-si
+
C

+
C

113. -tlnl4

x21

Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp, 622-625 1. x(sin-I xi" + 2(sin-1 x)~ - 2x + C
"-l 3 x· Sill . 2

V9 .c;

+C
co; x
i

I 117. 61n Ix + 31 x_3

+
C

+
+

x- 4

sm

'-1

x+

119. - co~ x 123.

121.

T+
5

5.

In Isec 2ft

tan

28 I -I- 2B

co;e _

co~~ 11:1 + C

125.

4VI

- cos (tI2)

7.

(In

(t - Vl=(2) -

sin"!

t) +

127. At least 16 129. T = tr, S = 71' 131. 25°F 133. (3) ""2A2 gal (b) :::;24.83 mi/ga.l 135. 71'/2 ]37. 6 139. In 3 141. 2 143, 71'/6 145. Diverges 147. Diverges 149. Converges
151. 2>;3/2 ~3 - - .r

2x + + -81(tan"' (x + 1) + tan-I (x - I» x -2x+2 11. 0 13. In(4) - J 15. 1 17. 32w/35 19. 2w 21. (a) To (b) "iT(2e - 5) 9. 1161n 23. (b)
71'

1< +

21

r: 2 V x - 2 In

Cv x +

,I

I)

+
C

l53

\(; X . In I v?+J 1_ 1(v?+1)2 2

+
I)

8(111 2)2 16(1112) 16) - --9-I- 27 ( --3~

zs,

(e~4--'-2+1 e2

2)

27.

VI + e2

-111(0
vt;:,

i) - V2+ In(1
33. (b) I

+ \1'2)

155. sin-I (x

+
1

157. Inlu

159. -2 cotr - lnlcsc x

] 61.

cot r ]
T

+ \I'~I + csc x +
C

+
C

29. 6

1 +u 12 III 3 _ v

13

1 V '6 tan -I "3

37.a=2'-4

31. y = I In 2

39'2<P~1

0~ x~ 4 1

Chapter 9: Answers

A-43

41.

e 13(.l 5111 3.t +

,X -" •

s:

"

cas

JX)

"'I

..L

(d)

dv

,1/

= 10 -

41' 100'+ t '

y(O) = 50. 150, )"

1

43. cas x 45.,

Sill

3x -83 sin x cas 3x

Y _ '(l00
C 47.
X

+
.

I) _ (

e'"
a=

b"

(a sin bx - b cos IIx)

III (ax) - x

C
(e)

+ TOO
y(25) nne
111

Concentration

arnt.

b"

tan'

188,6 k = -12"" 1,5 lb/gal )

1

CHAPTER 9
Section 9.1, pp, 632-634
2~ I 9. 3" y'-I' - x"" " = C 13. -x 2 tan 17. Y = sin(x2 11. eY
-

27 . .1'(27.8) "" 14.8Ib,

31. . V (a) 1= R y=1 V - lie
x

1 "" -3

27.8 min

29.

L R In 2 sec b () 8 60 y;,

V = li (.I -

V e -3) ;::.-: 9 )- Ramp U.

eX = C

33.

+ lee

35. y3 = 1

+ Cx-3

23.

vY
C)

=C

1.5. e-Y + 2eV; = C 19. (d) 21. (a)

Section 9.3, pp. 648-649

1. Y (exact) = ~ 3. Y (exact)

25.~TT.~~J77TTT~~~

i,

)'1

= -0.25,

)12

= 0.3,

Y3

= 0.75

= 3ex(x+2i, .1'1 = 4.2, 5. y (exact) = e' + I, )'1 = 2.0, 7. v =:: 2.48832, exact value is e
9.

.\-'2 = )'2 =

6.216, 2.0202,

V:l =

9,697 2.0618

YJ

~v""

-0.2272,

exact value is 1/( I - 2V'5)

"" -0.2880

11

27.

29.

x
0.2 0.4 0.6

z
I

j-approx.
3 4.608 7.623475 \ 3.56369

jr-exaet

Error
0 0.050122 0,211614 0.712777
IS

4.2 6.8J984 11.89262

3 4.658122 7.835089 14.27646

\2\3

~x

I II

y = l + e ~ 3.71828 15. y ~ 1.5000; exact value is 1.5275, 17. (a)

13. Euler's method gives y '" 3.45835; the exact solution

l' = 1 ,y(3) = -0.2 x2 - 2x + 2 (b) -0.1851, error "" 0.0149 (e) -0.1929, (d) ~0.1965, error re 0.0035

error s= 0.0071

Section 9.2, pp. 641-643

eX + C 1. y = --x-'

x>

a
x>

5. v = 1- 1+.f. 2 x x2' 9. y = x(lnx)2 + 11. s =

13. r

. ) . -_ C - xcos x ,x > a 3 a 7. y = ~21ex/2 + Cex/2 x

+
C

1 19. The exact solution in V = 0 , so y(3) = -0.2. To find . x- - 2x + 2 the approximation, let 2" = y,,_1 + 2v" -I(X,,-I j)dx and
1'1/ )',,-1 + (V/-I = (X,,-I - 1) + z} (x} - I»dx with ini. 1 rial values Xo = 2 and Yo = - J' Use a spreadsheet, calculator,

ex
1_

to
3(1 -

(r - 1)4 0 < 0 < 71/2 _ 3 I _1{ 1 7T 1~. v = - - -e 17. l' = --cos8 +. 0 28 2 2 , 1)4 (I -

= (cscO)(lnlsecOI , e"

1)4 C),

or CAS as indicated in parts (a) through (d). (a) -0.2024, error> 0.0024 (b) -0.2005, error> 0.0005 (e) -0.2001, error> 0.0001 (d) Each time the step size is cut in half, the error is reduced to approximately one-fourth of what it was for the larger step size.

19. y = 6ex23.
25.

2'1. Y

ynekl

Section 9.4, pp. 655-656

1. y' = (y -I- 2)(y - 3) (a) y = -2 is a stable equilibrium ble equilibrium. value and y = 3 is an unsta-

(b) is correct, but (a) is not (a) 10 lb/rnin (b) (100 (e) 4CO/+

I) gal

lb/min

A-44

Chapter 9: Answers
7. y' = (y -

)'>0
_j

y'<;{J

y'>O

l)(y - 2)(y - 3) (a) y = I and y = 3 are unstable equilibria and y = 2 is a srable equilibriurn.
(b) y" = (3),2 -

-,2
)"<0

0
~\'~> 0

.I'~<O

(y -

1)0' y'<O

12y

ll)(y

I )(y - 2)(\1 - 3) =

6 -3\!3) C); I.
r' ,
I

2{1' _ 6 \v3}y /<0

f>O
I ,.

3)

0,5

(c)
y'>O.y">O

\,·>0

I I

\"·<0

\'~>o,

3 \'·<0

I I I

~II

<o.y/!<

6 VV3 ~ 2.58 3

(c)
y'>o.yr'<o
y'>u,y~:;-..n

3. yf = y3 - Y = (y + I )y(y - I) (a) )' = -I and v = J are unstable equilibria stable equilibrium, (b) y" = (3.1'2 - 1)/ = 3(.1' + IlCi; + (y - I)
y'<

and y = 0 is a

--4__::::::====~~~.. ---~~~.~.~: ~~
:::;;.-..,.:l:;:::;:=----_--=,.-._-_.= : : -

1/V3}(y - 1/\13)
y':>O

z>.: I~T>': Q
y'< (J. y"< 0

/>0,.\'''<

-I

_r'>U

/<0

---l.of--- ...... --Jol--,-----4>---rl+-+-~_:_ .... v -I.:> -I 0 1.5 : -"W;.O y'<o: y·>O y-<o: y'>O

-0.51

10.5

9. -dP

dt

I-

I d"P 2P 1 las a sta bl e equi'l'b num at P = 1; --, = J' "' dr: -?(1 - 2P) "

-? dP =

-j_ {i

j_

- ell
p

'/3

(C)
IS

r'e».

p" > II

1.25

1.5

75

11. dP _ 2P(P - 3) has" stable equilibrium 5, y' = >0 (a) There are no equilibrium
(b) )'''

v'v,y

unstable values,
4P(2P -

", equilibrium
3)(P -

81

, d'P dP P = .:l; --, = 2(21" - 3)-lf = dr: (

.
I

at P = 0 and an

I 2
/>0

3)
P'"O
l

/">1) I -I

/"> 0 2.5 1'"<0

-o~:) )
f'~<u

~, o.str» -t
I

1 I~

+,
,)

I Jj

I)

/'">0

•~
I

(c)

-2

Chapter 9: Answers

A-45

13. Before the catastrophe, the population exhibits logistic growth

and P(t) increases toward Mil, the stable equilibrium. After the catastrophe. the population declines logistically and pet) decreases toward MI, the new stable equilibrium,
Before Catastrc p pile p After Catustropbc

Section 9..5, pp, 664-665

r,

(a) 168.5 m

(b) 4!.l3 sec

e-(2236.l39.92)I)

3. s(I) = 4.9] (1 5. (a) P(r)

= I

"2'1 + 24e -0 ._-

150

Ilrn

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - __ -

P,

-------

_______ ~

, --------------, , ,

---

--------~

:"'~1.

, , , ,

(b) About 17.21 weeks; 21.28 weeks 8 X la' . 7. (a) y(t) = I + 4e-0711 y(l) ~ 2.69671

-_

1.5_ du dt _ ..

a o

_.! u, m2
.

(b) t"" J.95253 years 400 9. (a) V = 2e' - 1 (b) ."(1) = --:..::..:::.-. 'I + 19ge-2001 Po • j 1]. (a) p(t) = _---'--(b) Vertical asymptote at ( = kPo I - kPot 13. x2

. g, A, 111

>

.. 0 and v ( I):> 0 _ -

. du _ Equilibrium: t - g (.t Concavity:

(a)

~> -2(~V) ~~
=
dt

_! V 2 In

O=V
=

Ei. -"\/
_

+ y2 = C

t,

-2U~v

)(g - fiiv

Il

~>o

du

di<

(b) 15. In Iy
I2 I -'p =

"2X" +
0

I
_\'

(c)

l',ennirmi

(l6O -yOJ)05=
= 50 -

178.. ft·/,sec = 122 mph 9 .

l7.

F = Fp - Fe; ma

Slvl; :~

= k(SO -

SlvlJ.

The

. maximum ve I' ocity occurs when du = 0 or v = 10 ftl sec cit 19. Phase line:
17.
]I =

± V 2. + C

,-

If the switch is closed at t = 0, then 1(0) = 0, and the graph of the solution looks like this: v R

A s t -> 00, I.(). -" l""dy I

V ",t. = R'

A-46
Practice
1. Y

Chapter 10: Answers

Exercises, pp. 666-667

(tan~1

(x ~ c) y
-

3. y2 = sin " (2 tau

5. y = -IU(C 7. tany 11. y

=

;(x -

2)5/1 -

t(x +

x + C)
+
C

2)3(2)

_elx'-I)!2;y(2) "" -3.4192; exact value is -4.4817. 41. (a) y = -1 is stable and)' = I is unstable. d2y dv , (b) dx2 = 2y dX = 2y(y- - 1) 39. y(exact)
_eJ/2
;::; ."~l

-x sin x - cosx '1

-

9. (y Ce
X /

+
2

l)e-Y = -lnlxl

,
I

= eX

13. y

4 e'"
=
23)' .'

4 t .?

: ~<o
I

dx

: ££>0
dx

15·. y=
21. v . 25.
. = =

x2
-2 ~(l .)

2x2

2.;c + C

17. Y

e~" + e 1 + e" 2.3 +

6(x

19. xy
3.\·2

+ y3 =

C (c)

111(2 - e~X)

+6 = =:...__:___:::_:__:_~
+
1)2 1

- 4e-xJ)
-

27. y = 4x - 4~

29.. Y 31.

e -." (3.:.:3

3x2) y 0 0.1000 0.2095 0.3285 0.4568 0.5946 0.7418 0.8986 1.0649

x
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

x
1.1 1..2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

y 1.6241 1.8319 2.05[3 2.2832 2.5285 2.7884 3.0643 3.3579 3.6709 4.0057

~2

AdditionaL and Advanced Exercises, pp. 667-668 1. (a) y = c + (yO - c)e-k(AIV)1

(b) Steady-state solution: y"" = c 3. 0.179%

1.8
1.9 2.0

1.2411
1.4273

33.

y(3) ;::; 0.9063

CHAPTER 10 Section 10.1, pp. 677-681

1. y2 = 8x, F(2, 0), directrix: x = -2 3. x2 = -6y, F(O, -3/2), directrix: y = 3/2

35. (')~

.......--.---"-[~O.2. 4.5J by 1~2.5, O.SJ

5. ~- -

9' = 1, F(±Vl3,O),
±'2 X
F(±J,O), 3
,

v2

V(±2,0),

asymptotes: y = 7. "2+.1'"=1, 9.
y

(b) Note that we choose a small interval of x-values because the

Xl

y-values decrease very rapidly and our calculator cannot handle the calculations for x :=; -1. (This occurs because the analytic solution is y = -2 + In(2 - e-x), which has an asymptote at x = -In 2 ;::; -0.69. Obviously, the Euler approximations are misleading for x :=; -0.7.)

V(±V2,0

r:

11.

x;::-3

),=2

'~
[-I.

-J

0.21 by [-10, 2J

37. y(exact)

tx2 - t;y(2)

;::; 0.4; exact value is

Chapter 10: Answers

A-47

15.

2'9. Asymptotes: y

±x

kl
If.!

f directrix

_Y."" -

k
19. 31. Asymptotes: y

17.
_I'

-5

-4

33. Asymptotes: y 23.

±:£
2

21.

--rio

F2

25. 4

x2

+ y2

39. (a) Vertex: (I, -2); (b)

focus: (3, - 2); directrix: x

-1

2 =1

27. Asymptotes: y

±x

(H 2)' =8Ix- I)

A-48
41.

Chapter 10:. Answers

(a) Foci: (4 .± (b) y

\17,3);

vertices: (8, 3) and (0, 3); center: (4,3)

65. Hyperbola:(x-I)2-(y-2)"=

F(1

(x-4)2 16

--+--=1
9

(\' _3)2

67.

'\./2,2) and IV(2, 2) and V(0,2); asymptotes: (y - 2) = ±(x - 1) (y - 3)2 .2 Hyperbola: . 6 = I, C(O,3), F(O, 6) and

F(

V2,2),

I,

C(I,2).

0;

F(O, 0). 69.

v(o,

\/6 + 3) and

v(O, 71.

-vl6 + 3);
VIx + 3
" 4 alld4_r2+9\12~]6 '

asymptotes: y =
(8.3)

-V2x + 3 or y

=-

x::!·1·4\,2~4

.1

43.

(a) Center: (2, 0); foci: (7, 0) and (- 3,0);

vertices: (6, 0) and

-3
-4

(-2,0): (b)

asymptotes: y = "

±4 (x

- 2)

73.

45.

ly+3f=4(x+2), directrix: x = - 3 47. (x-lf=8(y+7), directrix.j = - 9 (x

-r-

V(-2,-3), V(1,-7), 1)2 _.

F(-1,-3). F(1,-5),

77. 79. S1. 85.

3x2

(x + 2f

3.1'2 - 'l» - 7),

+ =

4 =0 2\/2.
is inside the circle. width = area = 4

(y -

1)2

= 13, Tl~ point

(b) 1 ,1 83. Length 247T 87. (0,16/(37T))

V2,

49.

2?

Section 10.2, pp. 685-686

- I,
• (_ r; _ ) F 2, ± \; J I, 1. e = 3/5. F(±3.0), x = ±25/3 3. e = I/Vt:]_, 1"(0, ± 1), y = ±2 5. e = I/'V}, ± I), Y = ±3

_j_

'

(Y

+
9

V(-2, 51. (x-2f 3

±3 - Ii,

C(-2, -I) =1, F(3,3)andF(l,3l,

no.

(y-3)2 2

7. e =
11. 4851
r"
,

\/3/3, F(±\I3,o).
+
1/2
I '

x = ±3\/3

x! y2 9. 27 -I- 36 =

v( ± v'3 +
53.
(x - 2)2

2,3), C(2, 3) (y ~ 2)2 = I ee2,2), .. :, F(S, 2) and F( -[,2),

4'900 = 1
~2 ).2

V(4, 2) and V(O. 2); 55. ()'

asymptotes: (y - 2) =

'vIs =r

(x - 2) 1)

1)2- (x

))2

= I,

C(-l,-I),

F(-I,

V2 -

::...._+ :_S = 1 64 4 (x - 1)2 (y - 4)2 19, 4 -I9 = 1. 1.5. e

F(I.4±\,S).

r;.

e=

r:. vS/3.

811dF(-1,-v'2-I), V(-I,O)andV(-1,-2)' asymptotes (y + 1) = ±(x + 1) 57. C(-2, 0), a=4 59. V(-l,ll, F(-l,O) 61. Ellipse: (x

y =4± 21.
(J

(9V5/5)
b = -4, c = 0, e=

= 0,

23. e = 27.

2)2

+ y2 = [,
.

C( -2,0),

F(O, 0) and 2,0) F2,IJan

(.

25. e =

F(-4,0), 63. Ellipse: F(O,[,

v(v'5 2

2.0) and
?

V( -VS I,
(

29.
d

V2, F(±\/2, 0), x = ±1/V2 '\.12, F(O, ±4), Y = ±2 e = V5, F( ± v'lo, 0). x = ±2/V'lO e = \15, F( 0, ± VlO). Y = ±2/vlo

'/3;'2

(x - I)"

+(y-l)"=

C 1,L),

,x31. y2 35. e =

V(V'2+ 1,1)andV(-V2

8- =

1
J

, 33. x- -

11 '8 =

1,1)

'\.12, '~ -

8" =1

v2

37. e

2, x2

v2 )-

Chapter 10; Answers

(y -

A-49

6)2

(x 45

1)2

5.

39.

36

7.
y

Section 10.3, pp. 691-693

1. Hyperbola

x=_

ji;}:;;;

9. 17.

21.
25.

3. Ellipse 5. Parabola 7. Parabola Hyperbola II. Hyperbola 1.3. Ellipse 15. Ellipse X'2 - y'2 = 4, hyperbola 19. 4X'2 + 16)" = 0, parabola .1'.2 = I, parallel lines 23. 2\/2x'2 + 8 = O. parabola 4X'2 + 2y'} = 19, ellipse

I
I I=:.

,. ,.,.

n
(I

I I II

v2y'

...

,
\ \ \

27. sin a = ltV'S, cos a: = 2(\15

29. A' = 0.88, E' = 0.00, C = 3.10, D' = 0.74, E' = -1.20, F' = -3, 0.88x'::' + 3.10.1',1 -I- 0.74x' - 1.20y· - 3 = O. ellipse 31. A' = 0.00, B'= 0.00, C' = 5.00, D' = 0, £' = 0, F' = -5,5.00/2 - 5 = 001' y' = ± 1.00, parallel lines 33. A':= 5.05,8' = 0.00, C' = -O.OS,D' = -5.07,£' = -6.18, F' = -I, 5.0Sx'2- O.05y'2 - 5.07x' - 6.l8y· - I = 0, hyperbola 12 rr~ V· y',2 x,;~ 35. (a) =-- + :..__ = (b) -:;- - --; 2 2 ab: b a 9. 11.
.\''1_ .... = 1

, , ,

l
I

;'

I
I

1=0 -I
I)

I .r
I

\
\ \

(e) y' =

-,tx' + :1
=
2

(d) y' =

-,Jzx'
=

13. x=(a-b)COSO+bCOS(a:be).
2a

37. (a) x'::' - /2 45. (a) Hyperbola (b)

(b)

.1,2 -

.1'.2

43. (a) Parabola

= (a -

b) sin

e-

b sin

(0 ~

e)

~'=-2x-+ :1

15. x=asin2ttanl,y=asin2t

17, (1,1)

Section 10.5, pp. 702-703

1. a, e; b, g; c, h; d, f 3.

, !!) (.~·1
(c) )'

-2x -

3, )'

-2x +

(-2.0)

(2.0)

(_,~, !I.) 2

Section 10.4, pp. 696-687

I. 3. (a) (2,

-¥- + 21lT.)

and

(-2, ~ + (21l (-2. 3;

+
1),,),
-I-

-I-

l)-rr).

11

an integer

(b) (2, 2mr) and (-2, (c) I=tr·i

\ \

(2,3; + 2mI')
(f)

(217 and

n an integer

(2n + l)ro ).
811

~~

__ ~~r=~o~.

'...

....

__

- ,.'"

11 I

,
\
\ \

11 an integer (d) (2, (21'1 + 1)r.) and (-2, 21l1T), 17 5. (a) (3,0) (b) (-3,0) (c) (- I,

,... .... __ ...

....

;'

(e) (3,0)

(1, \13)

\13)

integer (d) (h)

(g) (-3,0)

(I, V3) (-I, \13)

A-50
7.

Chapter 10: Answers 9.

Section 10.6, pp, 708-709

1. .r-axis

3. j.-axis

s
r= I +cusO
r=

I-sinn

11.

13.

-2

5. y-axis
-I

7. .r-axis

15.

17.
r=2+sin!.l
1-

-I

-L------,o+--__l_----+x

9. x-axis, j-axis, origin

21.

19.

-I

23. 25. 27. 29. 31. 33. 35. 37. 39.

2, vertical line through (2, 0) 0, the .r-ax is v = 4, horizontal line through (0, 4) x + I' = I. line. /1/ = l , b = I x2 + .1'2 = I .circle, qo, 0), radius I t: - 2x = 5, linc;m = 2,b = 5 )/2 = x, parabola, vertex (0, 0), opens right y = e"; grapb of natural exponential function x + .r = ± I, two straight lines of slope -1, j-intercepts b = ±1 41. (x + 2)2 +v1 = 4, circle, C(-2, O),radius 2 43 . .\" + (.I' - 4)2 = 16. circle. qo, 4), radius 4 45. (:r - 1)2 + (y - 1)2 = 2, circle, C( I, I), radius
X""

11. j-axis, .r-axis, origin

_F =

-r

-I

13. .r-axis, y-axis, origin

15. Origin

V2

47. + = 4 49, f"cosfi = 7 53. r = 2 or r = -2 55. 4r2 cos' 8 57. rsill~(j = 4cose 59. r = 4sin8 61. ,.2 = 6r cos f) - 2,. sin () - 6 63.. (0, e), where f) is any angle

V3v

51. 8 = 71/4 + 9r2 sin2 0 = 36

Chapter 10: Answers

17. Tile slope at (-1,17/2) is
y
+

A~51

l, at (-],

-77/2) is I.

31. 33. 35. 37.

(0,0), (0,0),

(I, 7T/2), (1, 377/2)

(\13, 7T/3), ( - v'3. -7T/3) (vi ±-n-j6) , (Vl, ±57T/6)

(I,h/12), (1,1377/12), (I, 177T/12) 51. 2y =

(l,7T/l2),

43. (a)

2\16 -9~

Section 10.7, pp. 714-715

1. 187T 19. The slope at (I, 1T/4) is -1, at (-1. -1T/4) is I, at (1, -37r/4) is -1. is 1"at (-1, 31T/4) 11. 3.
7T 7T 7T /

8 13.

5. 2

7'"2

'TJ

-]

9. 57T - 8

3V3 3

f+~

15. 121T 21. 8 1T 25. "8 37.

9V3
27. 21T

17. (a)

"2 - "4

19. 19/3

23. 3(V'2 + In( J + v2:))

29. 7T'V'2 31. 277(2 - v2)

(ta, 0)

"8

Section 10.8" pp. 721-723

1. 21.

rcos(e

(a)

!'

(b)

3.

r cos (61

- 7T/6) = 5,y
- 41T/3) = 3,y 7. y=
=3

= -(

-v3x + 10 \I'3/3)x - 2\/3

+ ~)
=5

5. y=2-x 9. r cos 13. 19. 23. 25. 27. 31. 35. 37.

(e - %)
S?

(v3/3)x+2v3 11. r cos (()

23. (a)

(Il)

\"

r = 8 cos (j l5. r = 2v2 sin 8 17. C(2, 0), radius = 2 C(I,7T),mdius =I 21. (x - 6)2 + y2 = 36,1' = 12cosB x2 + (y = 25,1" = IOsine (x + 1)2 + y2 = 1,r = -2 eos e x2 + (y + 1/2)2 = 1/4, r = -sin e 29. r = 2/(1 + cos 0) 1" = 30/(1 - 5 sin tI) 33. r = 1/(2 + cos tI) r = 10/(5 - sin (:I)
y x~1 1 r=-~ I + cos
(j

39.
x;;:: -5

25 r=-10-500'

25.

41.

43.

r=
( 50

50 400

r=c-r-z--r-»

3' 2 '""

")

H 2 - 2 sin

(!

r=

16.,8,;00

(5,0. ~) o _

A-52
45.
)'
A

Chapter 10: Answers

5. e = 3/4 7. e

2
!'

57.

(b)

Planet
Mercury

Perihelion
0.3075 AU 0.71 84 AU 0.9833 AU 1.3817 AU 4.9512AU 9.0210AU 18.2977 AU 29.8135AU 29.6549 AU

Aphelion 0.4667 0.7282 1.0167 1.6663 5.4548 10.0570 20.0623 30.3065 49.2251 AU AU AU AU AU AU AU AU AU

-4

Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus eptune Pluto (a) x2 (b)
r=4sinO

9. (x -

2f

= -12(y

3).
= 1,

V(2, 3),

P(2,0);

directrix:y V(-3,0)and

(X+3)2 11. 9
V( -3,

+
-10),

(.1'+5)2 25
F( -3,

C(-3.-5),

-1) and F(-3, -9)

13.

(y - 2v2)2
8
and V(2, 0),

(x -

2f

1, C(2,2V2),

V(2, 4\1~)

F(2,

v'lO

59.

{.1' - 2)2

4, x

v3
,,13)

asymptotes: y = 2, - 4 '15. Hyperbola: (x -4' 2? -)' .

2\/2) andF(2, -\/io + 2V'2'); + 2\/2 and y = -2x + 4 + 2\12

+
2

I,

F ( 2 ± \15,0,
= V(-3,

r:)

(2·1"3.

V(2 ± 2,0),

(,(2,0);

asyrnptotesj-

±~ (x
I).

2)

(fi.3)

17. Parabola: (y - 1)2 = -16(x + 3), FC -7, I); directrix: x =1 . (x + 3)2 (y - 2)2 19. Ellipse: 16 + 9 = I,

F(

±V7 - 3,2),

V(±4 ~ 3,2),

C(-3,2)

65.

61. r = 4/( I + cos 8) 63. (b) The pins should be lin. apart. r = 20 sin f) (a circle) 67. r cos (e - a) = p (aline)

21. Circle: (x - 1 + (y - 1)2 = 2, C(I, J), radius = 23. Ellipse 25. Hyperbola 27. Line 29. Ellipse,5x,2 + 3y,2 = 30 31. Hyperbola, ),,3 - X'2

V2
=
, I

2
I
I

33.

35.
\ \ \ \
(;;;;-O

Practice Exercises, pp. 723-726

1.
y

s=s:

3.
2
,2::

3x

o
-I

37.

39. (d)

4l. (I)

43. (k)

45. (i)

47. (0,0)

49. (0, 0), (1, ±7T/2) 53.

51. The graphs coincide,

(V2, 7T/4)

Cllapter

11: Answers

A-53

55. y =

63. ( - V ')7 .x 2 .61. .\"2 + (y + 2)2 = 4 67. r = 3 cos 0 65. r = -5 sin 69. 71.

('/3/3)x e

57.x=2S'9.y=-3/2

+ y-, =

] '9. x 2

(a

+ +

b)

cos IJ - b CDS
f) -

(a ;
-

o ),

J' = (a 21. (a) r

bj sin

b sin (a ; be)
~ (e47T I)

r=--~ -\- cr»,

e2f!

(b)

r"",·_5_ I - 2. (;05 Ii

4 2 25. r = -:--+--=2'-c-o-s-=-f} 27·1'=2+sin8 31. I X 107 miles 37. (a) r = __ 33. e = \/2/3 2a ---=c:____

29. (a) 120

35. Yes, a parabola

'=

73.

79. 2 r.(4 87. (a) 24'1T

= +

2 cos

75. r = 2

+ 2sine

77. 9,,/2

+
(c) t: ='1

cos(e - ~)
2 sin 0

(b) r

3-

cos IJ

83 .. 11 - 3 81. 8 (b) \6r.

85. (2 -

V2)1I

43. 11/2

47. (2,

Addttionat
I.

and Advanced Exercises, pp .. 726-729

." 3. 3x2

±2f ). I

51. 'iTll

53. ,,/4

3yl - 8y

4=0

CHAPTIER 11

Section 11.1, pp. 741-745

o
I

5. (O,±l) 1)2 7. (a) _:__~16(y 11.

16 y
(b)

~)2 ( +*
25
v

-1/4, a, = -2/9, a4 = -3/16 -1(3,C/3 = 1/5,((4 = -1/7 ((I = 1(2, a2 = l/2, a3 = 1/2, (14 = 1/2 3 7 15 31 63 127 255 5 [[ 1.023 7, I, 2<1'8' 16' 32' 64' 128' 256' 512 1 \ I] II 1 I 9'. 2,1. -2' -4' 8' 16' - 32' - 64' 128' 256 Ll, 1,1.2,3,5,8,13,21,34.55 13. all = (-1),,+1,112: 15. all = (-I),,+I(n?,1J 2: 1 1.7. a" = nl - 1,1'12: 1
l. 3. 5.
al

= 0,

a2

GI

= I,G2

l3.

19. all = 4n - 3, n

2:

21. Cl,.

+ (-

!)"+I

'n

2:

23. Converges. 2 25. Converges. -1 27. Converges. -5 29. Diverges 31. Diverges 33. Converges, 1/2 35. 4:1. 47. 53. 59. Converges. 39. Converges, 1 Converges, 0 45. Converges, 0 I Converges, e7 51. Converges. I 1 Diverges 57. Converges, 4 0 Diverges 63. Converges, e~1 65. Converges, e2i3 67 .. Converges. x (x > 0) 69. Converges, 11. Converges, 1 73. Converges, 1/2 75. Converges. 7[/2 77. Converges. 0 79. Converges. 0 8"1. Converges, j /2 83. Converges, 0 85. x; = 2"~2 Converges, Converges. Converges, Converges. Converges. 0

37. 43. 49. 55. 61.

vil:

15.
9.,[2+ 412_';6

17.
.
"",{I

87. (a) f(;o;) = .1'2 - 2, 1.414213562 "" (b) f(x) = tan (x) - 1,0.7853981635 "" 7T/4 (c) l(x) = c", diverges 89. (b) I 97 .. Nondecreasing, bounded 99. Not nondecreasing, bounded [0 L Converges, nondecreasing sequence theorem 103. Converges, nondecreasing sequence theorem lOS. Diverges. definition of divergence 109. Converges 111. Converges 121. N = 692. a; = \i'G.5, L = I 123. N = 65. an = (0.9)". L = 125. (b) \/3

V2

A-54

Chapter

10: Answers

Section 11.2, pp. 753-755

2( 1 -

19, DIverges; geometnc senes, 3. s;

..

1"

J;2 >

1. S" 9.

s.;>

(1/3)") 1-(1/3),3
n

=
1

I - (-L/2)" 1_(_1/2),2/3 I 1 64

, 4

Sn =

2' 7

+
7

2~"2 7

7. 1 -

4" + 16 -

+ .. "'5

21. 25. 29. 35.

Converges; integral Test Converges; Integral Test Converges; Integral Test True

23. Diverges; »th-Tenn Test 27. Converges; Integral Test 31. (J = 1 33. (b) Abollt41.55

4"+16+64+""3
I)

It. (5 +
13. ( 1 - " IS.

(% + ±) + (% + ~)
2 4 25
19. I

u+
17. 5

(1 _ 1.) -'' - (1. + __!_) 5

21.

(t + 2~) + .. " 2{ -'- (1 __ _!l

' 8 1 ) _,_ ... 125 ' '6 23. Converges, 2

Section 11.4, p. 765

1. Diverges; limit compari on with 5. Diverges; IItl1- Term Test 7. Converges' ( __ - • 3n

2:( 1(\/-;')

3. Converges; compare with 2:( Ij2")

1
In2

V2

n_)1.' +I

<

(.!!....)I.' 311

(_j~)"

2.5-. CO\llverges, 1 31. Converges. 2/9

27. Diverges

29. Converges ---

e2
1

, 1'1 -

33. Converges, 3/2

35. Diverges

37. Diverges

39, Converues ~ C'1T-e

41. a = I,r= -x;convergestol/(l +x)forlxl< 43. a = 3. r = (x - 1)/2; converges to 6/l3 - .r) for x in (-1,3) 45. 49.

9. Diverges; direct comparison with I( I/n) 11. Converges; limit comparison with I(1/112) 13. Diverges; limit comparison with I(1ln) 15. Diverges; limit comparison with I( 1/1'1) 17, Diverges; lntegral Test 19, Converges; compare with 2:( l/n3/2) I I 21. Converges; n2" :::; 2" 23. Converges; with 2:( 1/11) 27, Converges: compare with I ( 2) L/11 tan-Ill Ti/2 29. Converges; --1-'- < -'-I
25, Diverges: limit comparison

3/1-1

<-3,,-1

Ixl <

1 I ?'~\ _ 2'\ _ (2k

x""
.
()

I)i,kaninteger; 55. 1/15

47, -2 <

.r < 0'-2 + A.
1 - sin.t 57. 41333/33300 ,~ (n
]

51. 23/99
59

53, 7/9
"

/I~2(1I

4)(n + 5)

(b) ~

2){n

3)

(e)
69.

,,=5 (11 -

L
Xl

(n) r

.J)tn - 2)
(b) r

~"

31. Converges; compare with I( 1/112) 33 . Diverges; limit comparison with 2:( \/11) 35. Converges; limit comparison with I(l/1l2}

n.

n'

3/5

-3/10 75. 8 m2

Section 11.5, p. 770

1. Converges; Ratio Test 3. Diverges; Ratio Test 5. Converges; Ratio Test 7. Converges; compare with I(3/( 1.25)")

71. 77.

Ir I <

I, I + 2~ I - r:

73. 28 m

(a) 3 (~)"-'
(b)

A" = A +
..1 -

tA

t(~)A

t(*)"-2
I

9,
A,

Diverges;

1/----+00

lim

(I -1.1'1)" = e'

""

n.
15. 19. 23. 25. 27. 31.

Converges; compare with 2:(1/1l2) Diverges; compare with 2:(I/n) 17. Converges;RatioTest Converges; Ratio Test 21. Converges; Ratio Test Converges; Root Test Converges; compare with I( 1/11") Converges; Ratio Test 29. Diverges; Ratio Test Converges; Ratio Test 33. Converges; Ratio Test
all

\/3 'n~l_ l' 4

A ,,- -?' vr::3/)j,

13. Diverges; compare with 2:( 1/(2n))

Section 11.3, pp. 759-761

..

1. Converses: 'tozeometnc senes , r = ~ . 10 . 3. Diverges;

n_OJoll

<

I'lin

II -+

I=1
..

*0
"8
1

5, Diverges; p-series, p < <

35. Diverges;

="3(

)i'/II!l __,.I

37, Converges; Ratio Test

7. Converges; gcometnc series, r = 9', Diverges; Integral Test 11. Converges; geometric series, r 13. Diverges; Integral Test 17. Diverges; limll~cc (\/~/ln

39. Diverges; Root Test 41. Converges; Root Test 43. Converges; Ratio Test 47. Yes

2/3

<
fl~OO}f.

7" 15. Diverges; lim -=---+ 1 11) ,,= 0

*0

Cnapter Section 11.6, pp. 776-778

I. 9. 11. C 011 verges by Theorem Converges Converges 16

11: Answers

A-55

33. - I < x < 3, 4/(3 3. Diverges: 7. Diverges;

a" all values

-+>
->

35. 37.

0 -

5. Converges

by Theorem by Theorem

16
16

1/2

absolutely. geometric series. Converges Converges

Series of absolute r:

is a convergent

39. I
41.

< x < 16. 2/(4 -V,;) \/2 < x < V2.. 3/(2 - .\'1) < x < 5. 2/(x - l ), j < .r <
x2

2x - xl)

5. -2/(x

Il

(a) cosv =
XX .\'10

- '2!

,4

\:~

4! -

6!

+
.

13. 15.

Id conditionally. I; V 1/-> 0 but ~,,=I ,I ivcrges. VI' . 8G ') absolutely. Compare with 2:,1=11.1/,,-)I ,':;V

- - -IO! + .... . converaes 8! co

(b) and (c) 2x -

for all ~-

17. Converges
diverges 19. 21. Diverges;

conditionally. (compare

1/(11

3) -> 0 but

2:~

I --1 ~
rI _J

3+
5

with :Z,,'=I( 1/111).

]I
x-l

23

x'
-I-

+ 5! - 71 -I45
x 6

2\·5

27

x'

91 - -.\-11lO

29.\''1

211xll

+".

II

n __,. I (

Converges conditionally; (1,/1)/"2>1/,, absolutely: absolutely

J, -1- k)
n:
Test

43.
->

(a) (b)

'2 +
I

l2

+
-I-

0 but

+.r- +

2,4

2520 17.. 6
45

17x~

+
+

14175'

Jlx

_!!. < r <!!. 2 . 2

17
To

ill + ", - '2 < x < '2

62:1:'

23. Converges 25. Converges 29. Converges

31. Converges

Ratio Test by Integral

27. Diverges; I <?

a"

Section 11.8, pp. 794-795

I. Pu(.,)=O,PI(x)=x-I.P2(x)=(x-1 P_,(x)

absolutely

by the Ratio Test

I absolutely; ., . ,r+211+
absolutely p-series) absolutely conditionally:

33. Converges
(convergent

since

I cos ';! I = I(II

n-

=
=
=

(x I

I) - ~(x
= -

I)" -I-

tv ?)' - -.
2)- -

I ) -2(x-I),

I»

I,~'~~1 1
J'-' 3. Po(x)

'\" '/7

2' PI(x)
1 I 2 - 4' (x

I '2 -

4(x - 2),
-

35. Converges 39. Converges

1

by Root Test

37i-Dlverges;

a"

---700

'\'/n + 1 - VII

P2(x) .

)' I -I -I- 8' (x

((v,;- +

~)--->O,butseriesorabsolulevalues

diverges

(compare
(/,,-'>

with.

2:( 1/ V;;)
11

P31x) =

1 II 2 - 4 (x

- 2)

8' (x

,I

16 (.r

2)'

41. Diverges.
43.

1/2 *- 0
scch

Converges absolutely; ......

ell

-,- = -;,.a term from a convergent

2~
en

2
e
J!

= ---1e"
ll

45.
51.

I Error I

geometric
X

il +
49.

<

5. PoLd = -2-'
P2(x)
=

\12

PI (x)

sertes.
0.54030

-2-

V2

+
-I12

-2-

'vi2(
x-

v'2 \/2 = "'2 + -2- ( .r - '4 .

x-

IT)

17' '4 ) 4

-44'

V2(

x-

17)2 '4

< 0.2
G,,+ I

(a) a; 2::

47. [Error] < 2 (b) -1/2

10-11

,,) 2 P -'(.. = \/2

-

\/2 ('C _ 2 '4

+

E) _ v2 (~._ E)2
4
-

v'2 (_

IT)3
, 4 (_,r ) 4.
4-_ 4)~
0

Section 1:1..7, pp, 788-789 1. (a) 1,-1 <.Y< I (b)-I <x<

(e) none

.1 7. PIl(x) = 2. PI ( .r) = 2
P2(x)

3. (a) 1/4, -1/2 <.\' < 0 (b) -1/2 < x < 0 (e) none 5. (a) 10. -8 < x < 12 (b) -8 < x < 12 (e) none 7. tal 1. -I < .\ < I (b) -1 < x < I (e) none 9. (a) 3. -3 ::5 .r ::5 3 (b) -3 ::5 x :s; 3 (e) none
oo , for 8r1.r
00.

I 4(x

4) 4) ,,2

I.), 64 (x I 64 (x _'(';

P3(X) ~
9. ~

=2

I + 4 ex = l-

I ill (x

- 4.

)1

11. (a) 13. l5. 17.

(b) for all .v (b) I 2 for all x

(e) none (e) none (e) x = (e) none

j

(a)
(a)

for all .r
::5 .r

(-x)"
11.

(a) 5. -8

19. 2L 23. 25. 27. 29.

31.

(a)
(a)

(a)
(a)

(a)
(a) (a)

(b) -I < x < 1 (b) -8 < _~ 1 < 3. -3 3 (b) -3 < x < 3 I. -1 < x < I (b) -I < _r < I D,x = 0 (b) x = 0 (e) none 2. -4 < x S 0 (b) -4 < .r < 0 1.-1 ::5xS I (b) -1 Sxs I 1/4. I S x S 3/2 (b) I S x ::5 3/2
I. -I

< .v < < .r <

<

n=O -o

x+
-X+x2-

2! -

3! -I- 4! .r 3+

_,A

11. 2:(-I)"x"=
'1"=0

...
1)".1'21> (211)!

(e) none
(e) none (e) x = 0

13. ..::..11=0

(_I)"3bl+1,2nTI
(211

I)!

15. 7 46(_y - 2)1

25(x

11=0

L
00

(_

_:_______c___

]7. ~
,,=()

X2JI.

(211)1

(e) none
(e) none

19. 21.

x" 8

21'3 -

5x 2)

+
+

10(x - 2)
36(x
_L

(x -

2)3

1,(-I-Tolsx«I-To) (e).\'=-I-17

23. 2l -

2)2 - Six

2)·1

(x

+ 2)-1

(b)(-I-To)<X«l-17)

A-56
00

Chapter 11: Answers

25. 33. 37.

:2:.t-I}"il1 +
n=U

Il(", - I)"

27.

11=011.

L e~ (x

00

- 2)"
I.

9. 1 +

.L 2x
X)4

_18x2
=I

+ _I+
4x

16.~·3

L(x) = 0, Q(x) =

-.,2/2

35. L(x)

= .1. Q(x,l =

+ .: .. 2/2

11. (I

6x2

4xJ

+ X4 =
21.
ex:
00

[(xl = x. Q(x) = x

13. (I - 2x)3 = 1-

6x + 12x" - 8x3 = eX

15. Y =

Section 11.9, pp. 805-806 Sx)" ,52,x' 5\·3 1. --I = 1 - )X + ?I - -'-I + ..

11=0

'1=0
~

L
00
::0

(-1)"
--I-X"

n.

17. Y I

L(xfl/n!)
11=1
00

=
~

e' -

:L
00

(_

19. 23. 27.

Y = 2:(x"/n!)
11=:

= e' - .\' -

v
.

n.

.....),

L _::,._ = e·<'12 11=02"n!

1 l.
I=

5(-l)"(-xj2n+'
(211
T

= ~ 5( _1),,+IX211-1 ,,=0

3.

11=0

1)' 5x'

(211

I)!

I' =L2r" "n=O 11 =

= -5x
0.0

,5.\'3

T! - T! + 7! +
+
I)"

5Xi

2 = ~25.]1 = 1 - .r '.,=0 ex: (_1)"+lx2,, - 22: _:____:__,,= 1 (2n)!

Q'G

2: (2n~ +

~2'H-l

sinh x

5. 7.

L---11=0 (2n)!
11=1) ex:

(-I

)"(X

29. y

X-

2: (~n), ,,"'0 ~ +6 X'

I.
1 ,Q

l"2f~

00

'(2n+l J'

32:

..=fi (_II

+
bx5
~

1).

x"" 2: --o

fll

x
'

.., 'r " .

+- +_
x6
xS
-t-

x3 2'

xo.! 31

.\"5
_

4!
.\,LO

+ ...

31. Y == a
ax"
~

bx

3' 4 -

a,,4

0 - (;':6:7 +
39. 0.10000 I

x7

(-1 )"x211 (211)!

... 4

9.,~

= 4! -

6T S! -lOT + ..

3·4·7' 33. 0.00267 41. 1/(13'6!)

.,

b., 4'5·8·9 35. 0.1

37. 0.0999444611

<-:< 4

0.00011

45. (a) x2
,.2

..»:

12
,,4

(b) ~ - -"'2 3.4

ex:

+ -'\_ - ~
5.6

.6

..8

7 .8

+ ... +

(_1)15_'_'_ 31 ·32

,.32

]5. xl2:;(2r)"
11=0

= .1'"

+ 2xJ + 4x4 + ...

2,

17. 19.
21.

L nx,,-1
CXJ

=I

-t-

3..-"

+ 4.r' + ., .
10-10,

47. 1/2 49. -1/24 51. 1/3 53. -I 55. 2 59. 500 terms 61. 4 terms ,,3 3J'5 5x7 63. (a) x + + 40 + 112' radius of convergence = I

6.
1;

Ixl < (0.06)115 < 0.56968 IEn-or I < (H),-3)'/6. < 1.67 x
[Error]

11=1

(b) -10-]

!!_ -

,.3
~

<

<

6
-

35 5 .7 ....:£. - ~ 40 112

23. 33.

<

(3°')(0.1)3/6

<

1.87

65. 1 - 2\'

3x2

4.\'3

+ ...

71. (e) h/4

10-4

25. 0.000293653

27. Ix I < 0.02

31. sin x, x = 0.1; sin (0.1)

x5 x(j.

tan " .r, x = 'TT/3

r .

Section 11.11, pp. 822-823

L f(x)
=1

35. e smr = .r

+ r + '3 +
kx

"'1);3

30 - 90 ...
I)

43. (a) Q(.\') = 1 49. (a) 53 . x

-j

ki]: 2

x2

(b) for 0
(e)-i

-<;

<

100-1/3

(b)

(1/\12)0
I, - 30 X'
...

i)

x-,1 +

'3 x J

; W1

'11converge j'or a 11x

0

" 2'

3.".

2'iT

.f

Section 11.10, pp. 815-817

1. 5.

Chapter 11: Answers

A-57

3. fix)

II=I

2:
00

2(-1),,+1
II

sin (nx)

43. (a) 1/3,0 s x :S 2/3 (b) 0 45. (a) OC, for all x (b) for all .r 47. (a) (e) none 49. (a) e. -e 51. J ~
00

:S

x :S 2/3 (e) none

(e) none

vi -\/)'< x
x'

<

V3
0

(b)

-\(3 < <e

eX,

< \II)
x

t·~
(2n
'1 11.

<x <e

(b) -e
'IT,

<

.v

(e) empty set

53. sinx,
I

55.
00

In 2. 2

57. 2,2"x"
n=O

_"

(-1 )".,.2"+ IX211+ 59. 2, -'----:-----,--,,=0

00

63.2,

((1Txi/2)"

I)!

61.

.. =0

2,

(-I )"XS"

(J

_11).

'1

_ (x + 1) 6::J. 2 - -) -11z
r

/;=0

t:

+.

3(x

1)2

2-' • 2 I

+.

9(.\

1)3

2~ . 31
-

+ ...
:J

1 67. 4" 69.

]I

1 42 (.x - 3)

+
x"

')" 4I. (x - _1 J

I 44 (:c -

1;
-

'j=O
00

L
00

(-1),,'11
11.

-e-> .

71. y = 3

Jl=O

L (-l

)"2"
n.

--I-X" co

= 3e-1,
(X"/III)

~ou
:IOU -

73. y = -] - x 75.v=

22,
n=2

= 2ex -

3x - 3 I-x

:wo
IIIIJ

I +x+22,(x"/f1!)=2e"11-=0

7.

lex)

I 2cOSX

I 00 11( 1 + (-I )") . 7i2, 2 sm nr

11=2

77. 0.4849171431 79. "" 0.4872223583 81. 7/2 83. 1/12 85. -2 87.]' = -3,s = 9/2 89 .. (b) I error] < [sin (1/42) I < 0.02381; an underestimate cause the rema i nder is posiri ve 91. 2/3 93. In

be-

(n ~

I); the series converges to In

(t).

95. (a) 00 (b)' = 1, b = 0 97. It converges. 1 ~2sin((211-1)x) 105. - - L.J 2 11=1 (21'1 - 1)1T

27T

-I
{I

3rr

Practice Exercises, pp. 824-826

L onverges to I 3. Converges to -1 5. Diverges 7. Converges to 0 9. Converges to 1 1.1. .onverges to e-5 13. onverges to 3 15. Converges to In 2 17. Diverges 19. 1/6 21. 3/2 23. elle - 1) 25. Diverges 27. Converges conditionally 29. Converges conditionally 3:1. Converges absolutely 33. Converges absolutely 35. Converges absolutely 37. Converges absolutely 39. Converges absolutely 4t. (a) 3, -7 s x < -\ (b) -7 < s < -I (e) .r = -7

A-58
~

Chapter 12: Answers

107 .

n~1

.£."

4 cos (.(211 - .1jx) 11(21'1 - 1)1

,,~I

£.,

2 sill (2n 211 -

I )x)

19. (a) r = 3 (b) y = -1 (e) z = -2 21. (a) z = 1 (0) x = 3 (e) y = -I 23. (a) Xl + (y - 2j2 = 4, Z = 0 (b) (y - 2)2 + Z2 = 4, x = 0 (e) xl

+ z2

= 4,F = 2

25. (a»),=3,2'=-1 (b)x=l,z=-1 (c)x=l.y=3 27. x2 + .1'2 + z2 = 25, Z = 3 29. 0 S z S I 31.:: 33. (3) (x - 1)2 + (y - 1)2 + (z - I)" < 1 (b) (x - 1)2 + (y - 1)2 + (z - 1)2 > I 35.. 3 37.7 39.2\1'3 41. C(-2,O,2),a=2\12 43. C(V'2, v2, -vl2).a = 45. (x'- ])" -I- (y - 2f -I- (2' - 3)2 = 14

v2

47. (x

"1 Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp, 827-831

Comparison Test Comparison Test

~.

c(_l _1 _1)
4' 4' 4
;-,-.-,

-I-

2)2

+ .1'2 +

:;2 = 3
'
(1

49. C( -2,0,2),

a=

VS

5\1'3 4
~ +
z

53. (a) Vy55.

L Converges: 5. Converges;

9. With a '" 77/3, cosr =

r::; + V2-' (x I

t - \'3
,2
L.

3. Diverges; nth-Term Test 7. Diverges; nth-Term Test

(x -

\/17 +

\/33

-I-

z"

(b) Vx~

(e) \i.e

1'-

11/3)

(x -

71"/3)2

Section 12.2, pp, 844-846

1. (a) (9, -6) (b).3vl3 3. (a) (1,3)

tt /3)3

+ ...
+
x + ':;-,- :;-1 + ... +
.).

H.

With a = 0, e' = 1

...3

5. (a) (J

2, -

19)

(b)

v's05

7. (a)
B. (-~,

(t, 15 )
4
\~)

(b)

\/10
(b) ~

13. With a =

niT. cosx

= 1-

±(x - 2211)2

11 ex ±-:J

9. (1, -4) 22'7d 15.

11. (-2, -3) 17. - 3i

- - I (\, - ')271")6 6!' -

+ ...
23. b = I

(_ 'V3 _1) 2' 2

+
5j - 81,

2j - k

19. -3i

-I-

16j

15. Converges, limit = b 17. orl2 29. (h) Yes 25. a = 2,L = -7/6
cc

2]. 3i

23. The vector v is horizontal 11. are 161l1. Iong. horizontal,

(a)
W

and I in. long. The vectors

II

and w

35. (a) 2:lIx"-1

n=!

(b) 6

(e) l/q

. vertical an d II maices a 4)° angle with the . I . IS

- e-k1o), 37. (a) R" = Coe-!:I"(J - e-""")/(l kl,,) = Cu/(ekrll - I) R = Co(e-kl·)/(1 - e(b) RI =1 [e "" 0.368, RlO = R( I ., e-IO) "" R(O.9999546)

All vectors must be drawn to scale

R "" 0.58198; 0< (c) 7

(R - Rlo)/R

", 0.58195: < 0.0001

(b)

J"
'V
+ ~k

CHAPTER 12
Section 12.1, pp .. 836-837
1. 3. 7. 9. H.
13.

(c)

-,.
(dl

The The The The The

(a) (b)

15. (a)
(b)

17. (a)
(b)

line through the point (2, 3, 0) parallel to the a-axis .r-axis 5. The circle x2 + y2 = 4in the xy-plane 2 + 2'2 = 4 in the vz-plane circle. x circle y" + 2'2 = I in the jzz-plane circle x2 + y2 = 16 in the xy-pl:ll1e The first quadrant of tile x!'-plane The fourth quadran! of the x)'-plane The ball of radius 1 centered at the origin AU points greater than 1 lIl1 it from the origin Theupper hemisphere of radius 1 centered at the origin The solid upper hemisphere of radius I centered at the origin

~
25. 3(~i

-t~
(d) 6i - 2j

29. ft (~i 31. (a) 2i 33 .'. (b) 35. (a) ,r:: i 5v2
3

tj -

~k) \.~j -

27.5(1.)

.~k)
(c)

- \13k

]3 ,j 0

3k

7. 13 (1 2 i - Sk.1

+ -----_;:::: j! SV2

---:= k y'2

(b) (1/2.3,5/2)

Cha oter 12: Answers

A-59

37. 'II) -~i

"\13

- _I_J. -

V/3

39 .. 11(4, -3,5)

41. a =

t,

_I_k v3
b =~

(b)

(~1. 2\
2' 2' 2)

31. a 35. x + 2y = 4

37. -2r
+J

-3

43. 5

V3i. 5j
-~i

45.

~ \ -338..095, 725.046j

(b) (5 cos 60°

s+

i (2'5v'3) 2
IOcos315°,5sin60° 2

10\/2 Sv3 2 '

10\12)
+ .i 21.

IOsi[1315°) =

(b) i

(e) (2,2.1)

39. Section 12.3, pp, 854-857

1. (a) -25,5,5 3. (a) 25, IS, 5 S. (a) 2, \/34,
(b) -I

.t

+y
[j

= -I
y

41. 2, - y

0
p,l.

(c) -5
(c) -:;.l

(d) -2i

+ +

4j -

VSk
-2

Pt-2.,

2J

(d) ~(lOi (e) ~.-2

l l] - 2kl
..I:+y"",-I

v'3

(b)

V3v34

2 r-.;::-:

V34

(d) [17(5j - 3k) 7. (a) 10 + (e) 10

i-j

\,/\7, v26, V21

(d) 10 26

(b) 10 +~17

43. 5 J 53.

45. 3464 J

47,

Y546
(Si

%-

49.

5],

0.14

+ \1I7~1

+ 'v /17

V26
II.
=' COS-I

+ .il

7T 270 . . "3 and """3 at each pomt

~5 A :l . .. t

(0 , 0) : "2; at (1 I ).:"4 an d tt rr .,

j7f 4

9. 0.75 rad 13.. Angle at A B=

1.77 rad

(:5) ~

Section 12.4, pp. 862-863

63.435 degrees, angle at
1.
I.

IU

x vI

1 di . =.l,llIcCtIUI1IS-

. 2. 1. 1+-::;-,+-::;-{;VX
.J'

2I
.J

u]

3,

C05-1 (~)

""

53.130 degrees, angle at 63.435 degrees.

direction is

_l

i-

.!. j

3-

- ~k

C
17, 19,

= COS-I

(ifs) ~

3, III X vi = 0, no direction; [v X u] = 0, no direction 5. III 7, III

X X

v I = 6 ..direction is -k;

Iv

III -

6, direction is k 2_k;lv X III

28,,_ i _ 16,' _ 12k)' 3 3' 3 3 3' 3 21. The sum of two vectors ofequal length is always orthogonal to their difference, as we can see from the equation
(VI

Gi+~j)+(-li+%j+4k) (14i + 14k) + (.!Q

+
V2)'(VI

vi = 6Vs,directionis
IS -

~i 5

6v5,

. .. d irecnon 9.

1.. 2 -= 1 + -= I{

'1/5

Y5

V5

11.

O. 27. Horizontal component: "" 1[88 ft/sec, vertical component: "'" 167 ft/sec 29. (a) Sincelcos81:s l,wehavelu'vl=lull\'IICos81:s luJlvl(l) = [ul]v]. (b) '0/e have equality precisely when I cos &1 = 1 or when one or both ofu and v are O.ln the case of nonzero vectors, we have equality when e = 0 or 70, that is, when the vectors are parallel.

1"112

hl2 =

V2)

= \']'''1

V1'VI

VI'V2

V2'V1

x ]=k

.,

A-60
13.

Chapter 12: Answers

15. x = I, Y = 1

t, Z = 0, -[

15. (a)
]7.

(a)

rV6 V2 2

(b) ±~(2i-t-.i+

V6

k)

17.

.r =

0. y = l -

21,::

1,

:s

1$ ]

(b) ::,::_I_(j_j)

19. 8 21. 7 23. (i1) None (b) u and w 27. (a) True (b) Not always true (e) True (e) Not always true (f) True (g) True 29. (a) prOJ,U
.
=

v'2

25. 10,,/3" lt-lb (d) True (11) True

(1).-1,

II

I
I

(0.1.11 ,....._.
I I I I I

I I I

V:-V"

U'"

(b) ± u X v

(c)

± tv

X v] X w

(d) I(vxv)'wl (b) No (e) Yes (d) No 31. (a) Yes 33. No.v need not equal w. For example, i -I- .i :/' -] i X (i + j) = il X j + i X j = 01 + k = k and i X [-i + j) = -j X i + i. X j = 0 + k = k. 35. 2 37. 13 39. 11/2 41. 25/2 43. If A = ali + t12,i and B = hi + b2j, then

+ j,

but

19. x = 2 - 21,), =

21,2

2 - 21,0

1:S

k A
X

(II

(/2

hi
and the triangle's area is

°
0

(/1

a2

k
.c

(0.2.01

b,

b2

21. 3.:.; - 2y 25. x 29. I'

= -]

23.

7x - Sy - 4z

=6

The applicable

sign is (+) if the acute angle

from A to Bruns

counterclockwise in the rj-plane. and (-)

if it runs clockwise.

37.

9"'17!42

+ +

3y
Z

+
=3

4z = 34

:n,

27. (1,2,3), x - y +Z =0 41. 19/5

-20x + l2y 33. 2V3ci

+z

=7 35. 0

39. 3

43. 5/3 53.

45. 9(V41

47 .. w/4

49. 1,76 rad

51. 0.82 rad

Section 12.5, pp. 871-873

1. x=3+t,y=-4+r,z=-J +t 3. x = -2 + 51, Y = 51,Z = 3 - St 5. x = 0, y 7.. ."(=I,y=l,z=I+1 9.X=I,y=-7+2/,z=21 11.x=l,y=O,z=O 3 13. x = t, Y = t, z = 2" r, 0 $ I $
=

2/, z =

55. (I, I, D) 57. x = I - t, Y = 1 + t, Z = -I 59. x = 4,y = 3 + 61, Z = L + 3t 61. Llintersects L2; L2 is parallel to L3; L I and L3 are skew. 63. x

" "I) (~'-~':2

2t,y

-4 Z

I, z =

3t;x = -2 - I,

Y = -2

65. (0,69.

~,-%).

(1/2)1,

I-

(3/2)1

(-1,0, -3), (I, - 1,0) One poss.oiliryx

Many possible

answers.

+y =

3 and

I
I I

(I.I.~) -

2y+z=7 71. (x/a) + (v/b) + (zlc) = I describes all planes except those through the origin or parallel to a coordinate axis.

:--,---~x
I

I I

_____

J/

I I

Chapter 12: Answers

A-61

Section 12.. , pp.881-883 6

1. (d), ellipsoid 7. (0), cylinder 13. 3. (a), cylinder 5. (I), hyperbolic paraboloid 9. (k), hyperbolic paraboloid 1L (h), cone 15.

29.

31,

.1'

33.

35.

17.

19.

.I'

21.

23.

37.

25.

27.

41.

43 .

A-62
45.

Chapter 12: Answers

47.

.(.:.+J':'+~:! =...J.

::_"I= 1'+_1'"2_.t.2

65.

67.

.r

-~~,
x x

.r

rY
l>
y

49.
;r:::: -t:r2 +Zl)

5l.

69.

71.

.y

53.

55.
,, x~+z-;;:s

15.

.r

57.

59.

77. (a)

27T(9 ~ e2)

(b) 817 (c) -3-

47Tabc - a2j(4c))

81. Vertex (O,YI, CYI2jb2),

focus (O,YI, c()}jb2)

Practice Exercises, pp. 884-886

1. (a) (-17,32)

s. (- ~, 61. 63. 7. (~,-

t) \Yu)

(b)

\11:313

3. (a) (6, -8)

(ll) 10

[assuming counterclockwise]

. . 1. 1. 9 . Leng th = 2 , di irecnon IS ----= I + , ;:; J . \/2 v2

11. v (?T/2) = 2(-i) 'l3. L engt h = 7 , diirection . 7 I . IS 2.
-

3 6k 7 J. + 7'·

8. 2. 15. -~I--~J+~~'

v'33

v'33

v33

Chapter 13: Answers

A-63

17.

I" I =
II

vi 1111
=

3.V·

II

U•

=
=

3, v

1I

= -2i + 2j - k ,
(~)

73.

75.

x v = 2i - 2j

k.]v x u]

3,e

= COS-I

\/2

=~,

.,

IlllcOSI1 19. tC2i +j 21.

II

3"proj,.1I = .::'.')'+ j) (i \/2 +j

- kl-t(5i k

Ilk)

Xv

Additional

and Advanced Exercises, pp. 886-883

3.

1. (26,23, -J/3)

7.. (a) BD = AD - AS

IFI = 20 lb (b).4P = tAB

..c.

tXo
+
7k

23. 25. (>I)VI4 (b) 29. \178/3 31. .v = I - 3r.y = 2.:; = 3 + 7/ 33. 35. 2x + v + :; = 5 37. -9,t + Y + 7:: = 4

rJi

v'2

13.

41

3)

4~j

)'

1'

- 4~ k

39.

(O'-~-~}(-LO,-3J'(I,-I,O)
=

41.77/3 -31

15. fa) 0,0 (b) -IOi - 2.i + 6k. -9i - 2j (c) -4i - 6j + 2k, i - 2j - 4k (d) -IOi - 10k, -12i - 4j - 8k 25. (a)

43. x = -5 - 51. .1· = 3 - I,::

I f'I =

45. (b) x = -121,1' = 19/12 + 15[,:;: = 1/6 + 6t 47. Yes; y is parallel to the plane, 49. 3 5 L - 3j 53.

G :\~m (I d=

i~!

i '+
(i~

1)"-

, 'J )

(b) Yes

)35

(5i - j - 3k)

55,

(If, 6,~)
29

3k

CHAPTER 1.3 +
41

57, (I, -2, -l):x

1 - 51,,1' = -2

3/,2

= -I

Section 13.1, pp. 900-904

LY
=~2 -

59, 2x + 7)' + 2: + 10 = 0 61. (a) l1o~(b) no (c) no 63. II/VI07 65.

2x, v = i
Y

2j, a = 2j = l' ~I

(d) no

(e) yes

2, 1 .. y = "9:':-' 5. t =
7T

". = .)1

I T

4' J,ll

8' J

4:v =

v'2 . 2

I-

-2- J. a = ~

V2 .

- \1'2 .

I-

\,/2 .

J:

{ = 71'/2: v = -j, a = -j

69.

.- = -Ix~

+ r::·,

71.

7,

= Tr: V

= 2i, a = -j;

= 3;: v = i - j, a =

-I

A-64
9.

Chapter 12: Answers

v =i+

2tj + 2k;
=

}k;V(I) U.

3(t + t + tk)
i
j

2j; speed: 3; direction:

ti + ~

j+

13. 17. 23. 27.

v = (-2sint)i

(3costlj

4k;

a = (-2cost)i direction: v(rr/2)

- (3 sint)j;speed:

2\/S;

(-1/\I5)i

+ (2/\/S)k: + l2/Vs)k] +
2j

= 2\/S[( -1(\/5)i
+
2tj

13. v = (_2_)i I -I- I

11,' a = ( -2 0 \ ' (I -I- 1))

I

k;

(a) 149 ft/sec (b) 2.25 sec 15. 39.3° or 50.]0 46.6 ft/sec 21. 1.92 sec, 73.7 ft (approx.) 4.00 ft, 7.80 It/sec 25. (b) vc would bisect LAOR (a) (Assuming that "x" is zero at the point of impact.) dt) = (x(t»)i t (Y(l»j, where xU) = (35 cos 27°)1 and yet) = 4 t (35 sin 27°)t - 16t2• (b) At 1 ~ 0.497 sec, it reaches its maximum height of about 7.945 ft. (c) Range r= 37.45 ft: fligh: time ~ 1.201 sec (d) At I"" 0.254 and i ""' 0.740 sec, when it is "" 29.532 and 'OJ 14.376 ft from where it will land. (e) 'res. It changes things because the ball won't clear the net.

. j. spee d : 'V 1":6 di D; irecnon: ---;=

V6

+ ~2.

"\/6

1 ,1":-; k

v(

I) = v6(_I_i + ___1_ i +
yI6 y'6'
=

~k)
V'6
27T
7T

vs

31. (a) r(t) = (x(t))i

(y(t)L

where x(t) =
=

(152 cos 20° - 17.6) and y(t)

C.~8)(lU.~~}

e-UII81).

1 - e-O.08t).

15. rr/2

17. 7T/2

19. t

0, 7T,

21. (1/4)i + 7j + (3/2lk 25. (ln4)i

23. (

+ 22V2} +

2k

27.
29. 31. 33. 37.

r(1) r(l)

=
=

(_;2 + I}
+ +

{ln4)j

(In2)k

+ (_;" +

2)1 +

(-;2 + 3)k

r(t) = 8d

+ (-e-r + j)j + (1n(l +1) + 1)1, 8!j + (-16t" + 100)k x = t. Y = -I .. z = I + t 35. x = at, Y = a, Z = 27Tb + bt (a) (i): It has constant speed I (ii): Yes (iii): Counterclockwise (iv): Yes (b) (i): It has constant speed 2 (ii): Yes (iii): Counterclockwise (iv): Yes (c) (i): H has constant speed I (ii): Yes (iii): Counterclockwise (iv): It starts at (0, -I ) instead of (I, 0) (d) (i): It has constant speed I (ii): Yes (iii): Clockwise (iv): Yes (e) (I): It has variable speed (ii): No (i ii): Counterclockwise (iv): Yes
1)3/1 -I)i
=

«t

(sin 20°) + ( 32 )(1 - 0.08t - e-OIJSr) . 0.082 (b) At t "" 1.527 sec, it reaches its maximum height of about 41.893 ft. (e) Range > 351.734ft, flighttime "" 3.1S1 sec. (d) At I "" 0.877 and t ."C 2.190 sec, when it is about 106.028 and 251.530 ft from home plate. (e) No. The wind gust would need to be greater than 12.846 ft/sec in the direction of the hit for the ball to clear the fence for a home run.

Section 13.3, pp. 919-920

I. T
= Sin I I

2. "3 ( - :3 ). + (2 cos ).
I

+ 3' V5

k~

Yri"

3. T =

VI+I

it

~k,-::;=VI-I-t k3

V~

57 .,

.' 5 . T =-costJ+sml',;-

7. T

= (cos t ,I

+[

15111

I). +
L

Sin!

+ teost). +1

39. ,'(1)

(* 2
~

+ •~ r+
V

II

l)i

(~t2 ~
+

Yll

2.

I - 2)j

\/"2r1/2) (~
9. (0,5, 24rr)

k, ;

712

-tr

(+[2 (i

+.

~r VII

3)"

(-21t
III

\/11

21

)(3i -

k) +

11. S(I)
-

51, L

5;
IS.

2.i -I- 3k)

/: 13. s(t) = \;Jel

V3, L
XL

= .)/

1\/--'

v2
t

In( I

\/'2)

41. v = 2V5i + 43. max I v I = 3, min

Vsj

I vi =

2,

ax I a I = 3, min I a I = 2

17. (a) Cylinder is (b) and (c)

+ y2 =

1, plane is x

z = 1.

Section 13 .2, pp. 911-914

1. 3. S. 7. 9. 50 sec (a) 72.2 sec; 25,510 In (b) 4020 III (c) 6378 11l t ~ 2.135 sec.x > 66.43 ft (a) Vo ~ 9.9 Ill/sec (b) a ~ [S.4° or 71.6" 190 mph 11. The golfball will clip the leaves at the top.

Chapter 13: Answers

(d) L

A-55

0:

1-" v r
-

sin2 t dt

(e) L "" 7.64

rs

e.

r(E.)
4

v'2 + Y2J' 2 2
j.

_k

'4

Section 13.4, pp. 926-927

I. To:
(COSI)i

N(
0:

7T) 4"

0:

--2-1

\;12.

v2. 2 J, B"4
+
F

(rr) =
0:

T(E.)

=_

'\12,. + v2 ~. i 2: '2

k; oscu lati pane: aung I

(sinf)j,N
i.I

(-sinl)i j N=

(COSf)j,K -t

0:

cost I j

==

- 1; normal plane: -x

0: rectifying plane:

3. T =

"\.IJ+f2
1 2( cos x

v'I+7'

\fl+""72

i_

v' [ + ,1 .,

x+y=

V2

== ----====-

v'I+/Z)J

17. Yes. If the car is moving on a curved path (K == KI\'12 o and II 0

a"

5, (b)

21.

IFI =

K(II!(~;y)

* 0), then

23.

+,p

3 cos f 9 . T = -5-1
K

3 sin I . + 4 k ... , (. . ). -5-.1 5 '," = -SII1/I-

(cos I)j,

3 25

11. T = (CoSIV"2Sin)

(caSfy;Sinr},
+(
-sin ~~ cos

. = ( -cos~
K=--

Sill

f}

I>,
i
I

I t i+ j

29. Components of'v: -1.8701, 0.7089, 1.0000 Cornponerus of a: -1.6960, -2.0307,0 Speed: 2.2361, Components ofT: -0.8364,0.3170.0.4472 Components ofN: -0.4143, -0.8998, -0,1369 Components of B: 0.3590, -0.2998,0.8839; Curvature: 0.506() Torsion: 0.2813; Tangential component of acceleration: 0.7746 Normal component of acceleration: 2.5291) 31. Components of v: 2.0000. 0,0.1629 Components of a: 0, -1.0000,0.0086; Speed: 2.0066 Components ofT: 0.9967, O. 0.08[2 Components of N: -0.0007, -1.0000. 0.0086 Components orB: 0.0812, -0.0086, -0.9967; Curvature: 0,2484 Torsion: -0.041 I ; Tangentia] component of acceleration: 00007 Normal component of acceleration: l.OOOO

e'h v'f2+I
I I J.No:

13.

T=

\/r2 +.1'

\/12 +

Section 13.6, pp. 942-943

1. T = 93.2 min 3. a == 6764 kill 5. D = 650 I km 7. (a) 42.168 krn (b) 35,789 krn (c) Syncom J, GOES 4, and Intelsat 5 9. a = 383,200 km from the center of Earth, or about 376,821 km from the surface 11. 2.97 X 10-19 sec2/m3, 9.902 X 10-14 sec:'/m3, 8.045 X 10-12 sec2/mJ 19. 1/(2b)

25. Section 13.5, pp, 933-934

1, B = (;COSI)i ) 3. B = k, TO:O

K(X)

Isil]xl/(1 + COS2~}!2

Practice Exercises, pp .. 944-946 \"~ r2

1.16+2=

- (';Sin/)j

) S. B = -I"

_lk
T

5' r:

T =_..:!..

=0

25 7. B = k,

== 0
-4

9·1I=laIN

11.a(1)=~T+2j5N

13.a(O)==2N

At

I=

0:
IT

aT

= 0,

aN

= 4,
0: ~,

J(

0:

2;
K=~

At t =

4": aT

3' aN

4V2

4v'2"

A-66
3. 11.

Chapter 14: Answers == ==

I"Im",

5.

I(

= 1/5

7. dr/dl

-x;
J(

clockwise

ShOI put is all the ground,

about 66 ft,3 in. from the stopboard.

CHAPTER 14
Section 14.1, pp. 957-959
1. (a) (e) All points in the xv-piane (b) (d) All rea Is points (e) The lines y - x

15. (a)
21.

5<.).1 9 n/sec

Leusth '"
T(O)

== 'E

4\1'
-

W+
16
-

(b) 74.58 ft/scc ln .

(~+
4
==

19. )1
1. J k

== 71'S

7[1) ]6
'/2

23.

2. = ~I
J

2 J.

+ -1] ,; N(O) i
3

----;:=

\/2

+ ----= J; I.
K

== c

No boundary

B(O) = - ----;;::+ I

J.

3\12
I

1. 4 ---r:= J + ----;;=

3\12

3V2

v2 = -3-; Vl7

1 = '6

(I") Unbounded 3. (a) All points in the xy-plane (b) z ;=: 0 (e) For [i x, y) = 0, the rigin: for jt», .1") '" 0, ellipses with the
Both open and closed center (0. 0), and major points and minor axes. along the .v- and (e) Both open and closed (b) All reals for f(x.),)
;i O. hyperbo-

25, T([o21

==

i -'- 4

j:N(ln2)

= __ 4_i

V17 ==
k;
I(

V17
---:T

\/17

J.

r-axes. respectively
(d) No boundary

B(ln2)

(f) Unbounded
5. (a) AU points (e) For f(.r,y) (d) No boundary in the xy-planc

27. a(O) = lOT 29. T =

lTV'l7 6N

0, the .r- and j-axcs: points (e)

las with the x- and y-axes

as asymptotes Both open and closed

(_l_COSI)i

;0.:

==

I. ---:;:::' ( \/'2 5111 ).I - (COS .. (1 LD. [)k.;

-~ r
I)J -

V2

(sintlj

+ (~COS/)k;
\/2

V2

B = _l_

v'2
33 .

i - _1_ k:
.1'=

31.
35.

71'/3

\/'2' 1+

_1_.
I,x

v'2'

=0
+!

t,y =

(f) Unbounded 7. (a) All (x . .1') satisfyingr ' (c) Circles centered at the (d) Boundary is the circle (e) Open (I') Bounded 9. (a) (x.y) '1'= (0,0) (b) (e) The circles with center
(d) Boundary (e) Open is the single (f) Unbounded

+ .1'2 < IG
.1'2

(b);:?

1/0.1
4

origin with radii r

+ )'2

<

= 16

All reals (0, 0) ane! radii r

point (0. 0)

>

59'11 kill. 1.639

X I07km~,3.21%visible

AdditionaL and Advanced Exercises, pp. 946-948

1. (a) 1'(1) = d() 3. (a) -,

11. (a) All (x, y) satisfying

-1 5: J' - x 5:

(-1 51 +
8
3 = 2\1~ a"
f!hll

(b) -71'/2 (b) I?OOl

J

5: z :5.

71'/2
linesr = 1 +.r and _I' == - j

4j~}

(-20t

(e) Straight

100)j:

lines of the form y - .r = c where -I 5: c 5: I is two straight (f) Unbounded

(d) Boundary

+ .\

(I 0-2.

"n!.b + b·
Z

u,

(e) Closed (f)

15. (a)

17. (d) (b) ---+-------f---,---:

(b) () == 2(a; (c) v( I)

b2)'

gb212 = 2((12 + b2) T: dl2 ==

H. (a)

'" " ~
~I

= .~
+
b-

gbl

d~r

bg V·c/ +
/)2

.:::;; IJ

'v a:

a( ,bgl
a:
There

,)"N

b'

---c----:
---f------,

~ I

~"

is no component

in the direction

of B.
-t-

'. dv .' 7. la) dl = i'cos8 - 1'851118,dl = rsmtJ dr (b)-=i,'cos8+FSIll dl'

9. 11. (a) at I )

dx

rf)cos()

21.

(a)

(b)

.. ..'"

IJ

1'-=-XSI11

d() dt

.'

(j

+.1'e05 ()
(b) 6.5 in.

-9u/. - 6ue, v( 1) = -u,. + 3UII (c) v = hI,. + rello -'- z k, a == Ii: - 1'612)",. (1'0

2i·e)uv

ik

Chapter 14: Answers

A-67

23. (a)

(11)

37.

39.

,t-f;
1

25 .. (a)

(b)

41. ~ 47. 63 Ian

-Inz

=2

43.

=s= = In 2

x +v

45... Yes, 2000

Section 14.2, pp. 966-968

r.
15. 27. 29. .11. 33. 35. 37. 39.

5/2 3. 2\16 5... I 7. 1/2 9. 1 n. a 13. -[ 17.2 19. 1/4 21. 19/12 23.2 25.3 (a) All (x, y) (b) AH (x,)I) except (0, 0) (a) All (x,y) except where x = 0 or y = 0 (b) All (x,y) (a) All (x, y, z) (b) All (x, y, z) except the interior of the cylinder XZ + y2 = 1

27. (a)

(a) All (x, y, z) with z ¥- 0 (b) AU (x, y, z) with x2 + z2 ¥= I Consider paths along y = x, x > 0, and along y = x, x < Consider the paths y = kx", k a constant Consider the paths )I = nIX, m a constant, In =1= -1

41. Consider the paths y = kx2, k a constant, k "" 0 43. No 45. The limit is 1 47. The limit is 0 49.. (a) ft», y) IY~",x 53. Does not exist 59. 0 = 0.1 61. 65. 0 '" 0.005 (b)

sin 28 where tan 8 = III 51. 0 55. n/2 57. 1(0,0) = In 3 = 0.005 63. 8 = \/0.015

Section 14.3, pp. 978-980

, =-1

:=0
z=T
0=0 -I , =-1

1. ax - 4.x, oy -

of _

. af _ _

3. ax - 2..~(y + 2), oy - x

af _

af _

2_

5. ax = 2y(\y - 1), rJy = 2x(xy - I) 7.

aj

aj

af
ax

29. 33.

X4

+)/2

= 10

31. tan-Iy

- lan-Ix 35.

= 2 tan "

v'2

9.

af
ax B]

VX2+yl'oy
-1 (x

at al
ay ily

V.:c2+y2
(x -1 -x2 (_~y _

+ )1)2'
-

+ y)2
-

_)12

I aj

11. ax
13.
)"

(xy = e'+YTI

[j2'

IY
15 -

oj -

ax

af . oy

= e,+y+1

af

ax

= - ... x + y' a.v

aj

x+y

/
It.~.r, z) .
=

17. ax - ~ sin (x
I

aj _ "). aj

_~

.))1)

cos ()i

._

3y),

x~ + :.;.+ =- ""·1

/(,\'.y,;)::;;X+1=

ay = -6 sin (x - 3y) cos (x - 3y)

A-68
. at

Chapter

14: Answers

19. ax = yx.l-1, iJy = x.l lnx 21.x '" -g(x), ay '" g(y) a jr = )'2, j,. '" 2\y, l '" -4:;; 25. 1< = I, fl" '" _y(y2 + z2 1/2, yz
23. 27.

,at.

at

aj

Section 14.4, pp. 987-989

1. (a) dw = 0 dt ' (b) ':;;' (71) =

r I:
v1I

°
dw
I

= -2(1'2
XZ

+ z2)-1/2
= -----;==:::::::::::0:=

Ix

= ,/

v 1 - x2y2z2'

,/1' '" ,

X2)/Z2

,Iz

xy

3. (a) :;;; = I, 5. (a) 7. (a) dw dt =

i.J?

(b) dw (3) = I dt
_I

VI -

.\'"2y2z2

41 tan

1 -I- I,

(II) -d (I) -I- 4 cos 11,

'"

-tr

29. f< = x + 2~' + 3z,ly '" x -I- 2~ + 3:;;' II '" X + 2~ + 3z '+ ~) ' .., ., , 31. I, = -2xe-x·.1'· .i, '" -2ye-X (2 +.Y'TZ·),f: = -2ze-(;c+),,+=-),
{ ~..J.. t

a~
iJz vv

= 4 cos v In
-41.1

eu sin v)
'

33. IT

sech2(x

2y

3z), /v '" 2 secb2(x 3z)

2y

3z), (b) 9 . (a )

;,- =
-d-

Sill V

In (u sin v)

f~ '" 3 sedhr + 2), +

35. -;;-, '" -271
o

+ sm u .
r:

4u cos'

aj

Sin

.,

(hI - no), -:- '" srn (27Tt - 0:)

ria

(jf,

az
u

,r,::, = V 2 (102
'J -'-

2),-:-=- = -2 v2 (In 2 - 2)
du
,2 -r

[)7.

all. 37. -:;- =

op

Sill cfJcose,-;-:;-

all
dcp

pcosdJcos6.

all.,
,
~ll
(Iv

= -psrnq,sm8

ow _ a II -

_II

4uv_" oV - -211 .

oW _

2u

39.

Wp(P. 11,8, v. g) . "

= v, WvCP, v, 0,

u, g) = P

+ 20'
o

15v2

(b) 11. (a) (b)

oW = 3 aw = _l au ' av 2 au = 0 au = z
ax art

. _ /Iv" ..l ,r _ /Iou Wa(F, /1,0, u. g) - 2g' II u(P, J, 8, v, g) g' Vi5u2 WgfP, 11,6, u,g) '" ---, 2g-

ax

°' au oy

'

oy

(z - yf'

au az

= -.:1'_
(2 _ y)2

=I 0' dy iJy dt

, au az

= -2

41. -;;-:= \
rX

+ y, -a '"
Y

of

+ x,

-:-;:; = 0,

a2f

el"f iif --=--=1 ayax ax By 43.

ax-

-2

a2/

dz oz dx 13. -"'---I-~dt ax dt
= 0,

ay

.r

oW 15. -

-\
(x

iPr
ay2

-I

oW ax aw iJy aw dZ au = -- au + -;-- au + -- ilu' ax all az i)w oW ax a~v ay iJw az -=--+--+-au ax iJu oy av ilz au

+ yf'

cPr
ayax

i/r
ax (I)' (x

-I

cJw 2 iiw 3 al).!! 47. ax '" 2cr + 3/ ay '" 2r + 3y'ayax 49.

dW

+ )')2

a"w
= axel),

(2x + 3yf
• + 4x'y~. ,

-6

.r

-:-

oX
a!w

) , aH' = .v· + 2.1:V' 1 + 3r-y 4 , -iJy = .

2xv

3x )'-

2'

-_ -_~

dydx

=0-.-

axay

,iw =

2)! -I- 6x)l-

)' +

12x·v]
-

ow awax away aw 17, -=--+---=--+-ali ax au ay iJu' au

ilwax ax au

rJwa,F

ay

ilu

51.

(a) x first (b) y first (e) x first (d) x first (e) y first (f) y first 53_ IxO,2) '" -13J\ .. (l,2) = -2 55. 12 59. i'JA _ 77. Yes

57.-2
=

oa - be sin A' ob -

aA _ e cos A - b be sin A

61. v, .

(Inll)(lnu)-

]nv

Chapter 14: Answers

A-6'9

19. -

az at

= --

Ciz ax ax at

oz ay iJz + --:--- -

<'Jy at' as

= -_

az ax ax Cis

<Jz + -- ay

C!y (is

Section 14.5, pp. 997-998

J. 3.
y

1':-i+X'~_J
,_>;;.II -n=-iJ--?'I~c----"""'<
-I

21.

dw
'.,"

as

dw in: ---

ow

du as' at

dw au elu Fit

5. Yt=3i+2j-4k 9. -4

7 Vf=-l§_i+23j_~3k . 27 54' 31/13 13. 3 15. .2

=

)4

"
clw

u.
V2

I
U

dii

!
1/

dll"

a.;

17. u = -

--!,::- i + " 1;: j, (Duj)po

v2v2
=-

Vi: -u

= , I;: i - , ~ J,

v2

I
23.
-

ou

(D-"f)Pr,
r) n

V'2
5. I (f') 3 V3 J - 3 \1.3 k, Du'
1'.

as

"Ji

19- u = 3 I.

V3

I-

= . V J;

3- 1:3

all' ow dx -.,,-- = -;-clr ax dr C!W a w dx = -as ax ds

+ -;-<'l",' + --

dw

dy

ely dr

ihv dx. dy = -;--Sluce- = 0, ax dr dr

-u

=-

.ll:. i 3v3
(i

+ ~j

3\/3

+ ~k, =

3V3 2vi

(D-uf)po

-3\/3

C(J' a,v dy. =--sinceiJy cis ay cis

dx =0 cis

21. u = ~
-u

+j +
(i

k), !Duf]p"

=- ~
,.

+ .i +

k), (D-lIflPu 25.

-2"\/3

23.

VI =

2,'2i -'--- ~j 2

25. 4/3
3], 37.

27. -4/5

29

. ax

(Jz

= .1
4'

oy

iJz

_1
4
_. '7 U

ox

~z

-1, °a:: = -I
y

33. 12

35.-7

=
7

--I

7.

dZ au =

'81,'

az =

39. -0.00005 amps/sec

\153

- --J,-U

2.

v53

= ---I'--=j

"

29. No, the maximum rate of change is

31.

\/5'3 \/53 '\Il85 < 14.

45. (cos Lsin l, l)and(cos(-2),sin(-2),-2) 47. (a) Maximum at (and

v::,~) (~2,- ~}
~dt
/4

\/5

minimum

Section 14.. , pp, 1008-1011 6 1. (a) x + y + z = 3 (b) x = 1 + 21,y = 1 + 21,Z

(b) Max 49. 2.1:\/x8

= +

6. min = 2

x3

.t: In

2\1

;-,-3

3. (a) 2., - :: - 2 = 0 (b) x = 2 - 41,), = 0, z = 2 + 21 5. (a) 2x + 2y + z - 4 = 0 (b) x = 2t, v = I + 21. z = 2 + 1 7 .. (a) x + y + z - 1 = 0 (b) x = t, Y = 1 + t,.:: = I 9. 2x - .::: 2 = 0 11. x - y + 2z - 1 = 0 13. .x = I,Y = I -I- 2t,z = I - 2t

=1

2{

A-70
15. x = 17. x = 1 19.
23.

Chapter 14: Answe~

J t e ,v -

1•

,= 1. 2

.i.

2t

23. 25, 27. 29.

31. 33. 35. 4y

+ ,

901,y = 1 -

90r,;: = 3
21. dg = 0

df =
(a) ~

9 "iT83O :::::0.0008
Sill

\13 =1

tcos cos

(b)

V3 sin V3 =
=I

\/3 :::::935°Cjft o \/3 '" 1.87°C/sec

= 2x

25. (a) L(.I".y) 27. (a) L(x,y)

29. 31.

(b) L(x.y) 3x - 4y + 5

2y -

(b) Lex,y)
=

= 3x -

5
37.

frO, 0), saddle point; f(O, 2) = -12, local mtnimum; f( -2,0) = -4, local maximum; I( -2,2), saddle point f(O, 0), saddle point; f( l. I) = 2. f( -1, -I) '" 2, local maxi rna 1(0, O} = -1, local maximum f(I17T. 0), saddle point; f(ll1r, 0) = 0 for every Jl Absolute maximum: 1 at CO. 0); absolute minimum: - 5 at (1,2) Absolute maximum: 4 at (0, 2); absolute minimum: 0 at (0. 0) Absolute maximum: 11 at (0, - 3); absolute minimum: -10 at (4, -2)
Absolute (3.-~} maximum: (3,*}

(a) L{x,y)
L(x,.")

+x

(b) L(x,y)

-y + ~ =
x

35. L(x. yl 37. (a) L(x,y,z)

= 7 +.r - 6y; 0.06 = I + .r: 0.0222

33. L(x.y)

+Y +
=

I; 0.08 y

(c) L(x,y.::) 39. (a) L(x,y,:)

= =

2r
0

2y

2z - 3

(b) Lex,y,;;;)

39. a = - 3, b = 2
z 41. Hottest: 2-

= .r I

(b) L(x,y,:) 2 2

= , leX

vz

+ . IcY
'v2

at

(t,o)

1 at
0

--

2'

(1,*) I v3) . (I V3)

(l,-~}aLld --

4 at (2, 0); absolute

minimum:

3;12 at

and

--

2'

--

2'

. coldest: --

(c)

Llx,y,z)="3x+"JY+3-'
=2

41. (a) Llx,y,z)

+x +~ + +

43. (a) I(O, 0). saddle point (b) I( 1,2), local minimum (c) f(l, -2), local minimum; I( -I, -2), saddle point _l_ _l_ 355) 49. ( 6' 3' 36
53. (a) On the semicircle, at I min

(b) L(x, y.:) = .r - )' - :

(e) 43. L(x,y, z) = x - y - z

%+I
6,0.0024

=
f

max

f=
g

2'V''2 at I = 11/4, mill

f=

-2

IT.

On the quarter max

circle,

max
I

0=

2V2

at t = ,,/4,

L(x, j', z)

2x -

6y -

2z

= 2 at t = 0,7</2.

45. Lis, )',z) = x + y - z - 1,0.00135 47. Maximum error (estimate) ~0.31 in magnitude 49. Maximum percentage error = ±4.83% 51. Pay more attention to the smaller of the two dimensions.
generate the larger partial derivative. in d.

(b) Ou the semicircle,

It will

53, (a) 0,30% 55. f is most sensitive to a change 57. Q is most sensitive to changes i.n h. 61. 1\t -

4' -

7r"7T

2V'2: at 0, 0; at

4' 2V2

1T

11

t = 3'iT/4. On the quarter circle, max g = 2 at I = 11/4, ming = Dati = O,To/2. (c) On the semicircle, max h = 8 at t = 0, rr; min Ii = 4 at I = 'iT/2. On the quarter circle, max II = 8 at 1 = 0, min h = 4 at t = rr/2. 55.i)minf= -1/2all= -1/2; no max ii)ma;;.j=Oat I = -1,0; min I = -1/2 at t = -1/2 iii) max f = 4 at r = 1; min f = 0 at I = 0 20 9 71 57. y = -13x + 13' ylF4 =-0 3 59. )' = 2""'

2 at

= ,,/4,

nun g

-2

at

Section 14.7, pp. 1018-1022

1. 1(-3,3)

3. 7,

I(t,i)
f(%, ;;).

-5,

local minimum

+ 6'

ylx=4

6"

37

= 0, local maximum

5./(-2,

I), saddle point

61. y = O.122,\' -I- 3.59

saddle point

9. 1(2, I), saddle point 13. f( 1, 2), saddle point

11. f(2. -1) = -6. local minimum 15. 1(0.0). saddle point

17. 1(0,0),

saddle point;

f(-}.%)

= 1 7 0,IOCalI113XiLTIu(Tl
27 I, - I), saddle point

19. f(O, 0) = 0, local minimum; 21. frO, 0), saddle point;

10,1) ~i,
=-

I(

local minimum

Chapter 14: Answers

A-71
'

63. (a)

IMt
171)0 ~ 178'i 17~O ~ :: 1775

..

7. Q uadratrc: J2, x~ d . 1(
9. Quadratic:

'J ky"')

, -I- .1'-; cu hi xIC: 0

+ )Ie

1 -I- (x -I- y)

cubic: 1 -I- (x 11. Quadratic: I-

+ y) +
~Xl -

(x

+ (x + y)2; + _)I)2 -I- (.,. +

y";E(x,_)')
«;

.1')3

().OOI34

Practice Exercises, pp. 1044-1047

Kochd numbers

(b) y

0.0427[( +1764.8

(e)

1780

1. Domain: all points in the \v-plane; range: ~ ~ O. Level curves are ellipses with major axis along they-axis andminor axis along the .r-axis,

Section 14.8, pp. 1031-1033

1.

(±~.~).(
(b) 64

±~,-±)

3.39

5. (3,±3y"2)
-I

7.. (a) 8 13.

9. r = 2 I:tTI. h = 4 em 11. Length = 4\/2". width 1(0,0) = 0 is rninirnum.I(2, 4) = 20 is maximum. 15. Lowest = 0°. highest = 125° 17.

= 3\--12

2,2':2 (3 5)

3.

19. I

21. (0, O. 2), (0, 0, -2) 2,-5)

Domain: all (x, _v) such that x '" 0 and y '" 0; range: z "" O. Level curves are hyperbolas with the v- and j--axes as asymptotes.

23. I(L-2,5)
rrururnum.

=
"7
_.

30 iSlT1{lximul11.f(-1.

-30 is
,~I

25. 3 . 3 ,.J~

2 2 2 . V:l bY \/3 IJy V'3 units

29. (±4/3, -4/3. -4/3") 33. f(2/3. 4/3, -4/3) is I

=

31. U(8, 14)

35. (2.4,4)

S 128
I), minimum is 5. Domain: all points in xyz-space; range: all real numbers. Level surfaces are paraboloids of revolution with the s-axis as axis

37. Maximum 139. Maximum

\/3 at (± Y6, \/"3,

I).
minimum

6v'3at(=V6.-vi
is

4 at (0.0, ±2),

is 2 at

(±Vi ±V2. 0).

Section 14.9, pp, 1037-1038

L (a) 3.

t------'--____,

Jp.:, y_ or .::=x~'"

;-l "" _\-~_ 1,1_.:

=-i

a
dP

(b)

2=

(e) I
(b)

2: V
ilU -1--

1,2

+I

(a) ~U

+ =

au nR «r (~)
cos

iJU(I1/?)
ilP

aT

5. (a) 5 7.

(~Jr)
dX

(ax) AI'

(b) 5 ~

e
7. Domain: all (X"V' z) such that (x.y.z) ~ (0,0.0); range: posilive real numbers. Level surfaces are spheres with center ro, 0, 0) and radius t: > O.

_J'

Section 14.10, pp. 1042-1043

L Quadratic: 3. Quadratic: 5, Quadratlc:
cubic'

.r

-I- xy:

cubic: x

-I- xy

I + 2" xy-

xy: cubic: xX
_F

-I-

"2

1(

2,1.1'

, y"): 2_1'J)

I -\' -I- -(2,\1 2 .

- .1'

2) + -6 (~, - 3.\")'- , I _)_-cp -

..L

A-72
9. -2 17. No; ] 9.
21. 23.

Chapter 14: Answers 13.1 15. Lety=Jo;2,k;to f(x,y) does not exist. 51. Tangent: x -I- y =
y
y=-X+7r-t"

11.1/2
linl(x,v)~(o.O)

'IT

1: normal line: y =

.t -

To

ag

or =
af
aRI aF

cos

e + sin e, a~ =
af
R/'

au

-1'

sin () -I-

cos (}

= - R12' aR2 = -

rJI
aR3

=-

R]"

an

V' aR
=0'

RY fJP

V' aT = V' av = - V2
=2X2 a2j a21 , .. -=0,-.-=--=1 (x- -I- 1?' (}y2 ilyax

«r

aF

nR ap

nRT I

25. -

a2g
{}2!

a2g

ax2
ax.

ay2

i'

2x

--

iPg

ayax

= --

a2g

53. x = I - 2t,y = 1,2 = 1/2 + 2t 55. Answers will depend on the upper bound used for

ax a_)!

= --

y2

27. -,=-30x+ 29. ddwi

==-]

2_

iif
ax oy

= I, \EI :5 0.02. 57. L(x,y.z) = y - 3z,L(x,)"z)

tv[

If.rxl. If,,·I, I In' I· With

M = V2/2.

IEI:s;

0.0142. With

= x +)' - z - 1 59. Be more careful with the diameter, 6:1. dJ = 0.038, % change in 1 = 15.83%. more sensitive to voltage

1=0

31. r.hv

ar
E

I
Ir. <1=("', 0)

= 2, ilw

iJs

I
(U')=(lT,O)

=2 -

1T

33.

_,J.1 d
~,

= -(sin
1=1

cos2)(sin 1) -I- cos 1)(si.n2)

(cos 1

cos 2)(eos I)

- 2(sinl Y 35. d ! dx
= -]

(.<.1')=(0,1)

.' idl . th di 37. Tncreases most rapt yIn e irecnon u = - -2. d ecreases most rapiidl yIn the d"rrecnon -u Du! ==
=

v'2. . 2 J; V2 .
1-

V2 . vI] 21 + -2-j;.
ill

2;

\/12

D-ui

-~2~;

\/2,

Du,i

= -10 where
+
v
UI

Ivl

. 2 39 . Increases most raptidlY III t h e di irecuon u = 71. . rrection -u d ecreases most raptidly 111 t he d" Du!
=

3 6 7 J. + '7 Ic;
-

change 63. (a) 5% 65. Local minimum of -8 at (-2, -2) 67. Saddle point at (0,0),/(0,0) = 0; local maximum of 1/4 at (-1/2, -1/2) 69. Saddle point at (0, 0), /(0, 0) = 0; local minimum of -4 at (0, 2); local maximum of 4 at (-2.0); saddle point at (-2,2), f( -2,2) = 0 71. Absolute maximum: 28 at (0, 4); absolute minimum: -9/4 at (3/2. 0) 73. Absolute maximum: 18 at (2, -2); absolute minimum: -17/4 at (-2, 1/2) 75. Absolute maximum: 8 at (-2,0); absolute minimum: -[ at (1,0) 77. Absolute maximum: 4 at (I, 0); absolute minimum: -4 at (0, -1) 79. Absolute maximum: 1 at (0, ± 1) and (1,0); absolute minimum: -1 at (-1,0) 81. Maximum: 5 at (0, I); minimum: -1/3 at (0. -1/3) · 83. Maxnnumr ...::; at (I . ;;::' - --;=, I w/ o V3 \/'3 \~,• (;

-712 .

3. 6 7.1 - '7 k ;

1)
3

111111lmum:- 'v(;3 at

..

7; D-uf

-7; Du,! = 7 where (b) 14/5

41. 1T/V2 43. (a) f,.( 1,2)

45.

Ivl

== fy( 1,2) = 2

(87.

~,

85. Width =

(c:r)'tJ,

\~)
depth =

(b:~ltl,
-) V2

height =

(a;:r]
;-2)',
1 V2 -.(;,-) v2

IV].' .3 at"(1v'2' v'2' 'vS) anc1(I1axunum: '2

,. 1 I nururnum: :=) ar ( - ----r;:, . Ic: ~ \;2 v2

\/2' -

J \/2' - .,v

and ([ r' \'2

89. (a) (c) (1 47. Tangent: 4.r - y - 52: = 4; normal line: .r = 2 + 4t, Y ==- 1 - t, z = 1 - 5 t 49. 2y - z - 2 == 0
9 '1. iJw _

(2y +
+
cos

x2z)e.'~ x2,v)e·l>;:
D Il

(b)

x er=0' - {y)
2

ax -

iJw_ ill'
Ia

sin 13 oW ihl' _ r iJl3' Cl)' real number

.
Sin

iJw ill'

cos r

@ iJw

afJ

97. (t, -( ± 4,0,

Chapter 15: Answers

A-73

AdditionaL and Advanced Exercises, pp. 1047-1050 t. f~y(O, 0)

= -1,

/.,AO,
0

0) = 1 z 2) 1:". V __ '"

21.
y 4

I 7 . (c) ,.2 = 2" (2 x

'2

+ y" +
4,g(x,y)

Y3

abc

41'(4-)')/2

dx dy

23.

Jo ,.

{Ii,'

dy d."(

n.

f(x"y)

=~

=~

+~ +

y=4(1,2)

2\'

19. y = 21n]sillx] 21. (a) 23.

"h v os

In2 (b) ~ 29,097 (98i 127j 58k)

(2i

+ 7j)
'iTX

----co+-...L.-------..

w=

e -c',,'r sin

CHAPTER 15
Section 15.1, pp .. 1063-1065
1. ]6
y

25.1" l-, r
j

dx dy

27.}o}o

r(\!G)/2
16xdxdy

3.
..",-,(3, ;l)

1--

...

o
-I

29.
1-1,-1) (I. -I)

. -I

'11~

a
y

3y dy dx

3]. 2

5. ~+ 2

2
lIT. rr)

7. 81n8 - 16
y In 8

-1

111In 8

33.

e-2 2

35. 2
y
(1.11

9. e - 2
1--__
--.,-,."..1 I. 1)

\I

37. 1/(8071) 1.3. 1/6

u
p (-,,13,2)

3 11. -ln2 2 17. 8

15. -1/10

19. 271

U.0625

(0.5.0.0625)

-2

A-74
39. -2/3

Chapter 15; Answers

7.

'11 la
.,'

•l'-V' •

dx dy =-

9 .. 12

(12,6)

12

N'o-r-ro 11.
-I,

SC;\LI!

\12-

13. ~

41. 4/3

43. 625/12

45.16

47. 20

49. 2(1

In2)

51.
59 .. r

53. rr2

55. - ;2

57. 20~
=~
y=-!

[ll2-"(X

+ y2)dydx

15. (a) 0 (b) 4/712 17. 8/3 19.. x = 5/14,y = 38/35 21. = 64/35,y = 5/7 23. = 0,;; = 4/(31T) 25 . .x = v = 4a/(311) 27. 1,. = 1) = 471,10 = 811' .29. = -I,y = 1/4 31. I, = 64/105,Rx = 2V2{i 33. = 3/8,y = 17/16 35 .. x = 11/3,y = 14/27,1;, = 432. R" = 4

x x

61. R is the set of points (x, y) such that x2 +

2y2

<4

63. No, by Fubini's Theorem, tile two orders of integration must give the same result. 67. 0.603 69. 0.233

37. 39.

Section 15.2., pp, 1073-1075

1.

11
2

2x -

dy dx = 2

or

1 1'
2

2Y - dx

dy = 2

R, = 3V6/1O,R,. = 3Y2/lO,Ro = 3v2/5 2 41. 40,OOO(1 (7/2) "" 43,329 43. IrO < a :S 5/2, then the appliance will have to be tipped more than 45° to fall over, 45. (x, .v) = (2/,71,0) 47. (a) 3/2 (b) They are the same. 53. (3) (7/5,31/10) (b) (19/7,18/7) (c) (9/2,19/8) (d) (11/4,43/16) 55. Fo r the center of mass to be on the common boundary, II = For the center of mass to be inside T, h >

x= :x =

o.j = 13/31,1;. = 7/5,Ry G,y = 7/10;J" = 9/1O,I" = 3/10,10 = 6/5;

=-v2l73l

e- in

aY2.

aV2.

Section 15.3, pp. 1081-1082

1. w/2 3. ')T/S 5. wu2 7. 36 9. (1 - In 2)1T 11. (21n 2 - L)(w!2) 13. (71'/2) + I 15. 71'(1114 I) 17. 2(1T - 1) 19. 1271' 21. (371'/8) + 1 23. 4 3.

2 y-2

1'-:)" dv =9 dx
•

5.

t"2f"' Jo Jo

dy dx

.25. 6\13 - 271' 33. 27T( 2 -

27.

= 5/6,ji

=D

29. 23

31. 23 (b) I

(-1,1)

_.!",
.r

}'

Ve)

35.

i + 5;
+ 2h2)

37. (a) \1T

r:

On 2,2)

39.1Tln4,110

41. ~(a2

--+-~--------4X
H.-2)
U If12

Section 15.4, pp, 1090-1093

I.

1/6

Chapter 15: Answers

A-75

3.

i113-3-"12-2"-2o/J
11,-2X!u'3-JX-3Y/2
0 U

dz ely dx,

.~

1213-JJ/2ll-Y/2-"/3

. dy

dz dx,

1311- [2-2r-2z/3.,
U 0 0
/ Z

1211-Y/213-3X-3Y/2_
3

dz dx ely,

5.

= 0,

= 12/5,

f,

= 7904/105

"" 75.28,

C(), dx dz

I, = 4832/63 7. (a)

~ 76.70,1" = 256/45 "=' 5.69

= y = 0, Z = 8/3

00.0

.0

dx dz ely,

9. h = 1386,RL = 13. (a) 4/3 15. (a) 5/2 Cd) (b) (b)
= R,

The value of all six integrals is I.

312-2"/311-Y/2-"/3
o
0

dx dy dz.
.

x = 4/5, Y = ;: = 2/5 x = y = z = 8/15 (e) 1.,

R:

\!¥
+

(b) c = 2v2 11. h = ~O,RL

=.J'fs
=
~p

s,
[c.,n.

=jfi
b2) 7hZ)

= l~ = 11/6

17, 3

19. (a) ~g fa]

(b)

IZ

5.

181'v"hf-~ 1218-.<"£~ Bl\~lV8-z-r.". l

. 24

121~.21S-X'-i /21'S-/1\~
I -~ ,2+1 __

1 dz dx dv
"

12£1I4-/j'8-,.1-l
-2.

23. (a) I dz dx dv,

".

abc(a2

12

' Ro.m. _ ' R/_ -

=~

12

b2

-vs-z-i
. • __

1 dx dz dy

j_'214j'V~ _
-2.

-v'4=?
y'

x'+y'

(b)
1 dx dz ely,

h~

~ abc(a2

r;?+7b2 \j~

-\I.-v' dz:

27. (a) h = a-v3

(b) Ii = aV2

-'v"h

-VS-:-Jr

1 dx dy dz

24

-V8-z-.r

, 1 dy dz dx

1214£~
. () . -2

['4£V';}'\/Z-Y' 1 dx ely ,.----;

-v, -v s :»:

Section 1.5.6, pp, 1108-1112

1.. 4'1T(v'23
9, 'iT/3 11. (a)
dz,

I)

3.

17_7T" )

5. r.(6 v 2 - 8

>

,/::

.'

3r. '10

,1 ely dz dx .

-~

-V8-:-,.'
3

i dydx dz +

[4[",,"}'\/z-.I-v= -\~
13. 18

.r"

. -~

,0 .

i dy dx

In Jo JlI
2

The value of all six integrals is 16". 7., 9. I 11.

(b)

2(1 -

7T

cos 1)

15. 7/6

1 "1 i"
V3
o
0
I

err (' rf4-?

r dz dr de

r dr dz dO

(e) B. dz
15.

17, 0
21. (a)

1.1 [l-X'l
IJO
.'
0
I 1Z o

19

.2

1_ ~
8

l -,

(e)

l1 j'V;;
-Vy

x'

dy dz dx

(b)

Jo _~I2
,0

(1)'\/1-=
.0

rdxdydz

(d)_

(e) 23. 2/3

Jo .

('LV; r;«;
-\1.1';0

10

'1

.t:
-V."

t': dydx
dx cit dy

1"',";2.faI /2.
i:
'"./2
-"/2

r t ": .ill r de dz dr rOo Jo Jil

'cosG

.Q

£2'iTf'

• \i]

21~
0

r ell' dz

de

Jo

1'31"

1(1',8, z) dz r dr dO

["

{2,i01e

17.. ) 19.

j'
I

./0

r>:

1(1',

l+cos Ii

14
0

e, z)

dz r dr dO

f(r, e,z)

dz rdrdii

25. 20/3

27. 1

29. 16/3

32 31. 8'iT - -:;.J

Jo

{70'/4

)0

r:)0r»:
27. 27T

f(l',

e. z)
2'

dz rdrdi)

21. 7T"2

23, Til3

33. 2 35. 4" 37. 31/3 39.. 1 41. 2 sin 4 45., a = 3 or a = 13/3 47. The domain is tbe set of all point (x, y, z) such that 4x2 + 4y2 + Z2 :s 4.

43. 4

25. 571'

29. (

8-

5\12)

-ir

31. (a)

Jo ./0 Jo

r: r: [2

p2 sin r/J(lp d¢ de

A-76

Chapter 15: Answers

89. The surface's equation r = fez) tells us that the point (r, 8, z) = (fez), z) will lie on the surface for a118, In particular, (f(z),8 + 71",z) lies on the surface whenever (f(z), 8, z) lies on the surface, so the surface is symmetric with respect to the z-axis.

e,

(/(zl, G, .)

J;

Section 15.7,. pp. 1119-1121

u +V 11 - 2u I 1. [a) x = -3- ',y = -3-;"3 (b) Triangular
u

region with boundaries

II

0,11 = 0, and

v =3

(b)

1"'l "j
V

3. (a) x = t(21.l - v),)1 = 110(3v - u); /0 v'4=? r dz dr de

V4-i'-;
1

(e) 43.

jv3.31

(b) Triangular region with boundaries 3u + v = 10 7. 64/5 (d) 571"/3

2

311 =

U,1I

= Zu, and

v3-'~

V0j

dzdydx 49. 271"3(13 ;, . J17/ 3 -1 59. 571"/2

9./
2

J\u

11) 2~1 du dv = 8

81T / 3

45.9 4 I
55.

31T 47'-1-8-4

11.

'Tr"ab(a +b

13'"3 1 -I- e2
-u sin

l(

3)
V

5 21112 3

'""

0.4687 u sin2 v = u

53. 1T/2 41T{ 8 61. 67.

4(2v2 :3

1)1T 57. 1671"

15. (a)

I cos v

sm v sin v

u cosv

vi

= u cos2

= y = O,Z
=y
= = 7T/4

30)
=

63. 2/3

65. 3/4

3/8
5/6

69. (x,y, z)

(b) (0,0,3/8)
=

u. co.s v
-USlllV

COSV

I=

=u sirr' v - u cos2

-I<

71.

o.r =

73. IE = 301T,R,

75. ]_T

77. J""i)

a4h1T

J%.

19. 12

21. -6-. -

a2b2c2

79'. (a) (x, y, z)=

(b)

(0, 0, ~

(x,y,z)

),1, R, Jf (o,O,~}!z = ~,Rz =,f&

= ~, =
7Ta 4

Practice Exercises, pp. 11.22-1124

1. ge - 9
y
10 (1110, 10)

3. 9/2

2h2 + 3h) _ 83. (x,y,:Z) = ( 0,0'"1 6 ,1, ~1+

(h2

2h)

,R, -

__

,t::

s.,
(1,1) I

v2

-3

NOT TO

seA LE

C.hapter 16; Answers

A-77

5.

1°1

2 2<+4

-x' dy dx =4

7.

1(l!2 V9=?
J
3 "2

30

ydy dx = -2

3. 27T

5. 37T/2

7. (a) Hole radius

1, sphere radius 15.

(b) 4\137T
x2:+4yl=9

9. 7T/4 11. In(%)

1/\Y3
b2)J/2

17. Mass = a2cos-I fo = a 4 2

2 -

(%) -

bYa2

bI,
_

COS-I

(%) _

~3 ~

3 6

(a2 _

19. ~b (ea'b 9. sin4 11. ln 17 4 2 -\n4 13. 4/3 21. 15.4/3 17. 1/4 23. Ix = 28,R" 29. X
=~

I)

21. (b) I

(e) 0 27. 2Tf

25. h = Y20 in., h =

v60 in,

It- (t) '{2]

7. Graph (f)

:19.

=y=

'0 = 104
27.7i

CHAPTER 16

25. M=

4,Mx = O,~;, = 0

3~,y

Section 16.1, pp. 1131-1133

1. Graph (e) 9.

+ 32 3'.l. ( a ) x = 157i + 48 ' Y - 0 67i (b)

r= I + cos e

Vi

17. V31n 25. (a) 27.

(%)

11. Ii
2

3. Graph (g) 13. 19.

5. Graph Cd)

3Yl4
2

lOYs 3

15.i(5Ys + 9)
21. 8 \1'2) R, = 1 23. 2\1'2 1

4Y2 -

(b)

Vi + 1n (1 +

lz = 27Toa3, Rz = a (b) 1: = 47Tv2o,

29. (a) lz = 27TVi8, R, = 1 31. Ix = 27T - 2, Rx = I

33.

7T - 2 4

35. 0

37. 8/35

39. 7T/2

Section 16.2, pp. 1142-1144 1. V f = - (xi + yj + zk)(x2 + y2 +

3. V'g = - ( 5 . Flex. = (c) 27T(8 - 4\1'2) 7. 9. 11. 13. 23.
~2

___E_)i - (~)jy2 + y2 +
x2

z2 3/2

+
j,

eZk any k

(xl

+ y- )3/2

I-

(x2

+ y2)3/2

ky.

>

(a) 9/2 (b) 13/3 (e) 9/2 (a) 1/3 (b) -1/5 (e) 0 (a) 2 (b) 3/2 (e) 1/2 1/2 15. -7T 17. 69/4 19. -39/2 21. 25/6 (a) Circ, = 0, circj = 2rr, flux, = 2rr, fiUX2 = 0 (b) Circ, = 0, eire, = 8rr, flux, = 8rr, flux2 = 0 25. Circ = 0, flux = a27T 27. Cire = a27T, flux = 0 29. (a) -~
31.

(b) 0
y

(e) 1

Additional and Advanced Exercises, pp, 1124-1126

1. (a)

(e) 125/4

1'1
3s

-..->x2 dy dx

(b)

[21 J-3
x

-.<2 (Xl

Jo

dz dy dx

A-78
33. (a) G

Chapter

16: Answers

-yi

35. F - - Yx2

xi

+ xj + -l'J'
+ yZ

(b) G = VX2 37. 48

y2 iF 41. 0 41..

39.. 71"

Section 16.6, pp. 1183-1185

1. "(I', e) = (r cos eli o :s; e :5 211" 3. r(r, 8) = (r cos eli o :s; 8 :s; 71"/2 5. r(r,O)

+ + +

(r sin e)j (r sin 8)j

(r sin O)j

+ /..k,0 2 +

:s; r

:s;

2,
:5

(t/2)k,0

:5

6,

Section 16.3, pp .. 1152-1154

I, Conservative 7. J{x,y,z)
= x2

3. Not conservative

5. Not conversative

+ 2""- + +C +

31'2

2z"

9. I(x, y, I) = xe_r+2z 11. I(x,y,z)

(3sin¢cos8)i + :5 8 :5 27f 7. r(¢, 6') = (v3 sin qJCos

= (r cos 6')i

:5 r :5

3Y2/2, 0

+ r2 Ii, fJ :5 27f; Also: r(¢., e) = (3sin¢sin8)j + (3 cos (p)k, 0 :s;.p :S;1T/4

:5

V9 -

xlnx - x

tan (x

+ y) +
(b)

tln(y2

z2)

13. 49
27.

15. -]6

F=V

(xl ;

17. 1
1)

19. 91n2

21. 0
(e) 1

23.-3

29. (a) 1

311. (a) 2 (b) 2 33. (a) c = b = 20 (b) c = b = 2 35. It does not matter what path you use. The work will be the same on any path because the field is conservative. 37. The force F is conservative because all partial derivatives of M, N, and P are zero. f(x, y, z) = ax + by + CI + C; A = (xu. yo, za) and B = ixb, .vb, :::b) . Therefore, dr = f(Bl... - f(A) = a(xb - xa) + b(yb - ya) + crIb - za) = P·AB.

IF'

cos ¢ 7f/3 :s; (p :s; 27f/3,O :s; :s; 271" 9. l'(X,Y) = xi + yj + (4 - y2)k, 0 :s; X :s; 2, -2 :s; y:s; 2 ll.r(u, l')= tli -l- (3 cos vl.i + (3 Sill v)k, 0 :s; u :s; 3, o :s; u :s; 271" 13. (a) r(r, 8) = (rcosO)i + (rsinO).i + (1 - reos 0 - rsin fJ)I.., 0 :s; r :s; 3,0 :s; e :s; 271" (b) r(u, 11) = (1 - II cos V - II sin v)! + (u cos v)j + (usinv)k,O""" u s 3.0""" l':S; 21T IS, r(u,v) = {4eos2v)i + uj + (4 COS 11 sin vlk, 0 :s; 11""" 3, -(7f/2):S; l':S; (IT/2) , Another way: r(u,v) = (2 + 2cosu)i + uj + (2sinv)k,0:s; II s 3.0:S; v S 2'11" 17. 19. 23. 25. .02 10

(V3

)Ii,

e)i + (v3 sin (p sin O)j +

'

Section 16.4, pp, 1163-1165

1. Flux = 0, eire 3. Flux = -11"0\ eire = 0 S. Flux = 2, eire = 0 7. FIlL"X = -9, eire = 9 9. Flux = t/2, eire = l/2 11. Flux = 1/5, eire = -1/12 3 13. 0 15. 2/33 ]7. 0 19. -1671" 21. 7fa2 23. "871" 25. (a) 471"if C is traversed counterclockwise (0) (II - k)(area of the region) 35. (a) 0
= 211"a2

1
t;
s

'2"1'Vs j3 2 1T .I

-reb'dB

=--

7I"v5
2 21.

rV5 circle = 871"Vs

2

12""1"' u"\/4u

1
=

2,,"!41 du d» = 67f
,1

+-1 du du = (5~

- ]) 11"

27.

Jjrr .r dIT

r:J""/4
s

{IT 2

sin ¢ d¢ d8 = (4

e t' ./0 Jo LtV

+ 2v2)11" + 1 du 2
du

4112

]7\!l7 - I 4
4

Section 16.5, pp, 1174-1176

13 1. 371"

2.9.
'TTVC2

r JJrr XL de =.10err)0

sin ¢ cos 0 drj; dO = ;

3.4
-

5.

6v'6 -

2v2

7.

+J
9a3

31.

II
s

z da =

.f1'

(4 -

11 -

v)V3dvdll

3\6

9. ~ (17Vt7 15 4 (a b '. abc 23.

rra2

5VS)

11. 3
17, 2

21n 2 19. 18

rs,
.,.,,

+ ac + be )
25.

+
7T 3

~~. 6
3[/4

, 71"a~

(for x = u,y = v)

27. -32

29. -4

31.

33. (;,;,~) 35..

(x, .J.I, z)

(0, 0, 194), 1. = 151T

V2D, e.

= ~1

0
I

37. (a) 41.

81T ""3a 4 s

511"Yl

43. (5v5 - 1)

(b)

207f 3(/ 4 8

11"( • rr: 39'"6 13 v 13 -

Appendix B: Answers
31. Not conservative 33. lex, y, z) = y2 + yz + 2x + z 35. Path 1: 2; path 2: 8/3 37. (a) I - e-211" (11) 1 - e-21T 39. 0 41. (a) 4

V2 -

(b)

V2

In

(I

-I-

v'2)

43. (x,y,z)=
R =
s

(1':~'1}l_,=2il,r!,=~~,f"=596;
J'
I

2\.129
3''15' 1, =

51.

45.

z=

t, Tf3, s; = A
59. 17

= 4V2 R yls'

=
Z

2v7
3

47.

(x, ji, z) = (0,0, 49/12),Iz

64017.,R" = 2v2 55.

49. Flux: 3/2; eire: -1/2 57. 0

53. 3

2;

(7 - 8

VZ)

Additiol1at and Advanced Ex.ercises,.pp. 12'10-1212

L 6'JT
55. (b) A = lz"1"[a2b2sio2q)COS24J a2c2
COS4 ¢ siir' 0]1/2

3. 2/3

b2c2COS4¢COS2(}

5. (a) F(x,y, z) = zi (c) F(x, y, z) = zi 7. 1 61TR3 3 9. a

+ xj
2, b

-I- yk

(b)F(x,y,

z) = zi

+ yk

d4) de

1 . The minimum flux is -4.

57.

XOX

+ YaY

= 25

II. (b)

"3g
=

16

Section 16.7, PJl.1193-1195

J. 41T 3. -5/6 5. 0 7. -671" 9. 27m 15. -71/4 17 .. - [571 25. 16ll' + [61x
2

(c) Work

13. [2'lT

(1

gxY dS)

=g

fc

xy2 cis

6 13 g

4 13. (e) ]7i"W

19. False ifF = yi

+ xj

Section 16.8, pp, 1204-1206

1. 0 3. 0

13. Il-n-

15. 12rr(4 V2

5. -16

- J)

7. -871"

9. 31T
the surface

11. -40/3 area of S.

APPENDIX B.l
Section B.l, pp. AP~29-AP-30 1. o.T, 0.2, 0.3, 0.8, 0.9 or I
3. x<

21. The integral's value never exceeds

-2

Practice Exercises, pp. 1207-1210 1.. Path 1: 2\13; path 2: 1 + 3V2 3. 4a2
7. 871" sin (1)
15. a bc /_!_2 2 . \j a

-2

5. 0

5.
7.

x:5

-3"1
9.
7

-113

9. 0

11. 71"\/3
17. 50

13.217(1 - ~)
+
(6
CDS

3, -3.

J, + _l_2 b" c

H.
</»k,

6' 6

25
-2
4

~2 :5 t :5 4 10

13. 0:5;::5

19. r(cfJ,8)
1T

= (6 sin4i cos O)j

(6 sin(p sin e)j

III

6 :5 ¢ :5 3'
21.

271

15. (-00, -2] U [2,(0) 17. (-oo,.-3)U[J,00)

-2
-3

0 ="" () ="" Ltt

rer,8) = (rcos eli o :5 8 ="" 27T 23. r(u,v) = (ucosv)i

O:5v:51T

+ +

(rsin 19)j + (J 2~j

r)k,O ="" r ="" u:5

:5

2,

19. (-3, -2) U (2, 3)

23.

21. (0,1)

+ +

(usiou)k,O

1,

(-00 ,1]

25.

v'6

27.

1T[

V2 + in (1

\1/2")]

29. Conservative

A-80
29.

Appendix B: Answers

Graph of region.
y

Ixl + lvl

1 is the interior of "diamond-shaped"

25. x2

(y - 3/2)2 = 25/4

3
-I x" +
.... ?-'

-1

(y -

312t ~ 2514

Section B.2, pp, AP-38-AP-39

1. 2, -4; 2\15 5. m : I. 3 3. Unit circle

27.

7. (a) x = -I 9. y = -x 13. y = 4x

(b) y = 4/3 11. y

29.

5 -4"x + 6

15. y = - ~

l2

17. x-intercept = V3,y-intercept

J'

-V2

-2

19. (3,-3) 21. x2 + (y - 2)" = 4

(O.4)

centered at the origin 31. Exterior points of a circle of radius 33. The washer between the circles x2 + y2 = 1 and x2 + y2 = 4 (points with distance from the origin between 1 and 2) 35. C. + 2f + (y - I? < 6 37. 39.

V7,

(~,~), (- ~,- ~) (-~,-t). (~,-D

0

41. (3) "'" -2,5 degrees/inch (c) "" -8,3 degrees/inch 45. Yes: C = F = -40 c 23. (x

(b) ~ -16.1 degrees/inch 43. 5,97 atm

+ v3f +
(-../3,0)

(y

+ 2F =

51. k = -8,

k = l/2

Appendix B: Answers

A-8t

Section 8.3, pp. AP-46-AP-47

1. (a) 8'17 m 5. 8 sin 8 cos 8 tan 8 (b) 551T ' -9-m
-'7T

13.

Period 2'17

r 3. 8.4 in.
0 0 0 0 '17/2
[ )l=Sil1(X-~)+
I

-2'17/3

0 -1 0 UNO -1 UND
= - ~,

V3
2 1 2

V2
[

_E 0
4

~
4

V3
1

UNO
0 UNO

\1'2
-1
-[

15. Period = I, symmetric about the origin

,~ -'''''(11"1)

cots
see 0 esc 0

V3
-2 2

UNO

-\1'2
V2
17. Period = 417, symmetric about the origin

v3
tanx =

UND

7. sinx
y

-v8
11. Period 6
.v

9. Period 1T

.~=

esc 2"

-6

25. -cos /: 33. .v7""

27. 2 .65

Y6+\1'2 4
35. 3 2

29.

2+V2 4

V3

"" 0.982 3