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Disclaimer PMI makes no warranty, guarantee, or representation, express or implied, that the successful completion of any activity or program, or the use of any product or publication, designed to prepare candidates for the PMP Certification Examination, will result in the completion or satisfaction of any PMP Certification eligibility requirement or standard., service, activity, and has not contributed any financial resources. Initially Prepared By: Kim Ulmer Edited By: Peter Dapremont April 2002 Edition The information contained in this document has not been submitted to any formal IBM test and is distributed on an as is basis without any warranty either express or implied. The use of this information or the implementation of any of these techniques is a customer responsibility and depends on the customers ability to evaluate and integrate them into the customers operational environment. While each item may have been reviewed by IBM for accuracy in a specific situation, there is no guarantee that the same or similar results will result elsewhere. Customers attempting to adapt these techniques to their own environments do so at their own risk.
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"PMBOK" is a trademark of the Project Management Institute, Inc. which is registered in the United States and other nations. PMI is a service and trademark of the Project Management Institute, Inc. which is registered in the United States and other nations. PMP and the PMP logo are certification marks of the Project Management Institute which are registered in the United States and other nations.
Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
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Key Definitions
Actual Cost (AC) / Actual Cost of Work Performed (ACWP) Total actual costs incurred that must relate to whatever cost was budgeted within the planned value and earned value in accomplishing work during a given time period. Formerly called Actual Cost of Work Performed (ACWP), this is now referred to as Actual Cost (AC). The original approved plan plus or minus approved scope changes. The sum of the total budgets for a project. Replaced with the term earned value.
Baseline Budget At Completion (BAC) Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (BCWP) Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled (BCWS) Chart of Accounts
Any numbering system used to monitor project costs by category (e.g., labor, supplies, materials). The project chart of accounts is usually based upon the corporate chart of accounts of the primary performing organization. Any numbering system used to uniquely identify each element of the WBS. The development of a management plan that identifies alternative strategies to be used to ensure project success if specified risk events occur. (used in Risk Management) The amount of money or time needed above the estimate to reduce the risk of overruns of project objectives to a level acceptable to the organization. A management control point where the integration of scope and budget and schedule takes place, and where the measurement of performance will happen. CAPs are placed at selected management points of the work breakdown structure. Previously referred to as a Cost Account Plan. The cost efficiency ratio of earned value to actual costs. CPI is often used to predict the magnitude of a cost overrun using the following formula: BAC/CPI = projected cost at completion, where CPI = EV/AC. Any difference between the budgeted cost of an activity and the actual cost of that activity. In earned value, CV = EV-AC. 1) The physical work accomplished plus the authorized budget for this work. 2) The sum of the approved cost estimates (may include overhead allocation) for activities or portions of activities completed during a given period, usually from the beginning of the project until now. Previously called the Budgeted Cost of Work Performed (BCWP).
4-4 Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
Estimate
Schedule Performance Index (SPI) Schedule Variance (SV) To-Complete Performance Index (TCPI) Value Engineering (VE)
Working Capital
4-6 Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
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4-8 Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
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4-10 Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
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4-12 Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
Cost Types:
Sunk Costs: A historical or expended cost. Since the cost has been expended, we no longer have control over the cost. Sunk costs are not included when considering alternative courses of action. Fixed Costs: Nonrecurring costs that do not change based on the number of units, like expenses related to equipment required to complete a project. Variable Costs: Costs that rise directly with the size of the project, like expenses related to consumable materials used to accomplish the project. Indirect Costs: Costs that are part of the overall organizations cost of doing business and are shared among all the current projects. These include salaries of corporate executives, administrative expenses, any cost that would be considered part of overhead. Opportunity Costs: The cost of choosing one alternative and, therefore, giving up the potential benefits of another alternative. Direct Costs: Costs incurred directly by a specific project. These include cost for materials associated with the project, salary of the project staff, expenses associated with subcontractors.
Depreciation:
Straight-line Method: Takes an equal credit during each year of the useful life of an asset. Accelerated Method: Writes off the expense even faster than straight-line. Examples are double-declining balance and sum-of-the-years digits.
Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM. 4-13
PV = present value of future money FV = future value of todays money i = interest rate (also called discount rate) n = no. of periods over which interest is compounded
4-14 Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
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4-16 Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
EV (BCWP)
AC (ACWP)
BAC EAC
ETC
VAC
CPI
Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
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SPI
SV
PC
PS
TCPI
Rule of Thumb: 20-80 Rule 50-50 Rule of Progress Reporting 0-100 Rule of Progress Reporting 100-0 Rule of Progress Reporting Milestone Rule of Progress Reporting
4-18 Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
Sample Problems
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
What is the Cost Variance? What is the Schedule Variance? What is the CPI? What is the SPI? What is the EAC? What is the ETC? What is the Percent Complete? What is the Percent Spent? What can be said about this project?
Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
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4. For problem #3 above make the assumption that the company didnt have to pay for the machine until the third year. Compute the net present value and determine if the company should buy the machine. 5. Given the following:
Yrs 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PV(r)
PV(c)
A. Calculate the present value of both revenue and cost assuming a 10% interest rate. B. Calculate the benefit-cost ratio. C. Based on the BCR and profitability alone, would you do this project?
4-20 Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
Today is June 30th. BAC = Sum of the Budgets for all of the work units = $137
1. What is the Cost Variance? Work Performed (EV) - Actual Costs $55 - $67 = -$12 2. What is the Schedule Variance? Work Performed (EV) - Budget (PV) $55 - $56 = -$1 3. What is the CPI? EV/AC $55/$67 = 0.82 4. What is the SPI? EV/PV $55/$56 = 0.98 5. What is the EAC? AC + (BAC - EV)/CPI $67 + ($137-$55)/.82 = $167 or BAC/CPI $137/.82 = $167 6. What is the ETC? EAC - AC $167 - $67 = $100 7. What is the Percent Complete? EV/BAC $55/$137 = 40% 8. What is the Percent Spent? AC/BAC $67/$137 = 49% 9. What can be said about this project? Over cost, a little behind schedule
Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
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Answers, continued
Present Value and Net Present Value:
1. What is the present value of $1000 at 12% at the end of 5 years? PV(5) = $1000/(1.12)**5 = $567.44 So, if $567.44 is invested at a rate of 12%/year for 5 years, we will have $1000 at the end of the fifth year. 2. What is the present value of an annual income flow of $1600 at 10% over the next 3 years? Yr 1 2 3 1/(1+.10)**t .909 .826 .751 PV $1600*.909 = $1454.55 $1600*.826 = $1322.31 $1600*.751 = $1202.10
PV = $1454.55 + $1322.31 + $1202.10 = $3978.96 3. Management is considering buying a machine for $10,000 which is expected to save $4,000 over the next 3 years. If the desired rate of return is 15% per annum, should the machine be bought? May use the following table to simply the calculations. Yr 1 2 3 1/(1+.15)**t 0.870 0.756 0.658
NPV = PV(1) + PV(2) + PV(3) - Sum of Investment Cost NPV = $4000(0.87) + $4000(.756) + $4000(.658) - $10,000 NPV = $3480 + $3024 + $2632 - $10,000 = -$864 NPV is negative; therefore, this is not considered a good investment. 4. For problem #3 above make the assumption that the company didnt have to pay for the machine until the third year. Compute the net present value and determine if the company should buy the machine. NPV = PV(1) + PV(2) + PV(3) - Sum of Investment Cost NPV = $4000(0.87) + $4000(.756) + $4000(.658) - $10,000(.658) NPV = $3480 + $3024 + $2632 - $6,580 = $2,556 NPV is positive; therefore, this is considered a good investment.
4-22 Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
Answers, Cont.
5. Given the following:
Yrs 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PV(c) 50,000 31,818 12,397 3,757 3,415 3,105 5,644 7,697 117,833
A. Calculate the present value of both revenue and cost assuming a 10% interest rate. B. Calculate the benefit-cost ratio. BCR = PV(r)/PV(c) BCR = 148,672/117,833 = 1.26 C. Based on the BCR and profitability alone, would you do this project? Depends on who you ask. Should be 1.3 x cost before considering.
Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
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SL: Same amount depreciated each year/period. Accelerated DDB: The depreciation rate is 2*(1/n) where n is the life of the asset. This gives a depreciation rate of 2*(1/4) = 0.5. Thus the asset depreciates 50% during the first year. Apply the same rate every year to the remaining balance. Thus, in year two the depreciation is 0.5*$50,000 = $25,000, etc. SYD: No. of years left/Sum of the years. Year 1: 4/10 or 40% Year 2: 3/10 or 30% Year 3: 2/10 or 20% Year 4: 1/10 or 10% Sum of the Years is arrived at in this example by adding the years, for 4 years you add 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 to get the 10. You then take for the first year 4/10, the second year 3/10, the third year 2/10, and the fourth year 1/10. If this was being depreciated over 5 years, you would add 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 and get 15. You would then take for the first year 5/10, the second year 4/10, the third year 3/10, the fourth year 2/10, and the fifth year 1/10.
4-24 Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
Sample Questions
1. Which of the following are all considered processes of Project Cost Management?
A. Resource Leveling, Resource Planning, Cost Estimating, Cost Budgeting, Cost Control
B. Resource Planning, Schedule Development, Cost Budgeting, Cost Control C. Resource Planning, Cost Estimating, Schedule Control, Cost Budgeting D. Resource Planning, Cost Estimating, Cost Budgeting, Cost Control 2. Which of the following choices indicates that a project has a burn rate of 1.2? Hint: Burn rate is the same as the Cost Performance Index A. The PV is 100 and the EV is 120. B. The AC is 100 and the EV is 120. C. The AC is 120 and the EV is 100. D. The EV is 100 and the PV is 120. 3. The inputs to Cost Budgeting includes all of the following except: A. Cost estimates B. Cost baseline C. WBS D. Project schedule 4. During the six month update on a 1 year, $50,000 project, the analysis shows that the PV is $25,000; the EV is $20,000 and the AC is $15,000. What can be determined from these figures? A. The project is behind schedule and over cost. B. The project is ahead of schedule and under cost. C. The project is ahead of schedule and over cost. D. The project is behind schedule and under cost. 5. Earned value is: A. Actual cost of work performed. B. Budgeted cost of work scheduled. C. Budgeted cost of work performed. D. Budget at completion. 6. Which of the following Cost Management processes are concerned with cost baseline? A. Cost estimating B. Cost budgeting C. Cost control D. B and C
Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
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4-26 Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
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17. Which task is most over budget? A. Task 1 B. Task 2 C. Task 3 D. Task 4 18. Which task is ahead of schedule and under cost? A. Task 1 B. Task 2 C. Task 3 D. Task 4 19. Which task is on schedule with a cost variance of $0? A. Task 1 B. Task 2 C. Task 3 D. Task 4 20. Which task has the greatest schedule variance? A. Task 1 B. Task 2 C. Task 3 D. Task 4
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Project Cost Management Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.
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29. When using Earned Value Management, the difference between what has been accomplished and what was scheduled is called the: A. Cost Variance B. Schedule Variance C. Projected Variance at completion D. Labor Variance 30. Which of the following is used to determine how efficient the project team must be to complete the remaining work within the remaining money? A. Schedule Performance Index (SPI) B. Percent Complete (PC) C. To-Complete Performance Index (TCPI) D. Cost Performance Index (CPI)
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Answer Sheet
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d
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Answers
1 D 2 B 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 B D C D D D C A D A B A D D B D C B C C A D PMBOK Guide pg 83 CPI = EV/AC = 1.2 This means that for every dollar spent, the project is achieving $1.20 of value. PMBOK Guide pg 84 Cost baseline is an output of Cost Budgeting Can verify through CV and SV or CPI and SPI. PMBOK Guide pg 84. Cost baseline is an output of Cost Budgeting and an input to Cost Control. PMBOK Guide pg 90 PMBOK Guide pg 88 (Option A is percent spent) PMBOK Guide glossary PMBOK Guide pg 88 PMBOK Guide pg 92 PMBOK Guide pg 88 PMBOK Guide pg 84 PMBOK Guide pgs 86-87 PMBOK Guide pg 84 Check the cost variance. CV = EV - AC A negative number means over budget. Check the schedule and the cost variance. CV = EV - AC; SV = EV - PV Check cost and schedule variances. Check the schedule variances. PMBOK Guide glossary PMBOK Guide glossary Schedule variance = EV - PV. If the variance is negative then PV > EV. This just tells us that the project is behind schedule, but not the reason for the delay. SV = EV - PV and CV = EV - AC If SV = CV, then PV = AC since EV is the common variable in both equations. PMBOK Guide pg 84 PMBOK Guide pg 91. Option D is part of the Cost Management Plan. This is the standard definition of Payback Period . PV is not used PMBOK Guide glossary
25 C 26 27 28 29 30 D C B B C
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I would have answered a larger number of questions correctly if I had ___________. 1. Read the question properly and identified the keywords 2. Read the answer properly and identified the keywords 3. Read ALL the answers before answering the question 4. Used a strategy of elimination 5. Known the formula 6. Known the PMBOK definition 7. Checked the mathematics 8 Used the PMI rather than my own perspective 9. Reviewed my answer after reading the other questions 10. NOT rushed to finish Total
Number
_________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________
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