MT S NGUYN T VI LNG THNG GP TRONG NC V NH HNG CA CHNG ThS. Don Vn Kit Trng b mn ho Abstract.

Water is the precious natural resource,an indispensiable factor to the living which is existent
anywhere with presence of water. However, in accordance with the living development, the industrialization and the agriculture cultivation have more and more bad effect on this resource. In a lot ofs place, the surface water and the underground water are badly polluted, which leads to the harmful influence on the water quality, and on the peoples health as well as animals and plants life productivity. One of the elements resusting in the environment with micro quantity elements, therefore, our understanding to these elements is extremely essential. In this article, we would like to give out some basic knowledge of the element.

Tm tt. Nc l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin qy gi, l yu t khng th thiu cho s sng, u c nc
c s sng. Tuy nhin cng vi s pht trin ca s sng, qu trnh th ho, cng nghip ho, v thm canh nng nghip ngy cng pht trin c nhiu nh hng xu n ngun ti nguyn ny. Nhiu ni ngun nc b mt thm ch c nc ngm b nhim nghim trng gy nh hng xu ti cht lng ca nc v nh hng n sc kho ca con ngi v ng vt lm gim nng xut v cht lng cy trng. Mt trong nhng cht c tc dng gy nhim l cc nguyn t vi lng.

I. T VN . Cc nguyn t vi lng l cc nguyn t c rt t trong nc ch vo c vi ppm, nng ca chng tu thuc vo ngun nc, chng thng l cc kim loi nng (Pb, Cd, Hg, ) hoc cc nguyn t kim (F, Cl, Se,). Mt s trong chng khi c nng va phi th khng c nh hng xu ti ngi v vt nui thm ch cn c tc dng tt, tuy nhin khi c nng cao chng li tr thnh nhng cht nhim c mnh gy ra mt s tc ng xu cho ngi v vt nui. V d nh cc kim loi nng khi c nng cao c th tc ng n gc sunfat trong enzim, lm v hiu ho cc enzim hoc phong to mng t bo, ngoi ra chng cn c xu hng to kt ta vi cc mui hoc lm xc tc cho mt s qu trnh phn hu cc protein c cc nhm axit cacboxyl (-COOH) v nhm amin (- NH2) l nhng nhm d lin kt vi cc kim loi nng. Cc kim loi Cd,Cu,Pb,Hg cn lin kt vi cc mng t bo, ngn cn qu trnh vn chuyn cht qua mng t bo gy nh hng ti qu trnh trao i cht ca t bo, y chnh l mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy ra bnh ung th v mt s bnh khc. V cc l do trn m vic tm hiu v xc nh chnh xc hm lng cc nguyn t ny trong nc sinh hot v nng, ng nghip l mt vic lm ht sc cn thit t c th s dng cc ngun nc cho ph hp c th bo v c sc kho cho ngi v vt nui. y chnh l nh hng nghin cu khoa hc ca b mn ho Trng i Hc Ty Bc trong giai on t 2005 2010. Chng ti s ln lt gii thiu kt qu nghin cu ca thy, tr b mn ho trong cc s thng tin khoa hc ca nh trng, trong s ny s gii thiu cho bn c mt s thng tin v cc kim loi nng thng c trong nc thi v nc t nhin. II. NI DUNG. Gii thiu mt s nguyn t kim loi nng thng c trong nc thi v nc t nhin.

1.ng(Cu) L kim loi mu , t khi 8,96. Nhit nng chy 10830 C, nhit si 25430C; Cc mui tan trong nc l Clorua, nitrat, sunfat. +) Hm lng ng trong nc t nhin v nc thi: Trong nc t nhin v nc sinh hot hm lng ca ng thng khng ln, dao ng trong khong t 0,001 mg/l n 1mg/l. Cc ngun nc gn nhng x nghip tuyn qung ng hm lng c th ln n 100 mg/l. Trong nc thi ca cc nh my, x nghip thng c cha lng ng cao v khc nhau: Nh my sn xut Pb- Zn : 0,4 8 mg/l Nh my sn xut Sn : trn di 0,1 mg/l Nh my sn xut Mo- W : TB 27,2 mg/l Nh my sn xut Ni- Co : 1 1,5 mg/l +) Tnh c: Khi hm lng ng trong c th ngi l 10g/kg th trng gy t vong, liu lng 60 100 mg/kg gy nn bun nn, ma o. Vi c, khi hm lng Cu l 0,002 mg/l c 50% c th nghim b cht. Vi khun lam khi hm lng Cu l 0,01 mg/l lm chng cht. Vi thc vt khi hm lng Cu l 0,1 mg/l gy c, khi hm lng Cu l 0,17 0,20 mg/l gy c cho c ci ng, c chua, i mch. +) Nng gii hn cho php: Vi nc ung v h cha: 0,02 1,5 mg/l tu theo tiu chun tng nc * Nc ti cy nng nghip: 0,2mg/l ring vi t rt thiu ng c th dng nc cha ti 5 mg/l ti trong thi gian ngn. 2. Ch (Pb) L kim loi c mu xm tro, t khi 11,33; Nhit nng chy 327,40C, nhit si 17450C, cc mui tan trong nc clorua, nitrat, axetat. +) Hm lng trong nc t nhin v nc thi: Trong nc t nhin hm lng ch thng rt nh, nm trong khong 0,001 0,023 mg/l. Trong nc sinh hot cng thng c vt ch (v nc chy qua ng dn c ch). Trong nc thi ca cc nh my ho cht v khu luyn kim thng cha lng ch ng k. Nh my sn xut Pb- Zn : 5,0 7,0 mg/l Nh my sn xut Mo- W : 0 - 16,0 mg/l +) Tnh c:

Khi nng ch trong nc ung l 0,042 1,0 mg/l s xut hin triu chng b ng c kinh nin ngi ; nng 0,18 mg/l ng vt mu nng b ng c. Trong nc ti nng ch ln hn 5 mg/l th thc vt b ng c. +) Nng gii hn cho php Nc ung : 0 0,1 mg/l tu tiu chun tng nc. Nc ti nng nghip: 0,1 mg/l Nc cho chn nui : 0,05 mg/l 3. Km (Zn) Km l kim loi c mu trng bc, t khi 6,77, nhit si 906,20C ; Cc mui tan trong nc clorua, sunfat, nitrat. +) Hm lng trong nc t nhin v nc thi. Trong nc t nhin hm lng km thng rt nh nm trong khong t 0,0001 5,77 mg/l. lng km trong nc t nhin ch yu do cc ngun nc thi a vo c bit l nc thi ca cc nh my luyn kim, ho cht. Nh my sn xut Pb- Zn : 1,0 mg/l Nh my lm giu kim loi mu: 40 - 50 mg/l +) Tnh c. Km v cc hp cht ca chng t nh hng n cc ng vt thn nhit n nh m ch nh hng n cc ng vt bin nhit. Nng km trong km sunfat l 0,4 mg/l gy t vong cho c gai trong 7 ngy. +) Nng gii hn cho php. Nc ung: 1 -15 mg/l theo tiu chun tng nc. Nc ti rung: 5 mg/l 4. Thu ngn (Hg) L kim loi c mu sng bc, dng lng. Cc mui tan trong ncl clorua, sunfat, nitrat, clorat. +) Hm lng trong nc t nhin v nc thi. Hm lng thu ngn trong nc t nhin rt nh, nm trong khong 3. 10-5 2,8.103 mg/l. mt s vng cng nghip do c s dng thu ngn nn nng thungn s cao hn. +) Tnh c. Thu ngn v hp cht ca n thng rt c i vi c th sng. Thu ngn s gy c cho ngi khi nng trong nc ca chng l 0,005 mg/l, vi c l 0,008 mg/l. +) Nng gii hn cho php. Nc ung: 0,0001 -0,001 mg/l theo tiu chun tng nc. Nc ti nng nghip : 0,005 mg/l 5. St (Fe) L kim loi trng bc, t khi 7,874, thng tan trong nc di dng bicacbonat v hidroxit. +) Hm lng trong nc t nhin v nc thi. Hm lng st trong nc t nhin dao ng trong mt gii hn ln t 0,01 26,1 mg/l, tu thuc vo ngun nc v nhng vng m ngun nc chy qua. Ngoi ra cn tu

thuc vo pH v s c mt ca mt s cht nh cacbonat, CO2, O2, cc cht hu c tan trong nc, chng s oxi ho hay kh st v lm cho st c th tn ti dng tan hay kt ta. +) Tnh c. i vi ngi v ng vt c thn nhit n nh, st t gy c tuy nhin khi nng st cao s lm cho nc c mu vng v mi tanh kh chu. Vi ng vt bin nhit: Th b ng c khi hm lng Fe l 890mg/kg th trng, vi chut l t 984 1986mg/kg th trng. +) Nng gii hn cho php. Nc ung : 0,2 1,5 mg/l tu thuc tiu chun tng nc. Nc thi: 2- 10 mg/l. 6. Mangan (Mn) L kim loi trng bc, t khi 7,44. Cc mui tan trong nc l clorua, sunfat, nitrat. +) Hm lng trong nc t nhin v nc thi. Hm lng mangan trong nc t nhin trung bnh l 0,58mg/l, hm lng ny cn ph thuc vo ngun nc v cc khu vc nc chy qua. Trong nc thi sinh hot hm lng mangan dao ng trong khong 0,47 0,5 mg/l. +) Tnh c. C nhiu gi thit cho mangan l tc nhn gy t bin i vi cc ng vt thn nhit n nh. Vi sinh vt di nc Mn t gy c. Vi cy trng, khi hm lng Mn l 2 mg/l s gy c cho h u, 5 10 mg/l gy c cho c chua. +) Nng gii hn cho php. Nc ung : 0,01 0,5 mg/l tu thuc tiu chun tng nc. Nc thi: nh hn 1 mg/l. Trong cc s sau chng ti s tip tc chuyn ti ti bn c v cc nguyn t vi lng cn li v cc phng php phn tch chng cng nh cc kt qu m gio vin v sinh vin trng i Hc Ty Bc nghin cu v xc nh c ti mt s ngun nc khu vc Ty Bc. * Hin nay Vit Nam thng nht c b tiu chun v nc chng ti s cung cp ti cc bn sau. TI LIU THAM KHO 1. L Vn Khoa. Phng php phn tch t, nc, phn bn v cy trng. NXB Gio dc 2001 2. T Vng Nghi. Phng php phn tch nc. NXB khoa hc v k thut