Professional Documents
Culture Documents
USER S GUIDE
DAA038680-1/0001
Copyright 1986-2009 Haestad Methods, Inc. All rights reserved. FlowMaster Users Guide. This documentation is published by Haestad Methods, Inc. (Haestad), and is intended solely for use in conjunction with Haestads software. This documentation is available to all current Licensees in print and electronic format. No one may copy, photocopy, reproduce, translate, or convert to any electronic or machine-readable form, in whole or in part, the printed documentation without the prior written approval of Haestad. Licensee may download the electronic documentation from Haestads web site and make that documentation available solely on licensees intranet. Licensee may print the electronic documentation, in part or in whole, for personal use. No one may translate, alter, sell, or make available the electronic documentation on the Internet, transfer the documentation by FTP, or display any of the documentation on any web site without the prior written approval of Haestad. Trademarks The following are registered trademarks of Haestad Methods, Inc.: ClientCare, CulvertMaster, Cybernet, FlowMaster, PondPack, SewerCAD, StormCAD, and WaterCAD. The following are trademarks of Haestad Methods, Inc.: Darwin, DrainageMaster, FlowMaster, HECPack, POND-2, Graphical HEC-1, Graphical HEC-Pack, PondGEMS, and WaterGEMS. Haestad Methods is a registered tradename of Haestad Methods, Inc. AutoCAD is a registered trademark of Autodesk, Inc. ESRI is a registered trademark of Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. Microsoft, Windows, Windows NT, Visual Studio, Word, and Excel, are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. SentinelLM is a trademark of Rainbow Technologies, Inc. All other brands, company or product names, or trademarks belong to their respective holders. Portions of this document include intellectual property of ESRI and its licensor(s) and are used herein under license. Copyright 1999-2002 ESRI and its licensor(s). All rights reserved.
37 Brookside Road Waterbury, CT 06708-1499 USA Phone: +1-203-755-1666 Fax: +1-203-597-1488 E-mail: info@haestad.com Internet: http://www.haestad.com
Contents
Chapter 1: Orientation
Whats New in FlowMaster? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 Using the FlowMaster Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Minimum System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 Installing FlowMaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 Installing FlowMaster on a Single Computer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 Installing FlowMaster for Deployment Across a Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5 Installing SentinelLM License Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6 Using SentinelLM License Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7 Uninstalling FlowMaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8 How Do I?Frequently Asked Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9 Contacting Haestad Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9 Sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9 Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10 SUPPORT HOURS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10 Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11 Haestad Methods Workshops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11 Your Suggestions Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11
Chapter 2: Tutorials
13
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 Tutorial 1Creating a New Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 Tutorial 2Gradually Varied Flow Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18 Tutorial 3Results Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
27
Welcome Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28 Main Window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28 Project Explorer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28 Project Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29
Contents-i
Engineering Library Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-30 Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-31 Toolbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-35 Create New Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-37 Channel Worksheet Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-38 Rectangular Channel Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-39 UNIFORM FLOW TABRECTANGULAR CHANNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-39 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW TABRECTANGULAR CHANNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40 Triangular Channel Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42 UNIFORM FLOW TABTRIANGULAR CHANNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-42 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW TABTRIANGULAR CHANNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-43 Trapezoidal Channel Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-44 UNIFORM FLOW TABTRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-45 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW TABTRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-46 Gutter Section Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-47 Irregular Section Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-48 UNIFORM FLOW TABIRREGULAR SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-49 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW TABIRREGULAR SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-50 Parabolic Channel Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-51 UNIFORM FLOW TABPARABOLIC CHANNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-52 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW TABPARABOLIC CHANNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-53 Pipe Worksheet Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-54 Pressure Pipe Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-55 Circular Pipe Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-56 UNIFORM FLOW TABCIRCULAR PIPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-57 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW TABCIRCULAR PIPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-58 Box Pipe Worksheet Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-59 UNIFORM FLOW TABBOX PIPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-60 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW TABBOX PIPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-61 Elliptical Pipe Section Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-62 UNIFORM FLOW TABELLIPTICAL PIPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-62 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW TABELLIPTICAL PIPE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-64 Weir Worksheet Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-65 Rectangular Weir Dialog Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-65 V-Notch Weir Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-66 Cipoletti Weir Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-67 Broad Crested Weir Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-68 Generic Weir Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-69 Orifice Worksheet Dialog Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-70 Rectangular Orifice Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-70 Circular Orifice Dialog Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-71 Generic Orifice Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-72 Inlet Worksheet Dialog Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-72 Grate Inlet in Sag Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-73
Contents-ii
GUTTER TABGRATE INLET IN SAG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GRATE TABGRATE INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OUTPUTGRATE INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grate Inlet on Grade Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GUTTER TABGRATE INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GRATE TABGRATE INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OUTPUTGRATE INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curb Inlet in Sag Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GUTTER TABCURB INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CURB TABCURB INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OUTPUTCURB INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Curb Inlet on Grade Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GUTTER TABCURB INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CURB TABCURB INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OUTPUTCURB INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditch Inlet in Sag Dialog Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DITCH TABDITCH INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GRATE TABDITCH INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OUTPUTDITCH INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ditch Inlet on Grade Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DITCH TABDITCH INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GRATE TABDITCH INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OUTPUTDITCH INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slotted Drain Inlet in Sag Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GUTTER TABSLOTTED DRAIN INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SLOT TABSLOTTED DRAIN INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OUTPUTSLOTTED DRAIN INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slotted Drain Inlet on Grade Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GUTTER TABSLOTTED DRAIN INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SLOT TABSLOTTED DRAIN INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OUTPUTSLOTTED DRAIN INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combination Inlet in Sag Dialog Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GUTTER TABCOMBINATION INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INLET TABCOMBINATION INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GRATE TABCOMBINATION INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CURB TABCOMBINATION INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OUTPUTCOMBINATION INLET IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Combination Inlet on Grade Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GUTTER TABCOMBINATION INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INLET TABCOMBINATION INLET ON GRADE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GRATE TABCOMBINATION INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CURB TABCOMBINATION INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OUTPUTCOMBINATION INLET ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-73 3-74 3-74 3-75 3-76 3-76 3-77 3-78 3-78 3-79 3-79 3-80 3-80 3-80 3-81 3-81 3-82 3-82 3-83 3-84 3-84 3-84 3-85 3-86 3-87 3-87 3-87 3-88 3-88 3-89 3-89 3-90 3-90 3-91 3-91 3-92 3-92 3-93 3-93 3-94 3-94 3-95 3-95
Combination Inlet Options Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-96 Rating Table Setup Dialog Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-97 Rating Table Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-97
Contents-iii
Rating Curve Setup Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-98 Rating Curve Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-98 Cross Section Report Setup Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-99 Cross Section Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-99 Irregular Section Editor Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-99 Weighted Roughness Method Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-100 Open and Closed Channel Weighting Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-100 Note to HEC-2, WSP-2, and WSPRO Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-103 FlexUnits Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-103 Project Properties Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-104 GVF Profile Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-105 GVF Profile Table Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-105 Tabular Reports Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-106 Print Preview Dialog Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-106 Set Field Options Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-107
Chapter 4: How Do I
109
Create A New Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-110 Creating a New Project From the Welcome Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-110 Creating a New Project from the Main Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-110 Open an Existing Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-111 Create a New Worksheet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-111 Name a Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-112 Edit a Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-112 Create a Rating Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-113 Plot Rating Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-114 Plot a Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-115 Print a Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-115 Set Field Options (Unit, Precision, Format) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-116 Save a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-116 Exit FlowMaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-116
117
Contents-iv
Hazen-Williams Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-120 Darcy-Weisbach Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-121 Critical Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-122 Basic Concepts of Critical Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-124 Hydraulic and Energy Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-124 THE ENERGY PRINCIPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-124 THE ENERGY EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-125 HYDRAULIC GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-126 ENERGY GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-126 HGL CONVERGENCE TEST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-126 Friction Loss Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-127 CHZYS EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-127 KUTTER S EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-128 MANNINGS EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-128 DARCY-WEISBACH EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-129 SWAMEE AND JAIN EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-131 COLEBROOK-WHITE EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-131 HAZEN-WILLIAMS EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-132 Flow Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-132 PRESSURE FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-133 UNIFORM FLOW AND NORMAL DEPTH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-133 CRITICAL FLOW, CRITICAL DEPTH, AND CRITICAL SLOPE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-133
Subcritical Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-134 Supercritical Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-134
Gradually Varied Flow Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-134 Slope Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-134 Hydraulically Steep Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-135 Critical Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-135 Hydraulically Mild Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-135 Zone Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-135 Profile Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-135 Energy Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-138 STANDARD STEP METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-139 DIRECT STEP METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-139 Mixed Flow Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-139 SEALING (SURCHARGING) CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-139 RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-139 Backwater Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-140 Frontwater Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-141 Weir Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-141 Sharp-Crested Weirs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-141 RECTANGULAR SHARP-CRESTED WEIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-142 V-NOTCH SHARP-CRESTED WEIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-143 CIPOLLETTI SHARP-CRESTED WEIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-144 SUBMERGED SHARP-CRESTED WEIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-145 Non-Sharp-Crested Weirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-146
Contents-v
BROAD-CRESTED WEIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-146 TRIANGULAR AND TRAPEZOIDAL WEIR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-148 Orifice Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-149 Orifice Coefficients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-149 SLUICE GATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-149 Pressure Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-150 Hydraulic Grade and Energy Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-151 Inlet Hydraulics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-151 HEC-22 Inlet Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-152 Flows in Gutters on Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-152 UNIFORM GUTTER CROSS SLOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-152 COMPOSITE GUTTER SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-154 Flow in Ditch or Median Section on Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-156 Inlet Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-157 INLETS ON GRADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-158 Grate Inlet on Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-159 Curb Inlet on Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-161 Slot Inlet on Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-163 Combination Inlet on Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-163 INLETS IN SAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-164 Grate Inlet in Sag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-164 Curb Inlet in Sag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-165 WEIR FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-166 ORIFICE FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-167 TRANSITION FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-168 Slot Inlet in Sag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-168 WEIR FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-168 ORIFICE FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-169 TRANSITIONAL FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-169 Combination Inlet in Sag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-169 EQUAL LENGTH INLETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-169 SWEEPER INLET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-170
171
Design Frequency and Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-172 Selection of Design Frequency and Design Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-172 Selection of Check Storm and Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-174 Surface Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-175 Hydroplaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-175 Longitudinal Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-176 Cross (Transverse) Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-177 Curb and Gutter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-178 Roadside and Median Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-179 Bridge Decks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-180
Contents-vi
Median Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-180 Impact Attenuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-181 Flow in Gutters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-181 Capacity Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-181 Conventional Curb and Gutter Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-183 CONVENTIONAL GUTTERS OF UNIFORM CROSS SLOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-183 COMPOSITE GUTTER SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-184 CONVENTIONAL GUTTERS WITH CURVED SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-189 Shallow Swale Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-189 V-SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-189 CIRCULAR SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-192 Flow in Sag Vertical Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-194 Relative Flow Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-195 Gutter Flow Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-197 Drainage Inlet Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-198 Inlet Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-199 Characteristics and Uses of Inlets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-199 Inlet Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-200 FACTORS AFFECTING INTERCEPTION CAPACITY AND EFFICIENCY ON CONTINUOUS GRADES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-207 FACTORS AFFECTING INLET INTERCEPTION CAPACITY IN SAG LOCATIONS . 6-209 COMPARISON OF INTERCEPTION CAPACITY OF INLETS ON GRADE . . . . . . . 6-209 Interception Capacity of Inlets on Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-213 GRATE INLETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-213 CURB-OPENING INLETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-219 SLOTTED INLETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-224
Combination Inlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-225
Interception Capacity of Inlets in Sag Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GRATE INLETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CURB-OPENING INLETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMBINATION INLETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inlet Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GEOMETRIC CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INLET SPACING ON CONTINUOUS GRADES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FLANKING INLETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Median, Embankment, and Bridge Inlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MEDIAN AND ROADSIDE DITCH INLETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EMBANKMENT INLETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6-229 6-230 6-232 6-239 6-241 6-242 6-242 6-252 6-255 6-255 6-261
Contents-vii
265 295
Energy Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-295 Roughness ValuesMannings Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-296 Roughness ValuesKutters Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-298 Roughness ValuesDarcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Equation . . . . . .8-300 Roughness ValuesHazen-Williams Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-301
Index
303
Contents-viii
Chapter
Orientation
Thank you for purchasing Bentley FlowMaster. At Bentley Systems, we pride ourselves in providing the very best engineering software available. Our goal is to make software that is easy to install and use, yet so powerful and intuitive that it anticipates your needs without getting in your way. Bentley FlowMaster is a feature-rich program with extensive online documentation, which provides a level of instruction appropriate to your needs. When you first use Bentley FlowMaster, the intuitive interface and interactive dialog boxes will guide you. If you need more information, use the online help by either pressing the Help button present in each dialog box, pressing the F1 key, or rightclicking anywhere in a dialog box.
1.1
access to FlowMaster content within a workgroup, across a distributed organization, or among collaborating professionals.
Integrated Installation and Activation - FlowMaster now prompts you to activate the software upon first use of the program. Improved Cross Sections - The cross section for an Irregular Section is now plotted on a grid.
1-1
Whats New in Bentley FlowMaster? Print from the Project Explorer - You can now print one or more worksheets from within the Project Explorer. Improved User Interface - Toolbars can now be moved, customized, and docked to any of the four sides of the FlowMaster main window. In addition, there are new menu commands and toolbar buttons.
Previously Added to FlowMaster: Gradually Varied Flow Analysis - FlowMaster can now perform gradually varied flow calculations for any free surface flow element. Gradually Varied Flow Profiles - Automatically generate profile views from the calculated results of your gradually varied flow analysis. New Worksheet Types - FlowMaster can now calculate parabolic channels, box pipes, and elliptical pipes. Project Explorer - Work on multiple projects simultaneously and exchange data between them freely using FlowMaster's new Project Explorer. Customizable Graphs - Enjoy complete control over practically every facet of your graph's appearance using the new charting module. You can even create three-dimensional graphs! Project-Specific FlexUnits - Retain customized FlexUnits settings for each individual project. Integrated Friction Methods - Change friction methods from each individual worksheet on-the-fly, allowing you to compare the results using any method. Auto-Update - Cross Section, GVF (Gradually Varied Flow) Profile, and GVF Profile Point dialogs dynamically refresh as data is modified or added. Customizable User Interface - Add and remove buttons, determine window placement, and enable or disable visibility of toolbars and other interface elements to suit your personal preferences. FlowMaster will retain your settings for future use. Modeless Dialogs - Interact with multiple open windows, without having to close the active one first. Multiple Concurrent Sessions - Open multiple instances of FlowMaster at the same time. Cut-Copy-Paste - Use Windows-style cut, copy, and paste commands to quickly manipulate data and share it between worksheets and projects. Undo/Redo - Windows-style Undo and Redo commands ease data entry tasks
1-2
Orientation
1.2
We designed the Bentley FlowMaster documentation to provide you content in the best possible way. With this in mind, there is significantly more content available online than in-print. The online content was designed to provide what you need while you are using the software, and so the online content includes information about the Bentley FlowMaster interface. The online content can also be updated dynamically as we update the software, and delivered to you by download or as part of an updated software version.
1.2.1
While Bentley Systems Haestad Methods products will perform adequately given the minimum system requirements, performance will only improve with a faster system. Our products are designed to perform at optimal levels with a fast CPU and ample amounts of RAM and free disk space. We highly recommend running our software on the best system possible to maximize its potential.
1-3
Troubleshooting
Due to the multitasking capabilities of Windows, you may have applications running in the background that make it difficult for software setup and installations to determine the configuration of your current system. Try these steps before contacting our technical support staff 1. Shut down and restart your computer. 2. Verify that there are no other programs running. You can see applications currently in use by pressing Ctrl+Shift+Esc in Windows 2000 and Windows XP. Exit any applications that are running. 3. Disable any antivirus software that you are running.
1-4
Orientation
Caution: After you install Bentley FlowMaster, make certain that you restart any antivirus software you have disabled. Failure to restart your antivirus software leaves you exposed to potentially destructive computer viruses.
4. Try running the installation or uninstallation again (without running any other program first). If these steps fail to successfully install or uninstall the product, contact Technical Support.
1.1
1.2
Glossary
The glossary contains many terms used throughout the application and the online help. To use the Glossary: Click Help > Contents to open the main Help window. Click the Contents tab, scroll to the bottom of the bookmarks list, and click the Glossary bookmark.
1-5
1.3
1.3.1
Sales
Bentley Systems professional staff is ready to answer your questions. Please contact your sales representative with any questions regarding Haestad Methods products and prices. Phone: Fax: Email: RELATED TOPICS See Technical Support on page 6. See Addresses on page 7. +1-203-755-1666 +1-203-597-1488 sales@haestad.com
1.3.2
Technical Support
We hope that everything runs smoothly, and you never have a need for our technical support staff. However, if you do need support, our highly-skilled staff offers their services seven days a week and may be contacted by phone, fax, and the Internet. For information on the various levels of support that we offer, contact our sales team and request information about our Bentley SELECT program. When calling for support, in order to assist our technicians in troubleshooting your problem, please be in front of your computer and have the following information available: Operating system your computer is running (Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows 2000, or Windows XP).
1-6
Orientation Name and build number of the Bentley Systems software you are calling about. The build number can be determined by clicking Help > About Bentley FlowMaster. The build number is the number in brackets located in the lower-left corner of the dialog box that opens. A note of exactly what you were doing when you encountered the problem. Any error messages or other information displayed on your screen.
When emailing or faxing for support, please provide additional details as follows so we can provide a timely and accurate response: Company name, address, and phone number A detailed explanation of your concerns The HAESTAD.LOG and ERROR.LOG files located in the product directory RELATED TOPICS See Sales on page 6. See Addresses on page 7. See Support Hours on page 7.
Support Hours
Support is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. You can contact our technical support team at: Phone: Fax: Email: +1-203-755-1666 +1-203-597-1488 support@haestad.com
1.3.3
Addresses
Use this address information to contact us: Internet: Email: http://www.haestad.com sales@haestad.com support@haestad.com info@haestad.com Phone: Fax: Mail: +1-203-755-1666 +1-203-597-1488 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
1-7
Contacting Bentley Systems about Haestad Methods Products Haestad Methods Solution Center Suite 200W 27 Siemon Company Drive Watertown, CT 06795
1.3.4
1-8
Chapter
Tutorials
Bentley FlowMaster is an easy-to-use, Windows-based program that aids civil engineers with the design and analysis of pipes, ditches, open channels, weirs, and more. Bentley FlowMaster computes flows, water velocities, depths and pressures based on several well-known formulas: Darcy-Weisbach, Mannings, Kutters, and Hazen-Williams. It also utilizes the HEC-22 methodology to perform pavement drainage and inlet flow calculations. Bentley FlowMaster lets you solve for a variable you select, computing the solution from the parameters you provide. The program will also calculate rating tables, and will plot curves and cross sections. These graphs and reports can then be viewed on the screen, copied to the Windows clipboard, saved to a file, or printed on any standard printer. These tutorials provide step-by-step instructions for creating a project, entering data in a worksheet, and generating reports.
2.1
Overview
The purpose of this section is to provide step-by-step tutorials to get you familiar with some of the features and capabilities of Bentley FlowMaster. The tutorials serve as a means to get you started exploring and using the software.
Note: You should follow these tutorials in sequence.
If you need help within the program, press F1 to access the context-sensitive online help.
2.2
2-9
Tutorial 1Creating a New Project Worksheets are contained within an Bentley FlowMaster project. A project holds global information such as Project Engineer, Project Date, Project Location (the location where the project files are stored on your computer), and any Notes that go along with the project. The project is also associated with a unit system (FlexUnits). The unit system defines the units and display precision used in the project. Upon project creation, the default unit system is used, but this can be modified and saved for use on future projects. 1. Start Bentley FlowMaster by double-clicking the shortcut on your desktop or by clicking the Bentley FlowMaster command from the Start menu. 2. When Bentley FlowMaster opens, the welcome dialog box appears. Click the Create New Project button.
2-10
Tutorials 4. Click File > Save As. The Save As dialog box opens. 5. Choose the directory to which the file will be saved and type MyTutorial1 as the name for the project file.
Note: We recommend you name the tutorial files you are using differently than any other files in your program directory, so you dont overwrite pre-existing files.
6. Now, enter some global project information. Click File > Properties. 7. In the Project Properties dialog box, note the types of information. The Project Date field should already contain todays date (this information is retrieved from the Windows system calendar and clockclick the down-arrow button to select a different date by using a calendar). Project File Name contains the path to the directory where the project is saved. 8. Enter the following information in the Project Properties dialog box: Enter your name in the Project Engineer field. Enter Tutorial Project in the Project Notes field. If you want your company name to appear on the bottom of all reports associated with the project, enter the company name in the Project Company field. If you want your companys logo to appear on the bottom of all reports associated with the project, click in the Company Logo field, then click the Ellipses button and select your companys logo image file. Click OK.
9. Click File > New > Worksheet. 10. In the Create New Worksheet dialog box, ensure that Open Channels is highlighted in the Categories pane, then click Trapezoidal Channel.
2-11
11. Click OK. 12. In the Trapezoidal Channel Worksheet dialog box, select Discharge in the Solve For drop-down list. 13. Select Manning Formula in the Friction Method drop-down list.
14. In the Roughness Coefficient field, click the Ellipsis (...) button to open the Materials library. a. Expand the tree containing all of the available material libraries. b. Expand the HMI Material Library item to see the available materials within the library. c. Click Flood plain, cultivated to highlight it.
2-12
Tutorials Note that the lower section of the Materials dialog box is updated with the data that is associated with this material. d. Click OK; the Materials dialog box closes and a roughness coefficient of 0.035 displays in the Roughness Coefficient field. 15. Click each of the other input fields in turn and enter the data contained in the following table into the appropriate input fields: Table 2-1: Input Data for Trapezoidal Worksheet (Tutorial 1) Attribute:
Channel Slope Normal Depth Left Side Slope Right Side Slope Bottom Width
Value:
0.004500 ft/ft 2.30 ft 0.50 H:V 0.75 H:V 5.00 ft
16. Save the project by clicking File > Save As. 17. Enter MyTutorial2 in the File name field, then click Save. 18. If needed, close any open dialog boxes.
2-13
2.3
2-14
Tutorials
a. If needed, click the Direction drop-down list and select Given Downstream. This drop-down list lets you choose whether you are solving for upstream depth (when Given Downstream is selected) or downstream depth (when Given Upstream is selected). b. Click each of the other input fields in turn and enter the data contained in the following table into the appropriate input fields: Table 2-2: Input Data for Gradually Varied Flow Analysis (Tutorial 2) Attribute
Downstream Depth Length Number of Steps
Value
3.0 ft 100 ft 5
2-15
3. View the profile of the gradually varied flow analysis: Click Analysis > GVF Profile.
4. Save the project by clicking File > Save As. 5. Enter MyTutorial3 in the File name field, and click Save. 6. If needed, close any open dialog boxes.
2-16
Tutorials
2.4
2-17
7. The Report Table dialog box that opens presents all calculation messages, notes, input data, and results for all of the trapezoidal channel worksheets within the project; in this case, just one.
2-18
Tutorials This report is useful for comparing multiple worksheets of the same type. If you want to print this report, begin by clicking the Print Preview button. 8. Close the Report Table dialog box. 9. Click Analysis > Cross Section.
Note: If Analysis > Cross Section is dimmed, click the Solve button, then try the menu item again.
10. In the Cross Section Setup dialog box, enter Trapezoidal Channel as the Report Title, and click OK.
11. The Cross Section dialog box displays a cross section diagram defined by the trapezoidal channel worksheet. You can print the cross section by using the Print Preview button, then clicking the Print button in the Print Preview window.
12. To change the size of the diagram: a. Click the Options button. b. Select the Manual Scale check box.
2-19
Tutorial 3Results Reporting c. Enter new value in the Aspect Ratio field, such as 3, and click OK. The diagram changes to reflect the aspect ration you entered. d. Change the Aspect Ratio back to 1. e. Close the Cross Section dialog box. 13. Bentley FlowMaster also lets you graph a range of results that are calculated from a range of values for a specified variable via the rating curves feature. a. If necessary, close any open Print and Print Preview dialog boxes and open the Trapezoidal Channel Worksheet dialog box. b. Click Analysis > Rating Curve. c. In the Rating Curve Setup dialog box, select Velocity in the Plot drop-down list. This is the attribute for which a range of values will be calculated. d. Select Channel Slope in the Vs. drop-down list; this sets the attribute against which the Plot attribute is calculated. e. Enter the information contained in the following table for the other fields in the Rating Curve Setup dialog box: f. Minimum: 0.0030 ft/ft Maximum: 0.0060 ft/ft Increment: 0.0005 ft/ft
Click OK. The Rating Curve dialog box opens, showing a graph of the velocity at each of the slopes in the range that is specified by the values you entered.
2-20
Tutorials
14. You can change practically any aspect of the graphs appearance by clicking the Chart Options button.
2-21
a. Experiment with the various settings available to you. To create the 3D chart shown here:
a. Click Chart Options > 3D. b. Select the 3 Dimensions check box. c. Set the 3D % to 90. d. Click the Walls tab. e. Click the Bottom tab, then click Color.
2-22
Tutorials f. Set the bottom color (in the example it has an Red, Green, Blue (RGB) value of 0, 255, 255).
g. Click the Panel, then Background tabs. h. Click the Pattern, Gradient, then Format tabs. i. j. l. Select Vertical from the Direction drop-down list. Click the Colors tab. Click Custom and set an RGB value of 255, 215, 0.
k. Click Start. m. Click OK > OK to close the color dialog boxes. n. Click End. o. Select white from the Color Editor dialog box (RGB of 255, 255, 255). p. Click OK. q. In the Hatch Brush Editor dialog box, select the No Middle Color check box. r. Click OK, then Close.
15. You can print the chart by clicking the Print Preview button, then clicking the Print button in the Print Preview window, or redefine the rating curve settings by clicking the Define Rating Curve button. 16. Save the project, then close all the open windows.
2-23
2-24
Chapter
The components that make up the Bentley FlowMaster interface are as follows: Main Window Project Explorer Engineering Library Explorer Menus Toolbars
Any changes you make to the placement and display of the dockable windows and toolbars will be saved, and will persist every time Bentley FlowMaster is started
3-25
3.1
Create Worksheet:
3.2
Main Window
The Bentley FlowMaster main window is the workspace in which various project worksheets are displayed. The main window itself does not contain any controls. You can manually position the project worksheets anywhere in the workspace, or use the Window menu controls to automatically position them in a number of ways.
3.3
Project Explorer
The Project Explorer window displays project components in a hierarchical tree view. Data is entered and calculated in a worksheet. There are different worksheets for various structure types, because of the differing input and output data that is required for each. Worksheets are contained within an Bentley FlowMaster project. A project holds global information such as Project Engineer, Project Date, Project Location (the location where the project files are stored on your computer), and any Notes that go along with the project.
3-26
Bentley FlowMaster Environment You can also create folders within a project. These folders can be used to organize your worksheets within the project. The folders are contained solely within the projectnew Windows directories will not be created when you create folders in the Project Explorer. The project is also associated with a unit system (FlexUnits). The unit system defines the measurement and display precision used in the project. Upon project creation, the default unit system is used, but you can modify unit system and save it for use on future projects. Each worksheet in the project is represented by an icon that indicates the worksheet element type and an automatically generated label. Various commands are made accessible in the Project Explorer through the use of shortcut menus. Right-clicking a Project icon in the tree view will open a shortcut menu containing the following commands: AddHovering the mouse over this command opens a submenu containing the following commands: New WorksheetThis command opens the Create New Worksheet dialog box, letting you create a new worksheet. New FolderThis command creates a new folder under the current project, letting you organize your project elements.
PropertiesThis command opens the Project Properties dialog box, letting you view and modify basic project information such as date, engineer, location, and notes. SaveThis command saves the current project. Save AsThis command saves all currently open projects. Close ProjectCloses the currently open project.
Right-clicking a worksheet within a project in the Project Explorer will open a shortcut menu containing the following commands: RenameThis command lets you rename the currently highlighted worksheet. DeleteThis command deletes the currently highlighted worksheet from the library. DuplicateThis command creates a copy of the currently highlighted worksheet in the same project. PrintThis command prints a report of the currently highlighted worksheet. When you click this command, you are prompted to enter the title for the report.
3-27
Engineering Library Explorer Print Selected WorksheetsThis command lets you print more than one worksheet at a time and is only available when multiple worksheeets are selected in the Project Explorer. To use this command, first select the first worksheet to print, then Ctrl+click or Shift+click the additional worksheets you want to print. Rightclick and select Print Selected Worksheets.
3.3.1
Project Files
Bentley FlowMaster projects comprise the following files:
Note: When transferring an Bentley FlowMaster project, make sure that these files are present, or you will not be able to open it.
Projectname.fm8: Projectname.fm8.mdb:
This file holds all of the project settings. This is a database file that holds all of the input and output data for the project. When emailing or otherwise transferring .mdb files, it is a good idea to compress them using WinZip or another compression utilitythe file size will generally be reduced drastically.
Other files that you may encounter in your saved file directories include: Projectname.fm8.01.bak: Projectname.fm8.mdb.01.bak: Projectname.fm8.mdb.ldb: This file is a backup file for the FlowMaster project settings file. This file is a backup file for the FlowMaster data database file. This file is a database lock file. It will be automatically generated when a project database is currently open, and it prevents changes from being made directly to the database. This prevents data loss and corruption.
3.4
3-28
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Each library is represented by an icon in the explorer view, and each material under the library is represented by another icon. Right-click a Project icon in the Project Explorer to open a shortcut menu containing the following commands: AddHover the mouse over this command to open a submenu containing the following commands: MaterialThis command creates a new material entry in the current library. FolderThis command creates a new folder under the current library, letting you organize your materials within the library.
DeleteThis command deletes the current library from the current project. RenameThis command lets you rename the current library.
Right-click a material icon in the tree view to open a shortcut menu containing the following commands: AddThis command creates a new material within the current library. DeleteThis command deletes the currently highlighted material from the library. RenameThis command lets you rename the currently highlighted material. PropertiesThis command lets you modify the attribute values for the currently highlighted material.
3.5
Menus
FlowMasters drop-down menu system provides access to all PondPack's tools and data managers. The menu system consists of the following selections: File Menu Edit Menu Analysis Menu View Menu Tools Menu Window Menu Help Menu
3-29
Menus
3.5.1
File Menu
The File menu contains project management commands. It provides features to create, read, write, and print project files. NewThis command opens a submenu containing the following options: ProjectThis command creates a new Bentley FlowMaster project. Initiating this command opens a dialog box that lets you enter a drive, directory, and filename for your new project file. WorksheetThis command opens the Create New Worksheet dialog box, letting you create a new worksheet within the current project.
OpenThis command opens an existing Bentley FlowMaster project. Initiating this command opens a dialog box that lets you choose the project file that you want to open. CloseThis command closes the project that is currently highlighted in the Project Explorer, without closing Bentley FlowMaster. Close AllThis command closes all open projects without closing FlowMaster. SaveThis command saves the current project. Save AsThis command lets you save the current project under a different filename and/or to a different directory. Save AllThis command saves all currently open projects. ProjectWiseThis command opens a submenu containing the following
commands:
OpenOpen an existing FlowMaster project from ProjectWise. You are prompted to log into a ProjectWise datasource if you are not already logged in. Save AsSaves the current project to a ProjectWise datasource. You are prompted to log into a ProjectWise datasource if you are not already logged in. Change DatasourceLets you connect to a different ProjectWise datasource for future Open and Save As operations.
Print SetupThis command lets you define the print settings that will be used when the current view of the project is printed. Print PreviewThis command displays what a printout of the project would look like. When you click this button, you are prompted to enter the title for the report. PrintThis command prints the current view of the project.
3-30
Bentley FlowMaster Environment PropertiesThis command opens the Project Properties dialog box, letting you view and edit the project date, engineer, file name, and any notes associated with the project. Recent ProjectsThis command displays a list of all recently opened projects. ExitThis command closes Bentley FlowMaster. If you have any open projects that need saving, you are prompted to save them.
3.5.2
Edit Menu
The Edit menu lets you use time-saving shortcuts such as undo/redo and cut-copypaste. UndoThis command cancels last data input action on the current worksheet. Clicking Undo again cancels the second-to-last data input action, and so on. RedoThis command cancels the last Undo command. CutThis command removes the currently highlighted field data and places it on the Windows clipboard. From the clipboard, you can paste the data into another field. CopyThis command copies the currently highlighted field data and places it on the Windows clipboard. From the clipboard, you can paste the data into another field PasteThis command pastes the data stored in the Windows clipboard into the currently highlighted field. Copy Worksheet DataThis command copies the input data from the currently active worksheet. Duplicate WorksheetThis command creates a copy of the current worksheet, including all input data. DeleteThis command deletes the current selection.
3.5.3
Analysis Menu
The Analysis menu provides access to various analytical tools that allow you to generate reports, rating tables and curves, and gradually varied flow profiles. Detailed ReportThis command opens a report that contains project information, input data, and calculated results. Rating TableThis command opens the Rating Table Setup dialog box, where you define a rating table to be associated with the current worksheet.
3-31
Menus Rating CurveThis command opens the Rating Curve Setup dialog box, letting you define the parameters that will define the content and appearance of the rating curve plot. Cross SectionThis command opens the Cross Section Setup dialog box, letting you enter a title for the cross section and to change the scale, if desired. GVF ProfileThis command opens a dialog box displaying a diagram of the worksheet elements cross section. More information about the various profile types can be found in Profile Classification on page 5-149. GVF Profile TableThis command opens a report displaying the results of the gradually varied flow calculations in tabular format. Tabular ReportsThis command opens a submenu that lets you select tabular reports displaying input and results for the chosen worksheet.
3.5.4
View Menu
The View menu lets you activate/deactivate the component windows of the Bentley FlowMaster interface. Project ExplorerThis command toggles on/off the display of the Project Explorer window. Engineering Library ExplorerThis command toggles on/off the display of the Engineering Library Explorer window. Status BarThis command toggles on/off the display of the status bar. A check mark appears next to this command when the status bar is displayed. ToolbarsThis command opens a submenu containing the following options: StandardThis command toggles on/off the display of the standard toolbar. A check mark appears next to this command when the standard toolbar is displayed. EditThis command toggles on/off the display of the edit toolbar. A check mark appears next to this command when the edit toolbar is displayed. HelpThis command toggles on/off the display of the help toolbar. A check mark appears next to this command when the help toolbar is displayed. AnalysisThis command toggles on/off the display of the analysis toolbar. A check mark appears next to this command when the analysis toolbar is displayed WorksheetsThis command toggles on/off the display of the worksheets buttons. A check mark appears next to this command when the worksheets toolbar is displayed.
3-32
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Reset WorkspaceResets the FlowMaster workspace so that the Project Explorer and Engineering Library Explorer appear in their default factory-set positions.
3.5.5
Tools Menu
The Tools menu contains a command that let you modify some project-level settings. OptionsThis command opens the Options dialog box, letting you view and edit unit settings associated with the project, and edit ProjectWise settings.
3.5.6
Window Menu
The Window menu provides commands that allow you to alter the position of the various worksheets within the Bentley FlowMaster window. CascadeThis command causes the worksheets in the main window to overlap one another in an offset way that maintains visibility of each. Note that this command maximizes all worksheets in the main window. Tile HorizontallyThis command causes the worksheets in the main window to overlap one another horizontally such that each is at least partially visible. Note that this command maximizes all worksheets in the main window. Tile VerticallyThis command causes the worksheets in the main window to overlap one another vertically such that each is at least partially visible. Note that this command maximizes all worksheets in the main window. Minimize AllThis command minimizes all of the worksheets in the main window. Close AllThis command closes all of the worksheets in the main window. Window ListThis command displays a list of all open windows.
3.5.7
Help Menu
The Help menu provides access to the Bentley FlowMaster documentation, maintenance tools, and other resources. Dynamic HelpThis command opens the online help to the topic associated with the currently active window. ContentsThis command opens the Table of Contents view in the online help. IndexThis command opens the online helps index of key words.
3-33
Toolbars SearchThis command lets you search the online help for a specified word or phrase. Release NotesThis command opens the online help to describe the new features in this release of Bentley FlowMaster. ServicesThis command Opens a sub-menu containing the following options: ContentsOpens your browser to the Services page of our Web site. Multimedia CDStarts the Virtual Tour, a multimedia presentation that includes information about Haestad Methods products and services. On-Line ForumsOpens your browser to the online forums page of the www.Haestad.com Web site. Haestad.comOpens your browser to the main page of the our Web site. CivilQuiz.comOpens your browser to the CivilQuiz.com Web site.
Welcome DialogThis command opens the Welcome dialog box. TutorialsThis command accesses the interactive tutorials, which guide you through many of the programs features. Tutorials are a great way to become familiar with new features (for more information, see Tutorials on page 2-9). Using Bentley FlowMasterThis opens the How Do I section of the online help, providing assistance with frequently used functions. How Do I?This command opens help to a series of frequently-asked questions. Check for UpdatesLets you update your software via the World Wide Web. For more information, Contacting Bentley Systems about Haestad Methods Products on page 1-6. About Bentley FlowMasterThis command opens a window containing the product and registration information for Bentley FlowMaster.
3.6
Toolbars
Bentley FlowMaster has four toolbars: Standard Toolbar Analysis Toolbar Worksheets Toolbar Edit Toolbar Help Toolbar
3-34
Standard Toolbar
Edit Toolbar
Help Toolbar
Analysis Toolbar
Worksheets Toolbar
3.6.1
Customizing Toolbars
You can add and remove buttons to any toolbar. Click the down arrow on the end of the toolbar you want to customize, click Add or Remove Buttons, then click the toolbar button you want to add or remove. A check mark appears next to the toolbar buttons that are currently displayed.
3-35
Toolbars You can move the menu bar and any toolbar to any position in the FlowMaster main window. To move the menu bar or a toolbar, move your mouse to the vertical dotted line on the left side of any toolbar until the cursor changes to a crosshairs, then drag the toolbar to the desired location. If you move a toolbar away from the other toolbar, the toolbar becomes a floating dialog box.
If you move the menu bar or a toolbar to any of the four sides of the main window, the toolbar will dock or attach to the window in that location.
3.6.2
Standard Toolbar
The standard toolbar contains the following buttons: NewClick this button to open a submenu containing the following options: ProjectThis command creates a new Bentley FlowMaster project. Initiating this command opens a dialog box that lets you enter a drive, directory, and filename for your new project file. WorksheetThis command opens the Create New Worksheet dialog box, letting you create a new worksheet within the current project.
OpenThis button opens an existing Bentley FlowMaster project. Initiating this command opens a dialog box that lets you choose the project file that you want to open. SaveThis button saves the current project. Save AllThis button saves all currently open projects. PrintThis button prints the current view of the project. Print PreviewThis button displays what a printout of the project would look like. When you click this button, you are prompted to enter the title for the report. Toolbar OptionsClick this arrow at the end of the toolbar to add or remove buttons.
3.6.3
Analysis Toolbar
The analysis toolbar contains the following buttons: Tabular ReportsThis command opens a tabular report displaying input and results for the chosen worksheet.
3-36
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Detailed ReportThis command opens a report that contains project information, input data, and calculated results. Rating TableThis command opens the Rating Table Setup dialog box, where you define a rating table to be associated with the current worksheet. Rating CurveThis command opens the Rating Curve Setup dialog box, where you define the parameters that will define the content and appearance of the rating curve plot. Cross SectionThis command opens the Cross Section Setup dialog box, where you enter a title for the cross section and to change the scale, if desired. GVF ProfileThis command opens a dialog box displaying a diagram of the worksheet elements cross section. GVF Profile TableThis command opens a report displaying the results of the gradually varied flow calculations in tabular format. Toolbar OptionsClick this arrow at the end of the toolbar to add or remove buttons.
3.6.4
Worksheets Toolbar
The Worksheets toolbar buttons let you access worksheets for: Open channels Pipes Weirs Orifices Inlets
The Worksheets toolbar also contains the following control: Toolbar OptionsClick this arrow at the end of the toolbar to add or remove buttons.
3.6.5
Edit Toolbar
The Edit toolbar contains the following buttons: CutThis button removes the currently highlighted field data and places it on the Windows clipboard. From the clipboard, you can paste the data into another field. CopyThis button copies the currently highlighted field data and places it on the Windows clipboard. From the clipboard, you can paste the data into another field
3-37
Create New Worksheet PasteThis button pastes the data stored in the Windows clipboard into the currently highlighted field. UndoThis button cancels last data input action on the current worksheet. Clicking Undo again cancels the second-to-last data input action, and so on. RedoThis button cancels the last Undo command. Toolbar OptionsClick this arrow at the end of the toolbar to add or remove buttons.
3.6.6
Help Toolbar
The Help toolbar provides easy access to commonly used documentation and help resources. Check for UpdatesThis button lets you update your software via the World Wide Web. ContentsThis button opens the online help to the Table Of Contents view. Dynamic HelpThis button opens the online help for the currently active window or worksheet. Toolbar OptionsClick this arrow at the end of the toolbar to add or remove buttons.
3.7
3-38
Bentley FlowMaster Environment PipesThe Pipes category includes the following worksheet types: Pressure Pipe Circular Pipe Box Pipe Elliptical Pipe Irregular Section
WeirsThe Weirs category includes the following worksheet types: Rectangular Weir V-Notch Weir Cipolletti Weir Broad Crested Weir Generic Weir
OrificesThe Orifices category includes the following worksheet types: Rectangular Orifice Circular Orifice Generic Orifice
InletsThe Inlets category includes the following worksheet types: Grate Inlet in Sag Grate Inlet on Grade Curb Inlet in Sag Curb Inlet on Grade Ditch Inlet in Sag Ditch Inlet on Grade Slotted Drain Inlet in Sag Slotted Drain Inlet on Grade Combination Inlet in Sag Combination Inlet on Grade
3-39
3.8
3.8.1
This dialog box comprises the following tabs: Uniform Flow TabRectangular Channel Gradually Varied Flow TabRectangular Channel
3-40
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Channel SlopeLongitudinal slope in the channel. Also, the vertical drop divided by the channel length. Normal DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom. Bottom WidthWidth of the bottom of the channel cross section. DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time. Kinematic Viscosity (This input is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Viscosity divided by the mass density given in units of length (squared) over time, hence the term kinematic. Viscosity is a property measuring the fluid resistance to shear. For example, molasses and tar have relatively high viscosity and water and air relatively low viscosity.
Output: Flow AreaCross-sectional area of flow. Wetted PerimeterPerimeter of flow that travels against a solid boundary. For a partially full pipe, the wetted perimeter includes all of the flow perimeter except for the top segment, which has a free surface. Top WidthLength of the free top surface on the flowing cross section. For a cross section flowing full, this value is zero. Critical DepthDepth of water in the channel for which the specific energy is at its minimum. Specific Energy is the sum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Critical SlopeChannel slope for which the uniform flow (equilibrium flow for which the slope of total energy equals the channel slope) is critical. VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time. For weirs and orifices, the velocity field is for the velocity of the water through the hydraulic structure. Velocity HeadEnergy due to the velocity of a liquid. Specific EnergySum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Froude NumberDimensionless parameter used to characterize open channel flow. For critical flow, this value is 1. Flow TypeThe flow is defined as: Supercritical if F > 1 Subcritical if F < 1 Critical if F = 1
3-41
Channel Worksheet Dialog Boxes Friction Factor (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Friction coefficient used in the Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Formula. Reynolds Number (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Ratio of viscous forces relative to inertial forces.
Input: Downstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the downstream end of the channel. Upstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the upstream end of the channel. LengthThe length of the channel. Number of StepsThe number of segments per profile that the channel is divided into based on its starting and goal depth. In unbounded cases, the number of steps is used to determine the marching interval, but not as strictly as in a bounded profile. This input is required by the direct step method that is used in the gradually varied flow analysis. It is recommended that the value entered here be at least five for accuracy. Increasing this number will increase the accuracy of the hydraulic grade calculation, but will increase the calculation time.
3-42
Bentley FlowMaster Environment End Depth/RiseDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the end of the channel. Normal Depth/RiseAverage distance from water surface to low point of channel bottom along the length of the channel. Downstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the downstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time. Upstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the upstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time. Channel SlopeLongitudinal slope in the channel. Also, the vertical drop divided by the channel length. DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time.
3.8.2
This dialog box comprises the following tabs: Uniform Flow TabTriangular Channel Gradually Varied Flow TabTriangular Channel
3-43
Channel Worksheet Dialog Boxes Channel SlopeLongitudinal slope in the channel. Also, the vertical drop divided by the channel length. Normal DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom. Left Side SlopeThe slope along the left side of the channel. Right Side SlopeThe slope along the right side of the channel. DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time. Kinematic Viscosity (This input is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Viscosity divided by the mass density given in units of length (squared) over time, hence the term kinematic. Viscosity is a property measuring the fluid resistance to shear. For example, molasses and tar have relatively high viscosity and water and air relatively low viscosity.
Output: Flow AreaCross sectional area of flow. Wetted PerimeterPerimeter of flow that travels against a solid boundary. For a partially full pipe, the wetted perimeter includes all of the flow perimeter except for the top segment, which has a free surface. Top WidthLength of the free top surface on the flowing cross section. For a cross section flowing full, this value is zero. Critical DepthDepth of water in the channel for which the specific energy is at its minimum. Specific Energy is the sum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Critical SlopeChannel slope for which the uniform flow (equilibrium flow for which the slope of total energy equals the channel slope) is critical. VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time. For weirs and orifices, the velocity field is for the velocity of the water through the hydraulic structure. Velocity HeadEnergy due to the velocity of a liquid. Specific EnergySum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Froude NumberDimensionless parameter used to characterize open channel flow. For critical flow, this value is 1. Profile DescriptionThe profile classification within the channel. Friction Factor (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Friction coefficient used in the Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Formula. Reynolds Number (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Ratio of viscous forces relative to inertial forces.
3-44
Input: Downstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the downstream end of the channel. Upstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the upstream end of the channel. LengthThe length of the channel. Number of StepsThe number of segments per profile that the channel is divided into based on its starting and goal depth. In unbounded cases, the number of steps is used to determine the marching interval, but not as strictly as in a bounded profile. This input is required by the direct step method that is used in the gradually varied flow analysis. It is recommended that the value entered here be at least five for accuracy. Increasing this number will increase the accuracy of the hydraulic grade calculation, but will increase the calculation time.
HeadlossLoss of energy due to friction and minor losses. End Depth/RiseDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the end of the channel. Normal Depth/RiseAverage distance from water surface to low point of channel bottom along the length of the channel. Downstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the downstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time.
3-45
Channel Worksheet Dialog Boxes Upstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the upstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time. Channel SlopeLongitudinal slope in the channel. Also, the vertical drop divided by the channel length. DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time.
3.8.3
This dialog box comprises the following tabs: Uniform Flow TabTrapezoidal Channel Gradually Varied Flow TabTrapezoidal Channel
3-46
Bentley FlowMaster Environment DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time. Kinematic Viscosity (This input is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Viscosity divided by the mass density given in units of length (squared) over time, hence the term kinematic. Viscosity is a property measuring the fluid resistance to shear. For example, molasses and tar have relatively high viscosity and water and air relatively low viscosity.
Output: Flow AreaCross sectional area of flow. Wetted PerimeterPerimeter of flow that travels against a solid boundary. For a partially full pipe, the wetted perimeter includes all of the flow perimeter except for the top segment, which has a free surface. Top WidthLength of the free top surface on the flowing cross section. For a cross section flowing full, this value is zero. Critical DepthDepth of water in the channel for which the specific energy is at its minimum. Specific Energy is the sum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Critical SlopeChannel slope for which the uniform flow (equilibrium flow for which the slope of total energy equals the channel slope) is critical. VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time. For weirs and orifices, the velocity field is for the velocity of the water through the hydraulic structure. Velocity HeadEnergy due to the velocity of a liquid. Specific EnergySum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Froude NumberDimensionless parameter used to characterize open channel flow. For critical flow, this value is 1. Profile DescriptionThe profile classification within the channel. Friction Factor (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Friction coefficient used in the Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Formula. Reynolds Number (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Ratio of viscous forces relative to inertial forces.
3-47
Input: Downstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the downstream end of the channel. Upstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the upstream end of the channel. LengthThe length of the channel. Number of StepsThe number of segments per profile that the channel is divided into based on its starting and goal depth. In unbounded cases, the number of steps is used to determine the marching interval, but not as strictly as in a bounded profile. This input is required by the direct step method that is used in the gradually varied flow analysis. It is recommended that the value entered here be at least five for accuracy. Increasing this number will increase the accuracy of the hydraulic grade calculation, but will increase the calculation time.
HeadlossLoss of energy due to friction and minor losses. End Depth/RiseDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the end of the channel. Normal Depth/RiseAverage distance from water surface to low point of channel bottom along the length of the channel. Downstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the downstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time.
3-48
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Upstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the upstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time. Channel SlopeLongitudinal slope in the channel. Also, the vertical drop divided by the channel length. DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time.
3.8.4
Output: Flow AreaCross sectional area of flow. DepthDistance from water level to low point of channel bottom.
3-49
Channel Worksheet Dialog Boxes Gutter DepressionUsed for Composite Gutter Section. This is the depth a of the gutter measured at the curb face, from the projection of the pavement crossslope at the curb face. The gutter depression applies to gutters that are continuously depressed (as opposed to local depression that applies to a depression of the gutter at the location of the inlet only). VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time.
3.8.5
This dialog box comprises the following tabs: Uniform Flow TabIrregular Section Gradually Varied Flow TabIrregular Section
3-50
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Roughness CoefficientA value used to represent the resistance of a conveyance element to flow. Channel SlopeLongitudinal slope in the channel. Also, the vertical drop divided by the channel length. In Irregular Sections, the vertical drop is measured from low point to low point. Water Surface ElevationElevation of the channel's flowing surface, usually given in mean sea level (MSL). Elevation RangeThe minimum to maximum elevation of the Irregular Section. DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time. Kinematic Viscosity (This input is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Viscosity divided by the mass density given in units of length (squared) over time, hence the term kinematic. Viscosity is a property measuring the fluid resistance to shear. For example, molasses and tar have relatively high viscosity and water and air relatively low viscosity.
Output: Flow AreaCross sectional area of flow. Wetted PerimeterPerimeter of flow that travels against a solid boundary. For a partially full pipe, the wetted perimeter includes all of the flow perimeter except for the top segment, which has a free surface. Top WidthLength of the free top surface on the flowing cross section. For a cross section flowing full, this value is zero. Normal DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom. Critical ElevationWater surface elevation (elevation of the channel's flowing surface), for critical depth (depth of water in the channel for which the specific energy is at its minimum). Critical SlopeChannel slope for which the uniform flow (equilibrium flow for which the slope of total energy equals the channel slope) is critical. VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time. For weirs and orifices, the velocity field is for the velocity of the water through the hydraulic structure. Velocity HeadEnergy due to the velocity of a liquid. Specific EnergySum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Froude NumberDimensionless parameter used to characterize open channel flow. For critical flow, this value is 1. Profile DescriptionThe profile classification within the channel.
3-51
Channel Worksheet Dialog Boxes Friction Factor (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Friction coefficient used in the Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Formula. Reynolds Number (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Ratio of viscous forces relative to inertial forces.
Input: Downstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the downstream end of the channel. Upstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the upstream end of the channel. LengthThe length of the channel. Number of StepsThe number of segments per profile that the channel is divided into based on its starting and goal depth. In unbounded cases, the number of steps is used to determine the marching interval, but not as strictly as in a bounded profile. This input is required by the direct step method that is used in the gradually varied flow analysis. It is recommended that the value entered here be at least five for accuracy. Increasing this number will increase the accuracy of the hydraulic grade calculation, but will increase the calculation time.
3-52
Bentley FlowMaster Environment End Depth/RiseDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the end of the channel. Normal Depth/RiseAverage distance from water surface to low point of channel bottom along the length of the channel. Downstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the downstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time. Upstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the upstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time. Channel SlopeLongitudinal slope in the channel. Also, the vertical drop divided by the channel length. DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time.
3.8.6
This dialog box comprises the following tabs: Uniform Flow TabParabolic Channel Gradually Varied Flow TabParabolic Channel
3-53
Channel Worksheet Dialog Boxes Channel SlopeLongitudinal slope in the channel. Also, the vertical drop divided by the channel length. Constructed DepthDistance from water level to low point of channel bottom. Normal DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom. Constructed Top WidthCross sectional width of the channel at the highest point. DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time. Kinematic Viscosity (This input is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Viscosity divided by the mass density given in units of length (squared) over time, hence the term kinematic. Viscosity is a property measuring the fluid resistance to shear. For example, molasses and tar have relatively high viscosity and water and air relatively low viscosity.
Output: Flow AreaCross sectional area of flow. Wetted PerimeterPerimeter of flow that travels against a solid boundary. For a partially full pipe, the wetted perimeter includes all of the flow perimeter except for the top segment, which has a free surface. Top WidthLength of the free top surface on the flowing cross section. For a cross section flowing full, this value is zero. Critical DepthDepth of water in the channel for which the specific energy is at its minimum. Specific Energy is the sum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Critical SlopeChannel slope for which the uniform flow (equilibrium flow for which the slope of total energy equals the channel slope) is critical. VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time. For weirs and orifices, the velocity field is for the velocity of the water through the hydraulic structure. Velocity HeadEnergy due to the velocity of a liquid. Specific EnergySum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Froude NumberDimensionless parameter used to characterize open channel flow. For critical flow, this value is 1. Flow TypeThe flow is defined as: Supercritical if F > 1 Subcritical if F < 1 Critical if F = 1
3-54
Bentley FlowMaster Environment where F is the Froude Number. Friction Factor (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Friction coefficient used in the Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Formula. Reynolds Number (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Ratio of viscous forces relative to inertial forces.
Input: Downstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the downstream end of the channel. Upstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the upstream end of the channel. LengthThe length of the channel. Number of StepsThe number of segments per profile that the channel is divided into based on its starting and goal depth. In unbounded cases, the number of steps is used to determine the marching interval, but not as strictly as in a bounded profile. This input is required by the direct step method that is used in the gradually varied flow analysis. It is recommended that the value entered here be at least five for accuracy. Increasing this number will increase the accuracy of the hydraulic grade calculation, but will increase the calculation time.
3-55
Pipe Worksheet Dialog Boxes End Depth/RiseDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the end of the channel. Normal Depth/RiseAverage distance from water surface to low point of channel bottom along the length of the channel. Downstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the downstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time. Upstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the upstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time. Channel SlopeLongitudinal slope in the channel. Also, the vertical drop divided by the channel length. DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time.
3.9
3.9.1
3-56
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Elevation at 2Measured or computed elevation at section 2 in Bernoulli's Equation. LengthDistance from section 1 to section 2 measured along the channel centerline in Bernoulli's Equation. Roughness CoefficientAverage height of roughness particles in the channel. DiameterThe inside diameter of a circular channel. DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time. Kinematic Viscosity(This input is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Viscosity divided by the mass density given in units of length (squared) over time, hence the term kinematic. Viscosity is a property measuring the fluid resistance to shear. For example, molasses and tar have relatively high viscosity and water and air relatively low viscosity. Specific Weight(This input is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used) The weight of a unit volume of a substance.
Output: HeadlossLoss of energy grade over a longitudinal channel distance. Energy Grade at 1Energy (total energy of flow with reference to a datum. Computed for closed channels as the sum of channel centerline height above datum, piezometric height, and the velocity head. Computed for open channels as the sum of channel invert height above datum, the flow depth, and velocity head) of flow at section 1 in Bernoulli's Equation. Energy Grade at 2Energy (total energy of flow with reference to a datum. Computed for closed channels as the sum of channel centerline height above datum, piezometric height, and the velocity head. Computed for open channels as the sum of channel invert height above datum, the flow depth, and velocity head) of flow at section 2 in Bernoulli's Equation. Hydraulic Grade at 1Hydraulic grade of flow at section 1 in Bernoulli's Equation. Hydraulic Grade at 2Hydraulic grade of flow at section 2 in Bernoulli's Equation. Flow AreaCross sectional area of flow. Wetted PerimeterPerimeter of flow that travels against a solid boundary. For a partially full pipe, the wetted perimeter includes all of the flow perimeter except for the top segment, which has a free surface. VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time. Velocity HeadEnergy due to the velocity of a liquid. Friction SlopeSlope of the energy grade line (sum of base elevation, velocity head, and pressure head at a section).
3-57
Pipe Worksheet Dialog Boxes Friction FactorFriction coefficient used in the Darcy-Weisbach (ColebrookWhite) Formula. Reynolds NumberRatio of viscous forces relative to inertial forces.
3.9.2
This dialog box comprises the following tabs: Uniform Flow TabCircular Pipe Gradually Varied Flow TabCircular Pipe
3-58
Bentley FlowMaster Environment DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time. Kinematic Viscosity (This input is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Viscosity divided by the mass density given in units of length (squared) over time, hence the term kinematic. Viscosity is a property measuring the fluid resistance to shear. For example, molasses and tar have relatively high viscosity and water and air relatively low viscosity.
Output: Flow AreaCross sectional area of flow. Wetted PerimeterPerimeter of flow that travels against a solid boundary. For a partially full pipe, the wetted perimeter includes all of the flow perimeter except for the top segment, which has a free surface. Top WidthLength of the free top surface on the flowing cross section. For a cross section flowing full, this value is zero. Critical DepthDepth of water in the channel for which the specific energy is at its minimum. Specific Energy is the sum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Percent FullUsed in closed channels as a measure of flow depth divided by maximum depth. Critical SlopeChannel slope for which the uniform flow (equilibrium flow for which the slope of total energy equals the channel slope) is critical. VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time. For weirs and orifices, the velocity field is for the velocity of the water through the hydraulic structure. Velocity HeadEnergy due to the velocity of a liquid. Specific EnergySum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Froude NumberDimensionless parameter used to characterize open channel flow. For critical flow, this value is 1. Maximum DischargeThe maximum theoretical discharge that could occur for a closed channel using a given hydraulic computation method. For closed circular channels, this discharge occurs at 0.938 * Diameter. Any increase in depth will decrease the discharge, which is why the full flow discharge is less than the maximum discharge for a circular channel. Discharge FullThe computed discharge when a closed channel is flowing full. Slope FullThe computed channel slope that would produce full flow. Profile DescriptionThe profile classification within the channel.
3-59
Pipe Worksheet Dialog Boxes Friction Factor (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Friction coefficient used in the Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Formula. Reynolds Number (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Ratio of viscous forces relative to inertial forces.
Input: Downstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the downstream end of the channel. Upstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the upstream end of the channel. LengthThe length of the channel. Number of StepsThe number of segments per profile that the channel is divided into based on its starting and goal depth. In unbounded cases, the number of steps is used to determine the marching interval, but not as strictly as in a bounded profile. This input is required by the direct step method that is used in the gradually varied flow analysis. It is recommended that the value entered here be at least five for accuracy. Increasing this number will increase the accuracy of the hydraulic grade calculation, but will increase the calculation time.
3-60
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Conjugate DepthConjugate depths of flow are the depths upstream and downstream of a hydraulic jump. The upstream conjugate depth is supercrital and the downstream conjugate depth is subcritical. End Depth/RiseDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the end of the channel. Normal Depth/RiseAverage distance from water surface to low point of channel bottom along the length of the channel. Downstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the downstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time. Upstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the upstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time. Channel SlopeLongitudinal slope in the channel. Also, the vertical drop divided by the channel length. DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time.
3.9.3
Additionally, a Messages tab is included in each worksheet. The top section of this tab displays informational calculation messages, while the bottom section lets you enter any explanatory notes that you wish to be associated with the worksheet.
3-61
Pipe Worksheet Dialog Boxes DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time. Kinematic Viscosity (This input is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Viscosity divided by the mass density given in units of length (squared) over time, hence the term kinematic. Viscosity is a property measuring the fluid resistance to shear. For example, molasses and tar have relatively high viscosity and water and air relatively low viscosity.
Output: Flow AreaCross sectional area of flow. Wetted PerimeterPerimeter of flow that travels against a solid boundary. For a partially full pipe, the wetted perimeter includes all of the flow perimeter except for the top segment, which has a free surface. Top WidthLength of the free top surface on the flowing cross section. For a cross section flowing full, this value is zero. Critical DepthDepth of water in the channel for which the specific energy is at its minimum. Specific Energy is the sum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Percent FullUsed in closed channels as a measure of flow depth divided by maximum depth. Critical SlopeChannel slope for which the uniform flow (equilibrium flow for which the slope of total energy equals the channel slope) is critical. VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time. For weirs and orifices, the velocity field is for the velocity of the water through the hydraulic structure. Velocity HeadEnergy due to the velocity of a liquid. Specific EnergySum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Froude NumberDimensionless parameter used to characterize open channel flow. For critical flow, this value is 1. Discharge FullThe computed discharge when a closed channel is flowing full. Slope FullThe computed channel slope that would produce full flow. Profile DescriptionThe profile classification within the channel. Friction Factor (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Friction coefficient used in the Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Formula. Reynolds Number (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Ratio of viscous forces relative to inertial forces.
3-62
Input: Downstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the downstream end of the channel. Upstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the upstream end of the channel. LengthThe length of the channel. Number of StepsThe number of segments per profile that the channel is divided into based on its starting and goal depth. In unbounded cases, the number of steps is used to determine the marching interval, but not as strictly as in a bounded profile. This input is required by the direct step method that is used in the gradually varied flow analysis. It is recommended that the value entered here be at least five for accuracy. Increasing this number will increase the accuracy of the hydraulic grade calculation, but will increase the calculation time.
HeadlossLoss of energy due to friction and minor losses. End Depth/RiseDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the end of the channel. Normal Depth/RiseAverage distance from water surface to low point of channel bottom along the length of the channel. Downstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the downstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time.
3-63
Pipe Worksheet Dialog Boxes Upstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the upstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time. Channel SlopeLongitudinal slope in the channel. Also, the vertical drop divided by the channel length. DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time.
3.9.4
Additionally, a Messages tab is included in each worksheet. The top section of this tab displays informational calculation messages, while the bottom section lets you enter any explanatory notes that you wish to be associated with the worksheet.
3-64
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Wetted PerimeterPerimeter of flow that travels against a solid boundary. For a partially full pipe, the wetted perimeter includes all of the flow perimeter except for the top segment, which has a free surface. Top WidthLength of the free top surface on the flowing cross section. For a cross section flowing full, this value is zero. Critical DepthDepth of water in the channel for which the specific energy is at its minimum. Specific Energy is the sum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Percent FullUsed in closed channels as a measure of flow depth divided by maximum depth. Critical SlopeChannel slope for which the uniform flow (equilibrium flow for which the slope of total energy equals the channel slope) is critical. VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time. For weirs and orifices, the velocity field is for the velocity of the water through the hydraulic structure. Velocity HeadEnergy due to the velocity of a liquid. Specific EnergySum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Froude NumberDimensionless parameter used to characterize open channel flow. For critical flow, this value is 1. Discharge FullThe computed discharge when a closed channel is flowing full. Slope FullThe computed channel slope that would produce full flow. Profile DescriptionThe profile classification within the channel. Friction Factor (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Friction coefficient used in the Darcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Formula. Reynolds Number (This output is only available when one of the Darcy-Weisbach Friction methods is used)Ratio of viscous forces relative to inertial forces.
3-65
Pipe Worksheet Dialog Boxes Given UpstreamWhen you choose this option, the Upstream Depth is an input variable and the gradually varied flow analysis will solve for downstream depth. Given DownstreamWhen you choose this option, the Downstream Depth is an input variable and the gradually varied flow analysis will solve for upstream depth.
Input: Downstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the downstream end of the channel. Upstream DepthDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the upstream end of the channel. LengthThe length of the channel. Number of StepsThe number of segments per profile that the channel is divided into based on its starting and goal depth. In unbounded cases, the number of steps is used to determine the marching interval, but not as strictly as in a bounded profile. This input is required by the direct step method that is used in the gradually varied flow analysis. It is recommended that the value entered here be at least five for accuracy. Increasing this number will increase the accuracy of the hydraulic grade calculation, but will increase the calculation time.
HeadlossLoss of energy due to friction and minor losses. End Depth/RiseDistance from water surface to low point of channel bottom at the end of the channel. Normal Depth/RiseAverage distance from water surface to low point of channel bottom along the length of the channel. Downstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the downstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time. Upstream VelocityLinear measure of flow rate at the upstream end of the channel, given in units of length over time. Channel SlopeLongitudinal slope in the channel. Also, the vertical drop divided by the channel length. DischargeVolumetric rate of flow, given in units of length (cubed) over time.
3-66
3.10
3.10.1
Output: Headwater Height Above CrestWater depth upstream of the weir measured from the crest of the weir.
3-67
Weir Worksheet Dialog Boxes Tailwater Height Above CrestHeight of the water downstream of the weir measured from the weir crest (a negative value indicated that the tailwater is below the crest elevation). Flow AreaCross sectional area of flow. VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time. For weirs, the velocity field is for the velocity of the water through the hydraulic structure Wetted PerimeterPerimeter of flow that travels against a solid boundary. For a partially full pipe, the wetted perimeter includes all of the flow perimeter except for the top segment, which has a free surface. Top WidthLength of the free top surface on the flowing cross section. For a cross section flowing full, this value is zero.
3.10.2
Output: Headwater Height Above CrestWater depth upstream of the weir measured from the crest of the weir. Tailwater Height Above CrestHeight of the water downstream of the weir measured from the weir crest (a negative value indicated that the tailwater is below the crest elevation).
3-68
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Flow AreaCross sectional area of flow. VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time. For weirs, the velocity field is for the velocity of the water through the hydraulic structure Wetted PerimeterPerimeter of flow that travels against a solid boundary. For a partially full pipe, the wetted perimeter includes all of the flow perimeter except for the top segment, which has a free surface. Top WidthLength of the free top surface on the flowing cross section. For a cross section flowing full, this value is zero.
3.10.3
Output: Headwater Height Above CrestWater depth upstream of the weir measured from the crest of the weir. Tailwater Height Above CrestHeight of the water downstream of the weir measured from the weir crest (a negative value indicated that the tailwater is below the crest elevation). Equal Side SlopesSlope of trapezoidal channel, assumed to be identical on both sides. Flow AreaCross sectional area of flow.
3-69
Weir Worksheet Dialog Boxes VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time. For weirs, the velocity field is for the velocity of the water through the hydraulic structure Wetted PerimeterPerimeter of flow that travels against a solid boundary. For a partially full pipe, the wetted perimeter includes all of the flow perimeter except for the top segment, which has a free surface. Top WidthLength of the free top surface on the flowing cross section. For a cross section flowing full, this value is zero.
3.10.4
Output: Headwater Height Above CrestWater depth upstream of the weir measured from the crest of the weir. Tailwater Height Above CrestHeight of the water downstream of the weir measured from the weir crest (a negative value indicated that the tailwater is below the crest elevation). Discharge CoefficientWeir coefficient obtained from experimental data, dependent on the shape of the weir.
3-70
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Submergence FactorRatio (kt) used by FHWA HDS-5 methodology for calculating the submergence effect and reduce the discharge coefficient. Adjusted Discharge CoefficientDischarge coefficient (Cd) used by FHWA HDS-5 methodology to account for submergence effects and reduce the discharge coefficient that would be obtained without submergence. Flow AreaCross sectional area of flow. VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time. For weirs, the velocity field is for the velocity of the water through the hydraulic structure Wetted PerimeterPerimeter of flow that travels against a solid boundary. For a partially full pipe, the wetted perimeter includes all of the flow perimeter except for the top segment, which has a free surface. Top WidthLength of the free top surface on the flowing cross section. For a cross section flowing full, this value is zero.
3.10.5
Output: Headwater Height Above CrestWater depth upstream of the weir measured from the crest of the weir. Flow AreaCross sectional area of flow. VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time. For weirs, the velocity field is for the velocity of the water through the hydraulic structure
3-71
Orifice Worksheet Dialog Boxes Wetted PerimeterPerimeter of flow that travels against a solid boundary. For a partially full pipe, the wetted perimeter includes all of the flow perimeter except for the top segment, which has a free surface. Top WidthLength of the free top surface on the flowing cross section. For a cross section flowing full, this value is zero.
3.11
3.11.1
Output: Headwater Height Above CentroidHeight of the water upstream of the orifice measured from the orifice centroid.
3-72
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Tailwater Height Above CentroidHeight of the water downstream of the orifice measured from the orifice centroid (a negative value indicates that the tailwater is below the centroid elevation). Flow AreaCross sectional area of flow. VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time.
3.11.2
Output: Headwater Height Above CentroidHeight of the water upstream of the orifice measured from the orifice centroid. Tailwater Height Above CentroidHeight of the water downstream of the orifice measured from the orifice centroid (a negative value indicates that the tailwater is below the centroid elevation). Flow AreaCross sectional area of flow. VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time.
3-73
3.11.3
Output Headwater Height Above CentroidHeight of the water upstream of the orifice measured from the orifice centroid. Tailwater Height Above CentroidHeight of the water downstream of the orifice measured from the orifice centroid (a negative value indicates that the tailwater is below the centroid elevation). VelocityLinear measure of flow rate given in units of length over time.
3.12
3-74
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Slotted Drain Inlet on Grade Dialog Box Combination Inlet in Sag Dialog Box Combination Inlet on Grade Dialog Box
3.12.1
Additionally, a Messages tab is included in each worksheet. The top section of this tab displays informational calculation messages, while the bottom section lets you enter any explanatory notes that you wish to be associated with the worksheet.
3-75
CloggingThe clogging factor accounts for the reduction in efficiency of the inlet due to partial clogging by debris, leaves, etc. The valid range is [0%,100%]. 100% corresponds to a completely clogged grate inlet, resulting in no flow interception.
3-76
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Gutter DepressionUsed for Composite Gutter Section. This is the depth a of the gutter measured at the curb face, from the projection of the pavement crossslope at the curb face. The gutter depression applies to gutters that are continuously depressed (as opposed to local depression that applies to a depression of the gutter at the location of the inlet only). Total DepressionTotal of the local depression (Depth of a gutter depression a existing only at the location of the inlet) and the gutter depression (the depth a of the gutter measured at the curb face, from the projection of the pavement crossslope at the curb face). Open Grate AreaClear opening of the grate used when the grate acts as an orifice (at high water depth). This is a function of the grate length (total length of the grate inlet, including bars, measured in the road direction), the grate width (total width of the grate inlet, which includes the bars, measured in the crosssectional plane of the roadway), the opening ratio, which accounts for the bars of the grate reducing the opening area (specific to each grate type), and the clogging factor (accounts for the reduction in efficiency of the inlet due to partial clogging by debris, leaves, etc. The valid range is [0,1]. 1 corresponds to a completely clogged grate inlet, resulting in no flow interception). Active Grate Weir LengthWeir length of the grate used when the grate acts as a weir (at low water depth). This is a function of the grate length (total length of the grate inlet, including bars, measured in the road direction), the grate width (total width of the grate inlet, which includes the bars, measured in the crosssectional plane of the roadway), and the clogging factor (accounts for the reduction in efficiency of the inlet due to partial clogging by debris, leaves, etc. The valid range is [0,1]. 1 corresponds to a completely clogged grate inlet, resulting in no flow interception).
3.12.2
Additionally, a Messages tab is included in each worksheet. The top section of this tab displays informational calculation messages, while the bottom section lets you enter any explanatory notes that you wish to be associated with the worksheet.
3-77
3-78
CloggingThe clogging factor accounts for the reduction in efficiency of the inlet due to partial clogging by debris, leaves, etc. The valid range is [0%, 100%]. 100% corresponds to a completely clogged grate inlet, resulting in no flow interception.
3-79
Inlet Worksheet Dialog Boxes Grate Flow RatioRatio of frontal flow (portion of flow Qw that is in the gutter within the width of the grate) to total flow. Active Grate LengthLength of the side of the grate that is parallel to the curb (grate length) reduced by the clogging factor. La = Lg (1-f) Where La Lg f = Active grate length (m, ft) = Length of the grate (m, ft) = Clogging factor (unitless, f = 1.0 means that the grate is completely clogged (3.1)
3.12.3
Additionally, a Messages tab is included in each worksheet. The top section of this tab displays informational calculation messages, while the bottom section lets you enter any explanatory notes that you wish to be associated with the worksheet.
3-80
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Gutter Cross SlopeSlope (Sw) of the gutter, measured in the cross-sectional plane of the roadway. If the roadway section is uniform (no gutter depression), then you can leave the gutter width to 0.0 as well as the gutter cross-slope. Road Cross SlopeSlope (Sx) of the road pavement, measured in the crosssectional plane of the roadway.
Local DepressionDepth of a gutter depression a existing only at the location of the inlet. Local Depression WidthHorizontal width of the locally depressed gutter. In the case of a continuously depressed gutter, the larger of the local depression width and gutter width is used to calculate the inlet efficiency. Throat Incline AngleAngle of the curb opening throat (measured from the vertical).
3-81
3.12.4
Additionally, a Messages tab is included in each worksheet. The top section of this tab displays informational calculation messages, while the bottom section lets you enter any explanatory notes that you wish to be associated with the worksheet.
3-82
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Local DepressionDepth of a gutter depression a existing only at the location of the inlet. Local Depression WidthHorizontal width of the locally depressed gutter. In the case of a continuously depressed gutter, the larger of the local depression width and gutter width is used to calculate the inlet efficiency.
3.12.5
3-83
Inlet Worksheet Dialog Boxes Grate TabDitch Inlet in Sag OutputDitch Inlet in Sag
Additionally, a Messages tab is included in each worksheet. The top section of this tab displays informational calculation messages, while the bottom section lets you enter any explanatory notes that you wish to be associated with the worksheet.
3-84
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Curved Vane 30 45 Tilt Bar 45 60 Tilt Bar 45 85 Tilt Bar P-30 P-50 P-50 x 100 Reticuline
CloggingThe clogging factor accounts for the reduction in efficiency of the inlet due to partial clogging by debris, leaves, etc. The valid range is [0%, 100%]. 100% corresponds to a completely clogged grate inlet, resulting in no flow interception.
3-85
3.12.6
Additionally, a Messages tab is included in each worksheet. The top section of this tab displays informational calculation messages, while the bottom section lets you enter any explanatory notes that you wish to be associated with the worksheet.
3-86
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Grate TypeThe HEC-22 methodology contains 8 different types of grates, which defines their geometry (spacing, shape of the bars, etc.). The grate type affect the inlet efficiency. The types defined by HEC-22 are: Curved Vane 30 45 Tilt Bar 45 60 Tilt Bar 45 85 Tilt Bar P-30 P-50 P-50 x 100 Reticuline
CloggingThe clogging factor accounts for the reduction in efficiency of the inlet due to partial clogging by debris, leaves, etc. The valid range is [0%, 100%]. 100% corresponds to a completely clogged grate inlet, resulting in no flow interception.
3-87
Inlet Worksheet Dialog Boxes Grate Flow RatioRatio of frontal flow (portion of flow Qw that is in the gutter within the width of the grate) to total flow. Active Grate LengthLength of the side of the grate that is parallel to the curb (grate length) reduced by the clogging factor. La = Lg (1-f) Where La Lg f = Active grate length (m, ft) = Length of the grate (m, ft) = Clogging factor (unitless, f = 1.0 means that the grate is completely clogged (3.2)
Critical DepthDepth of water in the channel for which the specific energy is at its minimum. Specific Energy is the sum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Critical SlopeChannel slope for which the uniform flow (equilibrium flow for which the slope of total energy equals the channel slope) is critical. Froude NumberDimensionless parameter used to characterize open channel flow. For critical flow, this value is 1. Flow TypeThe flow is defined as: Supercritical if F > 1 Subcritical if F < 1 Critical if F = 1 where F is the Froude Number.
Specific EnergySum of the elevation head and velocity head (energy due to the velocity of a liquid) as related to the section of a channel bed. Velocity HeadEnergy due to the velocity of a liquid.
3.12.7
3-88
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Additionally, a Messages tab is included in each worksheet. The top section of this tab displays informational calculation messages, while the bottom section lets you enter any explanatory notes that you wish to be associated with the worksheet.
3-89
Inlet Worksheet Dialog Boxes Gutter DepressionUsed for Composite Gutter Section. This is the depth a of the gutter measured at the curb face, from the projection of the pavement crossslope at the curb face. The gutter depression applies to gutters that are continuously depressed (as opposed to local depression that applies to a depression of the gutter at the location of the inlet only). Total DepressionTotal of the local depression (Depth of a gutter depression a existing only at the location of the inlet) and the gutter depression (the depth a of the gutter measured at the curb face, from the projection of the pavement crossslope at the curb face). Open Slot AreaArea of the slot opening used in the case of orifice flow.
3.12.8
Additionally, a Messages tab is included in each worksheet. The top section of this tab displays informational calculation messages, while the bottom section lets you enter any explanatory notes that you wish to be associated with the worksheet.
3-90
3-91
Inlet Worksheet Dialog Boxes Length FactorRatio of curb opening length (length of the opening of the curb inlet, measured in the direction of the street) over total interception length (length, LT of the curb opening that would be required to intercept 100% of the flow). Total Interception LengthLength (LT) of the curb opening that would be required to intercept 100% of the flow.
3.12.9
Additionally, a Messages tab is included in each worksheet. The top section of this tab displays informational calculation messages, while the bottom section lets you enter any explanatory notes that you wish to be associated with the worksheet.
3-92
CloggingThe clogging factor accounts for the reduction in efficiency of the inlet due to partial clogging by debris, leaves, etc. The valid range is [0%, 100%]. 100% corresponds to a completely clogged grate inlet, resulting in no flow interception.
3-93
Throat Incline AngleAngle of the curb opening throat (measured from the vertical).
3-94
Bentley FlowMaster Environment sectional plane of the roadway), and the clogging factor (accounts for the reduction in efficiency of the inlet due to partial clogging by debris, leaves, etc. The valid range is [0,1]. 1 corresponds to a completely clogged grate inlet, resulting in no flow interception).
3.12.10
Additionally, a Messages tab is included in each worksheet. The top section of this tab displays informational calculation messages, while the bottom section lets you enter any explanatory notes that you wish to be associated with the worksheet.
3-95
3-96
CloggingThe clogging factor accounts for the reduction in efficiency of the inlet due to partial clogging by debris, leaves, etc. The valid range is [0%, 100%]. 100% corresponds to a completely clogged grate inlet, resulting in no flow interception.
3-97
Combination Inlet Options Dialog Box Frontal Flow FactorRatio of frontal flow intercepted by the grate inlet to total frontal flow. Side Flow FactorRatio of side flow intercepted by the grate inlet to total side flow. Grate Flow RatioRatio of frontal flow (portion of flow Qw that is in the gutter within the width of the grate) to total flow. Equivalent Cross SlopeAn imaginary straight cross-slope having a conveyance capacity equal to that of the given compound cross-slope. Active Grate LengthLength of the side of the grate that is parallel to the curb (grate length) reduced by the clogging factor. La = Lg (1-f) Where La Lg f = Active grate length (m, ft) = Length of the grate (m, ft) = Clogging factor (unitless, f = 1.0 means that the grate is completely clogged (3.3)
Length FactorRatio of curb opening length (length of the opening of the curb inlet, measured in the direction of the street) over total interception length (length, LT of the curb opening that would be required to intercept 100% of the flow). Total Interception LengthLength (LT) of the curb opening that would be required to intercept 100% of the flow.
3.13
3-98
3.14
The tabular grid contains the following columns: AttributeThis drop-down list lets you choose the attribute to which the rating table will be applied. The options include: Roughness Coefficient Channel Slope Normal Depth Bottom Width Right/Left-Side Slope
MinimumThe lower limit of the user-specified range. MaximumThe upper limit of the user-specified range. IncrementThis value determines how the range determined by the Minimum and Maximum values is broken down.
3.14.1
3-99
3.15
3.15.1
3-100
3.16
3.17
3.18
3-101
Weighted Roughness Method Dialog Box Station (column)This column lets you enter the station for which the associated elevation applies in the cross section. Elevation (column)This column lets you define the elevation for the associated station to define a point in the cross section.
Segment RoughnessThis section of the dialog box lets you define the roughness along specific segments of the cross section. Each segment can be assigned a different roughness value. Insert (button)This button creates a new point in the section table. Delete (button)This button deletes the selected point from the section table. Start StationThis column contains a menu containing all of the available station points. By defining this point and the end point, a segment can be defined, and a roughness coefficient can then be applied to this segment. End StationThis column contains a menu containing all of the available station points. By defining this point and the start point, a segment can be defined, and a roughness coefficient can then be applied to this segment. Roughness CoefficientThe roughness value (Mannings) that is to be associated with the segment defined by the start and end station values.
Section PlotThis section of the dialog box displays a continuously updated diagram of the cross section that is defined in the Sections table. Segments appear red when no roughness has been defined in the Segment section, and appear green when roughness values have been defined.
3.19
3.19.1
3-102
2 (PN nN )
n=
P
n P
2 2 Pn12 + P2 n2 + .... + PN nN 1 P
(3.4)
Where
= =
Roughness coefficient Weighted perimeter Subscripts represents subdivisions of one given section
Hortons MethodThe Horton composite roughness equation is normally used for solving closed top irregular channels such as custom arches or cunnette conduit sections. This equation is also applied in certain specific situations to open channels where steep banks or wide flat floodplains are encountered.
N 2 3
(
n=
Where n P
1
PN n1.5 N P
(3.5) = = Roughness coefficient Wetted perimeter Subscripts represents subdivisions of one given section
Colebatch MethodThe Colebatch equation is normally used for open, irregular channels such as natural floodplains.
N 2 3
(
n=
1
AN n1.5 N A
(3.6)
3-103
Where
n A
= =
Roughness coefficient Flow area Subscripts represents subdivisions of one given section
Cox MethodThe Cox equation is normally used for open, irregular channels such as natural floodplains.
N
(AN nN )
n=
1
A
n A
A1n1 + A2 n2 + .... + AN nN A
= = Roughness coefficient Flow area
(3.7)
Where
Subscripts represents subdivisions of one given section Lotter MethodThe Lotter equation is normally used for open, irregular channels such as natural floodplains.
n=
PR
N 1
3 5
PR
5 5
3 5
PN RN 3 nN
P R1 3 P2 R2 3 P R 3 1 + + ....+ N N . n1 n2 nN
(3.8)
3-104
Where
n P R
= = =
Roughness coefficient Wetted perimeter Hydraulic radius Subscripts represents subdivisions of one given section
Improved Lotter MethodThis method uses a combination of the Horton and Lotter equations. Because both methods are based on Mannings conveyance equations, it is recommended that you use Mannings friction method for irregular channels. For more information, see Note to HEC-2, WSP-2, and WSPRO Users on page 3-105.
3.19.2
3-105
3.20
3.20.1
The table comprises the following columns: FormatterParameter measured by the unit. UnitType of measurement displayed. To change the unit of an attribute type, click the choice list and click the unit you want. This option also lets you use both US Customary and SI units in the same worksheet. Display PrecisionRounding of numbers and number of digits displayed after the decimal point. Enter a negative number for rounding to the nearest power of 10: (-1) rounds to 10, (-2) rounds to 100, (-3) rounds to 1000, and so on. Enter a number from 0 to 15 to indicate the number of digits after the decimal point. FormatSelect the format for your numbering. For more information, see Set Field Options Dialog Box on page 3-114. Default Unit System for New ProjectSets the default unit system used by future new projects, not for the current project.
3-106
3.20.2
The ProjectWise tab contains options for using FlowMaster with ProjectWise. This tab contains the following controls: Default DatasourceDisplays the current ProjectWise datasource. If you have not yet logged into a datasource, this field will display <login>. To change the datasource, click the Ellipses (...) button to open the Change Datasource dialog box. If you click Cancel after you have changed the default datasource, the new default datasource is retained. Update server on SaveWhen this is checked, any time you save your FlowMaster project locally using the File > Save menu command, the files on your ProjectWise server will also be updated and all changes to the files will immediately become visible to other ProjectWise users. This option is turned off by default.
Note: This option, when turned on, can significantly affect performance, especially for large, complex projects.
For more information about using FlowMaster with ProjectWise, see Considerations for ProjectWise Users on page 3-115
3.21
3-107
GVF Profile Dialog Box Project NotesThis field lets you enter any notes that you wish to be associated with the project. Project DateThis field is automatically populated with the date and time that the project was created. The data in this field can be modified by clicking the arrow button on the right side of the field and selecting a date on the calendar that appears. Project FilenameThis field is automatically populated with the file name and location of the project file. Bentley FlowMaster creates data files with the format: yourfilename.fm8 and yourfilename.fm8.mdb. By default, projects are saved to your \My Documents directory, but you can save them to any directory that you specify.
3.22
3.23
3-108
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Invert Elevation Flow Area Wetted Perimeter Velocity Specific Energy
A Print Preview button is available, letting you see what the report will look like when it is printed.
3.24
Tabular Reports
The tabular report dialog box displays all available input data and results for each of the worksheet types. The attributes that are reported will vary according to the type of element being calculated. You can customize tabular reports in the following ways: Change the report title Add and remove columns Move columns Resize columns Change column headings Copy data to the Windows clipboard Sort the contents of a column Filter the contents of a table
3.24.1
3-109
Tabular Reports ReportThis button displays the Print Preview dialog box, which lets you see what the report will look like when it is printed. For more information, see Print Preview Dialog Box on page 3-113. When you click the Report button, you are prompted to change the title of the report, if you wish. EditOpens the Tabular Report Setup dialog box, allowing you to make changes to the format of the currently selected table. For more information, see Tabular Report Setup Dialog Box on page 3-111.
Right-clicking on a column heading in the Tabular Reports displays a shortcut menu containing the following commands: Units and FormattingDisplays the Set Field Options dialog box, letting you change the units, display precision, and format of the data displayed in the currently selected column. For more information, see Set Field Options Dialog Box on page 3-114. Edit Column LabelLets you change the text of a column label. Right-click the column whose label you want to change, then select this command and type the new name for the label ion the Edit Column Label dialog box. Click OK to save those changes and close the dialog box or Cancel to exit without making any changes. SortDisplays a submenu containing the following sorting commands: Sort AscendingSorts the contents of the currently-selected column alphabetically from A to Z, from top to bottom. Sorts numerically from negative to positive, from top to bottom. Sorts selected check boxes to the top and cleared ones to the bottom. Sort DescendingSorts the contents of the currently-selected column alphabetically from Z to A, from top to bottom. Sorts numerically from positive to negative, from top to bottom. Sorts cleared check boxes to the top and selected ones to the bottom. CustomDisplays the Custom Sort dialog box, which lets you select one or more attribute by which to sort the contents of the selected column. For more information, see Custom Sort Dialog Box on page 3-112. Quick FilterDisplays the Filter dialog box, which lets you filter the contents of the tabular report by the currently-selected column. For example, if you wanted to view data only for trapezoidal channels with a normal depth greater than or equal to 5 feet, you would create a quick filter by right-clicking the Normal Depth column, then selecting Filter > Quick Filter to display the Filter dialog box. You would then set the operator to >= and the value to 5 and click OK; only the data for channels that meet your filter criteria will be displayed.
3-110
Bentley FlowMaster Environment CustomDisplays the Filter dialog box, which lets you set up a custom filter based on one or more criteria. For more information, see Filter Dialog on page 3-112. ResetTurns off the active filter, causing all available rows in the table to be displayed.
3.24.2
Note:
3-111
Tabular Reports To rearrange the order of the attributes in the Selected Columns list, highlight the item to be moved, then move it up or down in the list by dragging or clicking the up or down button located below the Selected Columns list.
3.24.3
Each sort key contains two parts: AttributeThe attribute to sort. You can select any field in the tabular report from a drop-down list. Sort OrderThe order in which to sort the selected attributes values. Select Ascending or Descending.
3.24.4
Filter Dialog
When you perform a Quick Filter or a Custom Filter in a tabular report, the Filter Editor dialog opens, letting you specify one or more filter criteria. The Filter dialog box contains a table, each row of which represents a filter criterion, and the following controls: InsertInserts a new row into the table. Each row in the table represents a separate filter criterion. DeleteDeletes the current row (and filter criterion) from the table.
Each filter criterion contains three parts: AttributeThe attribute to filter. OperatorThe operator to use when comparing the filter value against the data in the specific column (operators include: =, >, >=, <, <=, <>). ValueThe comparison value.
3-112
Bentley FlowMaster Environment Any number of criterion elements can be added to a filter. Multiple filter criteria are implicitly joined with a logical AND statement. When multiple filter criterian are defined, only rows that meet all of the specified criteria will be displayed. A filter will remain active for the associated table until the filter is reset.
3.25
3-113
3.26
3-114
3.27
3.27.1
3-115
Considerations for ProjectWise Users Leave OutLeaves the project checked out so others cannot edit it and retains any changes you have made since the last server update to the files on your local computer. Select this option if you want to exit Bentley FlowMaster but continue working on the project later.
In the FlowMaster Options dialog box, there is a ProjectWise tab with the Update server on Save check box. This option, when turned on, can significantly affect performance, especially for large, complex projects. When this is checked, any time you save your FlowMaster project locally using the File > Save menu command, the files on your ProjectWise server will also be updated and all changes to the files will immediately become visible to other ProjectWise users. This option is turned off by default. In this release of FlowMaster, calculation result files are not managed inside ProjectWise. A local copy of reulsts is maintained on your computer, but to ensure accurate results you should recalculate projects when you first open them from ProjectWise. FlowMaster projects associated with ProjectWise appear in the Most Recently Used Files list (at the bottom of the File menu) in the following format: pwname://PointServer:_TestDatasource/Documents/TestFolder/Test1.prj
3.27.2
You can perform the following ProjectWise operations from within FlowMaster: To save an open FlowMaster project to ProjectWise: 1. In FlowMaster, select File > ProjectWise > Save As. 2. If you havent already logged into ProjectWise, you are prompted to do so. Select a ProjectWise datasource, type your ProjectWise user name and password, then click Log in.
3-116
Bentley FlowMaster Environment 3. In the ProjectWise Save Document dialog box, enter the following information: a. Click Change next to the Folder field, then select a folder in the current ProjectWise datasource in which to store your project. b. Type the name of your FlowMaster project in the Name field. We recommend that you keep the ProjectWise name the same as or as close to the FlowMaster project name as possible. c. Keep the default entries for the rest of the fields in the dialog box d. Click OK. To open a FlowMaster project from a ProjectWise datasource: 1. Select File > ProjectWise > Open. 2. If you havent already logged into ProjectWise, you are prompted to do so. Select a ProjectWise datasource, type your ProjectWise user name and password, then click Log in. 3. In the ProjectWise Select Document dialog box, perform these steps: a. From the Folder drop-down menu, select a folder that contains FlowMaster projects. b. In the Document list box, select a FlowMaster project. c. Keep the default entries for the rest of the fields in the dialog box d. Click Open. To copy an open FlowMaster project from one ProjectWise datasource to another: 1. Select File > ProjectWise > Open to open a project stored in ProjectWise. 2. Select File > ProjectWise > Change Datasource. 3. In the ProjectWise Log in dialog box, select a different ProjectWise datasource, then click Log in. 4. Select File > ProjectWise > Save As. 5. In the ProjectWise Save Document dialog box, change information about the project as required, then click OK. To make a local copy of a FlowMaster project stored in a ProjectWise datasource: 1. Select File > ProjectWise > Open. 2. If you havent already logged into ProjectWise, you are prompted to do so. Select a ProjectWise datasource, type your ProjectWise user name and password, then click Log in.
3-117
Considerations for ProjectWise Users 3. Select File > Save As. 4. Save the FlowMaster project to a folder on your local computer. To change the default ProjectWise datasource: 1. Start FlowMaster. 2. Select File > ProjectWise > Change Datasource. 3. In the ProjectWise Log in dialog box, type the name of ProjectWise datasource you want to log into, then click Log in. To use background layer files with ProjectWise: Using File > ProjectWise > Save AsIf there are background files, you are prompted with two options: you can copy the background layer files to the project folder for use by the project, or you can remove the background references and manually reassign them once the project is in ProjectWise to other existing ProjectWise documents. Using File > ProjectWise > OpenThis works the same as the normal ProjectWise > Open command, except that background layer files are not locked in ProjectWise for the current user to edit. The files are intended to be shared with other users at the same time. To add a background layer file reference to a project that exists in Project Wise The ProjectWise Select Document dialog box opens, and you can choose any existing ProjectWise document. You must have previously added these background layer files as described in the first bullet above, or by using the ProjectWise Explorer. When you remove a background layer file reference from a project that exists in ProjectWise, the reference to the file is removed but the file itself is not deleted from ProjectWise. Using File > Save AsWhen you use File > Save As on a project that is already in ProjectWise and there are background layer files, you are prompted with two options: you can copy all the files to the local project folder for use by the project, or you can remove the background references and manually reassign them after you have saved the project locally.
3-118
Chapter
How Do I
This section provides step-by-step instructions for performing Bentley FlowMasters most commonly used functions. These functions include the following: Create A New Project on page 4-120 Open an Existing Project on page 4-121 Create a New Worksheet? on page 4-121 Name a Worksheet on page 4-122 Edit a Worksheet on page 4-122 Create a Rating Table on page 4-123 Plot Rating Curves on page 4-124 Plot a Cross Section on page 4-125 Print a Report on page 4-125 Customize a Tabular Report on page 4-126 Set Field Options (Unit, Precision, Format) on page 4-129 Save a Project on page 4-129 Exit Bentley FlowMaster on page 4-129
4-119
4.1
4.1.1
2. The Main Window opens to a new, untitled project. To name the project, click File > Save As. In the Save As dialog box, enter the filename you want to use; then click Save. To setup the Project Properties, click Project > Properties, then enter your data into the Project Properties dialog box. To set up the units for the project, click Project > FlexUnits, then make any changes.
4.1.2
4-120
How Do I To setup the Project Properties, click Project > Properties, then enter your data into the Project Properties dialog box. To set up the units for the project, click Project > FlexUnits, then make any changes.
Any project that was already open when you created the New Project is still open. Both the old and new project display in the Project Explorer window.
Note:
4.2
2. In the Select Project to Open dialog box, browse to the directory where your project is saved. 3. Click the project to highlight it, then click the Open button.
4.3
4-121
Name a Worksheet 2. In the Create New Worksheet dialog box: a. In the Categories pane, click the element group from which you want to create your worksheet. b. In the Worksheets pane, click the worksheet you want to use. 3. Click OK.
4.4
Name a Worksheet
When you create a new worksheet, it is assigned an automatically generated name that comprises the worksheet type followed by a number (the number is incremental). 1. Use one of the following methods to rename a worksheet: In the Project Explorer window, click once on the worksheet label (to the right of the worksheet icon), to highlight it, then click the highlighted label again and the label becomes editable. Right-click on the worksheet whose name you wish to change and select Rename from the shortcut menu.
4.5
Edit a Worksheet
Each worksheet dialog box comprises multiple tabs, and is divided along the center into two sections. The section on the left is for input, and the section on the right is output, or results. To edit a worksheet, open it by double-clicking it in the Project Explorer. Then you can: Enter input data. Change the variable you are solving for by clicking the Solve For drop-down list and making a selection. Choose the friction method to use in the calculations (available in some worksheet types). Certain input and output variables are enabled and disabled depending on the friction method you choose. Set or edit the roughness coefficient by clicking the Ellipsis () button next to the Roughness Coefficient field. Then, choose a predefined roughness coefficient based on the material used.
4-122
How Do I Right-click any units to set the Units and Formatting options for any field. Move from field to field by clicking on the field with the mouse or pressing Tab or Shift+Tab.
4.6
4-123
4.7
4-124
How Do I
4.8
4.9
Print a Report
Bentley FlowMaster lets you print a variety of reports. From the main view, you can print detailed reports and tabular reports for each worksheet. The detailed report contains all input data and results, along with all project information present in the Project Properties dialog box. To print a detailed report: 1. Open the worksheet for which you want to print a report, and enter your data into it. 2. Click Solve to calculate the worksheet. 3. Click the worksheet dialog box for which you want to print a report.
4-125
Customize a Tabular Report 4. Click Analysis > Detailed Report. This opens the Generic Report Setup dialog box, which lets you enter a name for the report. After you enter a name for the report and click OK, the Print Preview dialog box opens with the report displayed as it will be printed to the currently selected default printer. 5. In the Print Preview dialog box, click the Print button, select your printer, and click OK to print the report.
4.10
4-126
How Do I Sort the contents of a table columnYou can sort the contents of a table column by right-clicking the column heading and selecting one of the Sort commands. For more information, Sort the Contents of a Column in a Tabular Report on page 4127. Filter the contents of a tableYou can set up create custom filters to display only certain data in the table by right-clicking a column heading and selecting one of the Filter commands. For more information, Filter the Contents of a Tabular Report on page 4-128.
4.10.1
4. For a custom sort, specify the attribute(s) by which to sort the selected column in the Custom Sort dialog box. The Custom Sort dialog box contains a table in which you define one or more sort keys. A sort key contains two parts: AttributeThe attribute to sort. You can select any field in the tabular report from a drop-down list. Sort OrderThe order in which to sort the selected attributes values. Select Ascending or Descending.
4-127
4.10.2
4. For Quick Filter or Custom Filter, specify your filtering criteria in the Filter dialog box. Each filter criterion is made up of three items: ColumnThe attribute used to filter. OperatorThe operator to use when comparing the filter value against the data in the specific column (operators include: =, >, >=, <, <=, < >, Contains, and Begins With).
The filtering options Contains and Begins With allow more flexibility with regard to filtering tables. These filters are only available for column types that have alphabetic values, for example Label. The Contains filter checks for the specified value anywhere in the words, and the Begins With filter checks only the first letter for the specified value.
Note:
ValueThe comparison value. You can add any number of criteria to a filter. Multiple filter criteria are implicitly joined with a logical AND statement. When multiple filter criteria are defined, only rows that meet all of the specified criteria are displayed. A filter remains active for the associated table until the filter is reset.
5. Click OK.
4-128
How Do I
4.11
4.12
Save a Project
You can save a project as follows: To save the current project without changing the name of the project or its path, you can click File > Save or, in the Project Explorer, right-click the project to be saved and select Save from the shortcut menu. To save and change the name of the project and/or its path, you can click File > Save As or, in the Project Explorer, right-click the project to be saved and select Save As from the shortcut menu. To save all currently open projects, click File > Save All.
4.13
4-129
4-130
Chapter
5.1
Uniform Flow
The equations used in Bentley FlowMaster deal primarily with uniform flow. Uniform flow refers to a hydraulic condition in which the flow depth, channel discharge, and flow area do not change over a channel reach having constant section characteristics such as shape and material. These conditions are met only when the channel bottom slope and the friction slope are equal. When water is flowing under uniform flow conditions, the depth of flow is frequently called normal depth. Uniform flow can be described by the generalized friction equation:
V = CR x S y
(5.1)
5-131
Uniform Flow
Where
V C R S x, y
= = = = =
Mean velocity (m/sec., ft/sec.) Flow resistance factor Hydraulic radius (m, ft) Friction slope (m/m, ft/ft) Exponents
The material lining the flow channel usually determines the flow resistance or roughness factor, C. However, the ultimate value of the C component may be a function of the channel shape, depth, and velocity of flow. The hydraulic radius, R, is a strict function of the channel shape. For every geometric shape, R can be readily calculated by dividing the cross-sectional flow area by the wetted perimeter, once a depth is known or assumed. The energy slope, S, is constant under the uniform flow assumption. Since average velocity is constant under uniform flow (constant discharge and area conditions), combining equation 5.1 with the continuity equation: Q = VA results in the equation: Q = ACRxSy Where Q A = = Discharge (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Cross-sectional flow area (m3, ft3 ) (5.3) (5.2)
Bentley FlowMaster offers the four variations of the general uniform flow equation listed below. These equations differ from each other by the computation and nature of C and in the values assigned to x and y. Mannings Formula Kutters Formula Hazen-Williams Formula Darcy-Weisbach Formula
5-132
5.1.1
Mannings Formula
Mannings formula is probably the most widely used open channel flow equation, and is one of the easiest equations to solve. The roughness component, C, is constant over the full range of flows and is typically represented by Mannings n. The values of x and y are 2/3 and 1/2, respectively. Equations for U.S. customary and the S.I. system units are shown below.
V=
(5.4)
V=
(5.5)
Where
5.1.2
Kutters Formula
The standard form of Kutters Formula is known as the Chzy Formula. Kutters Formula is widely used in sanitary sewer design and analysis. The roughness component, C, is variable and is a function of R, S, and the channel material. Both x and y are equal to 1/2. Equations for U.S. customary units and the S.I. system are shown below:
V = C RS
The roughness coefficient C is related to Mannings n through Kutters formula.
(5.6)
5-133
Uniform Flow
Note: Kutters roughness coefficients are the same as Mannings roughness coefficients.
k 2 k3 + S n C= n k k1 + 2 1+ S R k1 +
Where C S R n k1 k2 k3 = = = = = = =
(5.7)
Chzys roughness coefficient (m1/2/sec., ft1/2/ sec.) Friction slope (m/m, ft/ft) Hydraulic radius (m,ft) Kutters roughness (unitless) Constant (23.0 SI, 41.65 U.S. customary) Constant (0.00155 SI, 0.00281 U.S. customary) Constant (1.0 SI, 1.811 U.S. customary)
5.1.3
Hazen-Williams Formula
The Hazen-Williams Formula is most frequently used in the design of pressure pipe systems for water distribution. The roughness coefficient, C, is constant over the full range of flows (assumed turbulent). The values of x and y in this empirical equation are 0.63 and 0.54. Equations for U.S. customary and the S.I. units are shown below.
V = 0.85CR 0.63 S 0.54 S.I. Units V = 1.32CR 0.63 S 0.54 U.S. Customary Units
(5.8) (5.9)
5-134
5.1.4
Darcy-Weisbach Formula
The Darcy-Weisbach Formula was developed for use in the analysis of pressure pipe systems. However, the formula is sufficiently general so that it can be applied readily to open channel flow systems. In fact, the ASCE Task Force on Friction Factors in Open Channels (1963) supported the use of the Darcy-Weisbach formula for freesurface flows. This recommendation has not been widely accepted since the solution to the equation is difficult, and not readily computed by simple desktop methods. With the computerization of this method, the Darcy-Weisbach Formula will likely gain greater acceptance, since it successfully models the variability of effective channel roughness with channel material, geometry, and velocity. Thus, many engineers view this formula as the most accurate method for modeling uniform flow. The roughness component in the Darcy-Weisbach equation is a function of both the channel material and the Reynolds Number, which varies with V and R. Like Kutters Equation, both x and y are equal to 1/2. The familiar form of the equation, which is applicable to circular pipes with full flow only, is:
hf = f
L V2 D 2g
hf f D L V g = = = = = = Headloss (m, ft) Darcy-Weisbach friction factor Pipe diameter (m, ft) Pipe length (m, ft) Flow velocity (m/sec., ft/sec.) Gravitational acceleration (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2 )
(5.10)
Where
This equation is adapted for channel geometries other than full circular by the relation: D = 4R and then rearranged to the form: (5.11)
V=
8g RS f
(5.12)
5-135
Critical Flow The Darcy-Weisbach friction factor (f) can be found using the Colebrook equation for fully developed turbulent flow. Roughness height, k, is a physical property of the channel material. Equations for free surface and full flow closed conduits are shown below.
1 f
= - 2 log
k 2.51 + 12 R Re f
Free Surface
(5.13)
k 2.51 1 = - 2 log + 14 f .8 R Re f
Where Re k = =
(5.14)
5.2
Critical Flow
Critical flow conditions occur when, for a given discharge, the specific energy of flow is at a minimum. The specific energy, E, in Bentley FlowMaster is computed using the equation:
E = y+
V2 2g
= = = Flow depth (m, ft) Velocity (m/sec., ft/sec.) Gravitational acceleration (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2 )
(5.15)
Where
y V g
The quantity V2/2g is also known as the velocity head. The specific energy equation used in Bentley FlowMaster is valid only for small slopes (< 10%). It also neglects the effects of the velocity variation across the flow section; that is, the velocity coefficient, a, is assumed to equal 1.0. At critical depth, the velocity of flow is also equal to the wave celerity (i.e. the speed at which waves will ripple outward from a pebble which is tossed into the water). The Froude number, F, is defined as the ratio of actual velocity to wave celerity. This number is only defined for sections that have a free surface; it is undefined for closed conduits or closed top irregular channels when flowing full.
5-136
F=
V gD
D A T = = =
(5.16) Hydraulic depth of channel is equivalent to A/T (m, ft) Flow area (m2, ft2) Top width of flow (m, ft)
Where
When F is less than one, the flow is said to be subcritical (velocity slower than wave celerity). When F is greater than one, the flow is said to be supercritical (velocity faster than wave celerity). When F is equal to one, the flow is said to be critical. A diagram showing these flow ranges appears below.
Figure 5-1: Specific Energy Curve The requirement that wave celerity equals actual velocity at critical flow conditions means that critical depth can be computed by varying depth of flow until F equals 1.0. Specifically, Bentley FlowMaster uses the following function, and solves by iterating over depth until f (y) = 0:
f ( y ) = gA3 - Q 2T
(5.17)
5-137
Critical Flow
5.2.1
5.2.2
5-138
Where
p z V g
= = = = =
Pressure (N/m2, lb/ft2 ) Specific weight (N/m3, lb/ft3 ) Elevation (m, ft) Velocity (m/sec., ft/sec.) Gravitational acceleration (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2)
These quantities can be used to express the headloss or head gain between two locations using the energy equation.
p V2 p1 V2 + z1 + 1 + hp = 2 + z2 + 2 + H L g 2g g 2g
Where p z V g hp HL = = = = = = = Pressure (N/m2, lb/ft2 ) Specific weight (N/m3, lb/ft3 ) Elevation at the centroid (m, ft) Velocity (m/sec., ft/sec.) Gravitational acceleration (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2) Head gain from pump (m, ft) Combined headloss (m, ft)
(5.21)
The components of the energy equation can be combined to express two useful quantities, which are the hydraulic grade and the energy grade.
5-139
Critical Flow
Hydraulic Grade
The hydraulic grade is the sum of the pressure head (p/) and elevation head (z). The hydraulic head represents the height to which a water column would rise in a piezometer. The plot of the hydraulic grade in a profile is often referred to as the hydraulic grade line, or HGL.
Energy Grade
The energy grade is the sum of the hydraulic grade and the velocity head ( V2/2g ). This is the height to which a column of water would rise in a pitot tube. The plot of the hydraulic grade in a profile is often referred to as the energy grade line, or EGL. At a lake or reservoir, where the velocity is essentially zero, the EGL is equal to the HGL, as can be seen in the following figure.
5-140
Bentley FlowMaster Theory The HGL Convergence Test value is also used in the standard step gradually varied flow profiling algorithm. If two successive depth iterations are within this absolute test value, the step is solved.
5.2.3
Friction losses are generally based on the relationships between fluid velocity, section roughness, depth of flow, and the friction slope (headloss per unit length of conduit).
Chzys Equation
Chzys equation is rarely used directly, but it is the basis for several other methods, including Mannings equation and Kutters equation. Chzys equation is:
Q= C A
Where Q C A R S
R S
= = = = = Discharge in the section (m3/sec., ft3/sec.)
(5.22)
Chzys roughness coefficient (m1/2/sec., ft1/2/ sec.) Flow area (m2, ft2 ) Hydraulic radius (m, ft) Friction slope (m/m, ft/ft)
5-141
Critical Flow
Kutters Equation
Kutters equation can be used to determine the roughness coefficient in Chzys formula, and is most commonly used for sanitary sewer analysis. Kutters equation is as follows:
Note: Kutters roughness coefficients are the same as Mannings roughness coefficients.
k 2 k3 + S n C= n k k1 + 2 1+ S R k1 +
Where C S R n k1 k2 k3 = = = = = = =
(5.23)
Chzys roughness coefficient (m1/2/sec., ft1/2/ sec.) Friction slope (m/m, ft/ft) Hydraulic roughness (unitless) Kutters roughness (unitless) Constant (23.0 SI, 41.65 U.S. customary) Constant (0.00155 SI, 0.00281 U.S. customary) Constant (1.0 SI, 1.811 U.S. customary)
Mannings Equation
Manning's equation is one of the most popular methods in use today for free surface flow (and, like Kutters equation, is based on Chzys equation). For Mannings equation, the roughness coefficient in Chzys equation is calculated as:
R1/ 6 C= k n
(5.24)
5-142
Where
C R n k
= = = =
Chzys roughness coefficient (m1/2/sec., ft1/2/ sec.) Hydraulic radius (m, ft) Mannings roughness (sec./m1/3 ) Constant (1.00m1/3/m1/3 SI, 1.49 ft1/3/ft1/3 U.S. customary)
Substituting this roughness into Chzys equation, we obtain the well-known Mannings equation:
Note: Mannings roughness coefficients are the same as the roughness coefficients used in Kutters equation.
Q=
Where
k A R 2 / 3 S 1/ 2 n
Q k n A R S = = = = = = Discharge (m3/sec., ft3/sec.)
(5.25)
Constant (1.00m1/3/m1/3 SI, 1.49ft1/3/ft1/3 U.S. customary) Mannings coefficient (unitless) Flow area (m2, ft2 ) Hydraulic radius (m, ft) Friction slope (m/m, ft/ft)
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Because of non-empirical origins, the Darcy-Weisbach equation is viewed by many engineers as the most accurate method for modeling friction losses. It most commonly takes the following form:
L V2 hf = f D 2g
(5.26)
5-143
Critical Flow
Where
hf f D L V g
= = = = = =
Headloss (m, ft) Darcy-Weisbach friction factor (unitless) Pipe diameter (m, ft) Pipe length (m, ft) Flow velocity (m/sec., ft/sec.) Gravitational acceleration (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2 )
For section geometries that are not circular, this equation is adapted by relating a circular sections full flow hydraulic radius to its diameter:
A3 Q 2 = T g
Where A T Q g = = = = Area of flow (m2, ft2 ) Top width of flow (m, ft) Section discharge (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Gravitational acceleration (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2 )
(5.27)
Q= A
8g
R S f
= = = = = = Section discharge (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Area of flow (m2, ft2 ) Hydraulic radius (m, ft) Friction slope (m/m, ft/ft) Darcy-Weisbach friction factor (unitless) Gravitational acceleration (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2 )
(5.28)
Where
Q A R S f g
5-144
Bentley FlowMaster Theory The Swamee and Jain equation can then be used to calculate the friction factor.
The friction factor is dependent on the Reynolds number of the flow, which is dependent on the flow velocity, which is dependent on the discharge. As you can see, this process requires the iterative selection of a friction factor until the calculated discharge agrees with the chosen friction factor.
f=
1.325
2 k ln + 5.74 0.9 3.7 D Re
(5.29)
Where
f k D Re
= = = =
Friction factor (unitless) Roughness height (m, ft) Pipe diameter (m, ft) Reynolds number (unitless)
Colebrook-White Equation
The Colebrook-White equation is used to iteratively calculate for the Darcy-Weisbach friction Factor:
1 k 2.51 = - 2 log + 14 f .8 R Re f
Free Surface
(5.30)
(5.31)
5-145
Critical Flow
Where
Re k f R
= = = =
Reynolds number (unitless) Darcy-Weisbach roughness height (m, ft) Friction factor (unitless) Hydraulic radius (m, ft)
Hazen-Williams Equation
The Hazen-Williams Formula is frequently used in the analysis of pressure pipe systems (such as water distribution networks and sewer force mains). The formula is as follows:
Q = k C A R 0.63 S 0.54
Where Q C A R S k = = = = = Section discharge (m3/sec., ft3/sec.)
(5.32)
Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient (unitless) Area of flow (m2, ft2 ) Hydraulic radius (m, ft) Friction slope (m/m, ft/ft) Constant (0.85 SI, 1.32 U.S. customary)
5.2.4
Flow Regime
Note: Based on the gradually varied flow analysis, different portions of any given pipe may be under different flow regimes.
The hydraulic grade in a flow section depends heavily on the tailwater conditions, pipe slope, discharge, and other conditions. The basic flow regimes that a pipe may experience include: Pressure Flow Uniform Flow and Normal Depth Critical Flow, Critical Depth, and Critical Slope Subcritical Flow Supercritical Flow
5-146
Pressure Flow
When a pipe is surcharged, headlosses are based on the full barrel area and wetted perimeter. Because these characteristics are all functions of the section shape and size, friction loss calculations are greatly simplified by pressurized conditions.
In prismatic channels, flow conditions will typically approach normal depth if the channel is sufficiently long.
A3 Q 2 = T g
Where A T Q g = = = = Area of flow (m2, ft2 ) Top width of flow (m, ft) Section discharge (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Gravitational acceleration (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2 )
(5.33)
This is a relatively simple computation for simple geometric shapes, but can require iterative calculation for more complex shapes (such as arches). Some sections may even have several valid critical depths, making numerical convergence more difficult.
5-147
Gradually Varied Flow Analysis Critical depth refers to the depth of water in a channel for which the specific energy is at its minimum. Critical slope refers to the slope at which the critical depth of a pipe would be equal to the normal depth. Subcritical Flow Subcritical flow refers to any flow condition where the Froude number is less than 1.0. For this condition, the depth is above critical depth, and the velocity is below the critical depth velocity. Supercritical Flow Supercritical flow refers to any condition where the Froude number, or the ratio of internal forces to gravity forces, is greater than 1.0. For this condition, the depth is below critical depth, and the velocity is above the critical depth velocity.
5.3
5.3.1
Slope Classification
The constructed slope of a conduit is a very important factor in determining the type of gradually varied flow profile that exists. Slopes fall into one of three types, all of which are handled by the program: Hydraulically Mild Slope Critical Slope Hydraulically Steep Slope
5-148
Bentley FlowMaster Theory Any pipe can qualify as only one of these slope types for a given discharge. For differing flows, though, a pipe may change between qualifying as a mild, critical, and steep slope. These slopes do not relate to just the constructed slope, but to the constructed slope relative to the critical slope for the given discharge.
5.3.2
5.3.3
Critical Slope
A pipe or channel may have exactly the same slope as the critical slope for the discharge it carries. This is a very uncommon occurrence, but it is possible and the program does calculate it appropriately. Critical depth is an inherently unstable surface, so flow is most likely to be subcritical for these slopes.
5.3.4
5.3.5
Zone Classification
There are three zones that are typically used to classify gradually varied flow: Zone 1 is where actual flow depth is above both normal depth and critical depth. Zone 2 is where actual flow depth is between normal depth and critical depth. Zone 3 is where actual flow depth is below both normal depth and critical depth.
5.3.6
Profile Classification
The gradually varied flow profile classification is a combination of the slope classification and the zone classification. For example, a pipe with a hydraulically mild slope and flow in zone 1 would be considered a mild-1 profile (M1 for short). The program will analyze most profile types, but will not analyze certain flow profile types that occur rarely in conventional sewer system such as H3, M3, and S3.
5-149
Gradually Varied Flow Analysis The following diagrams describe the various profile classifications.
yn yc
yn' yn yc
yn' yn yc
Mild Type II Q Q
full
M1 Slug yc yn' yn
max
C1
yc,n
S1
yc yn
Horizontal Slope
H1 None yc
H2 yc
H3 yc
Adverse Slope
A1 None yc
A2 yc
A3 yc
5-150
Zone 2 Profiles y y y cyn y c y ; n Mild Type I Q < Qfull Mild Type I Q < Qfull
M2 yn yc
Zone 3 Profiles
full
Mild Type II Q Q Q
Mild Type II Q Q
full max
M3 Slug yc yn' yn
max
Critical Slope yn= yc Steep Slope yn< yc Horizontal Slope Adverse Slope
S2 yc yn H2 yc A2 yc
C2 Unstable yc,n
C3 yc,n
S2 Slug Conjugate
yn' yc yn
S3 yc yn
Horizontal Slope
H2 yc
H3 yc
Adverse Slope
A2 yc
A3 yc
5-151
5.3.7
Energy Balance
Even for gradually varied flow, the solution is still a matter of balancing the energy between the two ends of a pipe segment. The energy equation as it relates to each end of a segment is as follows (note that the pressures for both ends are zero, since it is free surface flow):
Z1 +
Where
V12 V2 = Z2 + 2 + H L 2g 2g
Z1 V1 Z2 V2 HL g = = = = = =
(5.34)
Hydraulic grade at upstream end of segment (m, ft) Velocity at upstream end (m/sec., ft/sec.) Hydraulic grade at downstream end of segment (m, ft) Velocity at downstream end (m/sec., ft/sec.) Loss due to frictionother losses assumed to be zero (m, ft) Gravitational acceleration (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2 )
The friction loss is computed based on the average rate of friction loss along the segment and the length of the segment. This relationship is as follows:
H L = S Avg D x =
Where HL SAVG S1 S2 x
S1 + S2 Dx 2
= = = = = Loss across segment (m, ft) Average friction slope (m/m, ft/ft)
(5.35)
Friction slope at upstream end of segment (m/m, ft/ft) Friction slope at downstream end of segment (m/ m, ft/ft) Length of segment being analyzed (m, ft)
5-152
Bentley FlowMaster Theory The conditions at one end of the segment are known through assumption or from a previous calculation step. Since the friction slope is a function of velocity, which is a function of depth, the depth at the other end of the segment can be found through iteration. There are two primary methods for this iterative solution, the Standard Step method and the Direct Step method.
5.3.8
5-153
Gradually Varied Flow Analysis The hydraulic phenomenon that occurs when the flow passes rapidly from supercritical to subcritical flow is called a hydraulic jump. The most common occurrence of this within a gravity flow network occurs when there is a steep pipe discharging into a particularly high tailwater, as shown in the following figure.
Figure 5-4: Hydraulic Jump There are significant losses associated with hydraulic jumps, due to the amount of mixing and hydraulic turbulence that occurs. These forces are also highly erosive, so engineers typically try to prevent jumps from occurring in gravity flow systems, or at least try to predict the location of these jumps in order to provide adequate channel, pipe, or structure protection. The program does not perform any specific force analyses that seek to precisely locate the hydraulic jump, nor does it identify the occurrence of jumps that might happen as flows leave a steep pipe and enter a mild pipe. Rather it performs analyses sufficient to compute grades at structures.
5.3.9
Backwater Analysis
The classic solution of gravity flow hydraulics is via a backwater analysis. This type of analysis starts at the network outlet under free discharge, submerged, or tailwater control, and proceeds in an upstream direction. Steep pipes tend to interrupt the backwater analysis, and reset the hydraulic control to critical depth at the upstream end of the steep pipe. A frontwater analysis may be needed for a steep profile (such as an S2), with the backwater analysis recommencing from the upstream structure. Certain situations are considered to be invalid downstream control by Bentley FlowMaster. The following criteria must be met to enable a valid downstream control:
Note: An error message will be displayed if the input data does not satisfy these requirements.
Mild Case: Normal Depth Greater Than Or Equal To Critical Depth Steep Case: Critical Depth Greater Than Or Equal To Normal Depth Critical Slope: Critical Depth Equal To Normal Depth
5-154
5.3.10
Frontwater Analysis
The program will perform a frontwater analysis in a steep pipe operating under supercritical flow, since these pipes are typically entrance controlled. The hydraulic control is at the upstream end of the conduit, and the gradually varied flow analysis will proceed in a downstream direction until either the normal depth is achieved, a hydraulic jump occurs, or the end of the pipe is encountered.
Note: The programs algorithm is fundamentally based on backwater analysis. As a result, a continuous frontwater analysis is not performed through two or more consecutive steep pipes. This is a performance trade-off that has little impact in evaluating performance of the collection system in most situations. The assumption of critical depth at the upstream end results in a conservative depth in all cases, and is exactly correct at the point of the steep run furthest upstream.
Certain situations are considered to be invalid upstream control by Bentley FlowMaster.The following criteria must be met to enable a valid downstream control: Mild Case: Depth Less Than Or Equal To Normal Depth Steep Case: Normal Depth Greater Than Or Equal To Critical Depth Critical Slope: Critical Depth Equal To Normal Depth
5.4
Weir Flow
Sharp-crested and non-sharp-crested weirs are the two profiles generally associated with weir flow. Sharp-crested weirs are usually used for measuring a discharge, based on the water height. Non-sharp-crested weirs are usually part of a hydraulic structure, such as an overflowing embankment or roadway.
5.4.1
Sharp-Crested Weirs
A sharp-crested weir has a sharp upstream edge formed so that the water flows clear of the crest. Bentley FlowMaster handles weir calculations for unsubmerged (free discharge) and submerged (backwater effect) sharp-crested weirs.
5-155
Weir Flow
Figure 5-5: Rectangular Sharp-Crested Weir The discharge over an unsubmerged rectangular sharp-crested weir is defined as:
Q = C (L - 0.1iH )H 3 2
Where Q C L i H = = = = = Discharge over weir (m3/sec., ft3/sec.)
(5.36)
Weir coefficient (typical values for this kind of weir are C = 1.84 SI and C = 3.33 U.S. customary) Weir opening width (m, ft) Number of contractions (i = 0, 1, or 2) Head above bottom of opening (m, ft)
i = 0 corresponds to the case of a suppressed rectangular weir, for which the channel width is equal to the weir opening length, and yields the equation:
Q = CLH 3 2
i = 2 corresponds to the case of a contracted rectangular weir.
(5.37)
5-156
Figure 5-6: V-Notch Sharp Crested Weir The discharge over an unsubmerged V-Notch sharp-crested weir is defined as:
Q= C
8 Q 2 g tan H5 2 2 15
Q C H = = = = Discharge over weir (m3/sec., ft3/sec.)
(5.38)
Where
Coefficient of discharge (C = 0.58 typically used for a 90 V-notch weir) Angle of notch (degrees) Head above bottom of notch (m, ft)
Table 5-1: V-Notch Weir Coefficient of Discharge Head (feet) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Weir Angle (degrees) 22.5
.611 .593 .586 .583 .580 .579
30
.605 .590 .583 .580 .578 .577
45
.596 .583 .578 .576 .574 .574
60
.590 .580 .575 .573 .572 .571
90
.584 .576 .572 .571 .570 .570
120
.581 .575 .672 .571 .570 .570
5-157
Weir Flow Coefficients for sharp-crested V-notched weirs vary with the angle of the notch and with head depth. For detailed discussion on discharge coefficients for various weir configurations, review the references noted at the bottom of this page.1 2 3
Figure 5-7: Cipoletti Sharp-Crested Weir Cipolletti weirs are trapezoidal with 1:4 slopes to compensate for end contraction losses. The equation generally accepted for computing the discharge through an unsubmerged sharp-crested Cipolletti weir with complete contraction is:
Note: 1.84 and 3.367 are standard values only.
(5.39) (5.40)
1. Brater, Ernest F. and Horace Williams King, Handbook of Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1976. 2. Shen, John, Discharge Characteristics of Triangular Notch Thin-Plate Weirs, Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1617-B, U.S Dept. of Interior, 1981. 3. Derived from table in: Van Haveren, Bruce P., Water Resource Measurements, American Water Works Assoc.,1986.
5-158
H1
H2
Figure 5-8: Submerged Sharp-Crested Weir If the sharp-crested weir is submerged as illustrated in the figure above (with H2 > 0), then the flow Q1 that would be obtained without submergence, using one of the equations above, is corrected as follows to obtain the flow Q over the weir1:
0 n .385 - H 2 Q = Q1 1 H1
(5.41) Discharge over weir (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Discharge over weir opening that would be obtained without submergence at head H1 (m3/ sec., ft3/sec.) Head above weir crest (m, ft) Downstream head above weir (m, ft) Exponent in corresponding weir equation with no submergence (3/2 or 5/2 in cases above)
Where
Q Q1
= =
H1 H2 n
= = =
1. Brater, Ernest F. and Horace Williams King, Handbook of Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1976.
5-159
Weir Flow
5.4.2
Non-Sharp-Crested Weirs
For the following types of weirs, the weir coefficients are strongly dependent on the weir shape, width (measured in the flow direction) and the upstream head. It is recommended to use values from a reference book as a starting point, and when possible, calibrate these coefficients.
Broad-Crested Weir
A broad-crested weir has a crest that extends horizontally in the direction of flow far enough to support the nappe (sheet of water flowing over the crest of the weir) so that hydrostatic pressures are fully developed for at least some short distance. In order to model Embankment or Roadway overtopping, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has developed a methodology that can be found in the manual FHWA, HDS No. 5, Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts, 1985, which uses the general broad-crested weir equation.
Q = Cd LH r3 2
Where Q Cd L Hr = = = = Discharge over weir (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Weir coefficient Length of roadway crest (m, ft) Overtopping depth (m, ft)
(5.42)
Hr
ht Lr
Figure 5-9: Broad-Crested Weir The overtopping discharge coefficient Cd is a function of the submergence using the equation:
Cd = K t Cr
(5.43)
5-160
Bentley FlowMaster Theory The variables Kt and Cr are defined in the following figures, reproduced from the manual FHWA, HDS No.5, Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts, 1985. The first two figures are used by Bentley FlowMaster to derive the base weir coefficient Cr resulting from deep and shallow overtopping, respectively. The submergence correction Kt is determined implicitly using the third figure.
5-161
Weir Flow
Q = CLH 3 2
Where Q C L H = = = = Discharge over weir (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Weir coefficient Weir length (m, ft) Head above weir crest (m, ft)
(5.44)
Model these weirs by using the Generic Weir in Bentley FlowMaster, entering the appropriate coefficient. The weir coefficient is a function of the upstream head and the shape of the weir.
5-162
5.5
Orifice Flow
H For free outfall, measure H from centroid
Figure 5-13: Orifice Flow (schematic) The orifice equation is defined as:
Q = CA 2 gH
Where Q C A g H = = = = = Flow (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Orifice coefficient Flow area (m2, ft2 ) Gravitational acceleration (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2 ) Head (m, ft)
(5.45)
5.5.1
Orifice Coefficients
Although these coefficients vary with shape, size, and head depth, an average C coefficient of 0.60 is often used for storm water orifice openings. A list of orifice coefficients for various heads and sizes of circular, square, rectangular, and triangular shapes can be found in the Handbook of Hydraulics, by Brater et Al. (see References).
Sluice Gate
Gates have the hydraulic properties of orifices. Therefore, the discharge through a sluice gate is:
Q = CA 2 gH
(5.46)
5-163
Pressure Pipe
Where
Q C A g H
= = = = =
Flow (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Orifice coefficient Flow area (m2, ft2 ) Gravitational acceleration (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2 ) Head (m, ft)
Model a sluice gate by using the Generic Orifice in Bentley FlowMaster, entering the appropriate coefficient.
5.6
Pressure Pipe
In hydraulic applications, energy is often converted into units of energy per unit weight, resulting in units of length. Using these length equivalents gives engineers a better feel for the resulting behavior of the system. When using these length equivalents, the user is expressing the state of the system in terms of head. The energy at any point within a hydraulic system is often represented in three parts: Pressure head: p/ Elevation head: z Velocity head: V2/2g Where p z V g = = = = = Pressure (N/m2, lb/ft2 ) Specific weight (N/m3, lb/ft3 ) Elevation (m, ft) Velocity (m/sec., ft/sec.) Gravitational acceleration (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2) (5.47) (5.48) (5.49)
Balancing the energy at the two ends of a pressure pipe, the energy equation can be reduced to:
p1 p + z1 = 2 + z2 + hL g g
(5.50)
5-164
Where
hL
5.6.1
5.7
Inlet Hydraulics
Bentley FlowMaster considers the following inlet hydraulic principles: HEC-22 Inlet Comparison on page 5-166 Flows in Gutters on Grade on page 5-166 Flow in Ditch or Median Section on Grade on page 5-170 Inlet Analysis on page 5-171 Grate Inlet on Grade on page 5-173 Curb Inlet on Grade on page 5-175 Slot Inlet on Grade on page 5-177 Combination Inlet on Grade on page 5-177 Grate Inlet in Sag on page 5-178 Curb Inlet in Sag on page 5-179 Slot Inlet in Sag on page 5-182 Combination Inlet in Sag on page 5-183
5-165
Inlet Hydraulics
5.7.1
The methodology used by Bentley FlowMaster to perform pavement drainage and inlet computations is described in Chapter 4 of the HEC-22 manual: Urban Drainage Design Manual, 1996. This chapter is included as Pavement Drainage on page 6185. Related charts can be found in Engineers Reference on page 8-309. Most of the information presented in HEC-22 Chapter 4 was originally published in the 2nd edition, August 2001 Pub No FHWA-NHI-01-021FHWA, and AASHTOs Model Drainage Manual, 1991. This section presents an overview of the HEC-22 methodology used by Bentley FlowMaster. For more information, refer to Pavement Drainage on page 6-185 or the HEC-22 documentation.
5.7.2
Q=
(5.51)
5-166
Where
Q Kc n Sx SL T
= = = = = =
Flow rate (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) 0.376 SI, 0.56 U.S. customary Mannings coefficient Pavement cross-slope (m/m, ft/ft) Longitudinal pavement slope (m/m, ft/ft) Width of flowspread (m, ft)
T Wg Ts
Qs Qw Sw
Sx
Figure 5-14: Uniform Gutter Cross Slope The flow depth along the curb is: d = TSx Where d = Depth of flow at curb (m, ft) (5.52)
The coefficient E, as well as the variables Qw and Qs, are introduced as: Qw = E0Q Qs = Q Qw = (1 E0)Q E0 = 1 (1 Wg/T)2.67 (5.53) (5.54) (5.55)
5-167
Inlet Hydraulics
Where
Q Qw E0 Qs Wg
= = = =
Total pavement flow (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Frontal flowportion of the flow over the grate width (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Ratio of flow above the grate to total flow Side flowflow outside the grate width (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Grate width (m, ft)
Qs Qw Sw a
Sx
Figure 5-15: Composite Gutter Section In the case of a composite gutter section, the coefficient E0, as well as the variables Qw and Qs, are defined as: Qw = E0Q Qs = Q Qw = (1 E0)Q (5.56) (5.57)
5-168
Where
Q Qw E0 Qs
= = = =
Total pavement flow (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Frontal flowportion of the flow in the depressed gutter (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Ratio of flow in the depressed gutter to total flow Side flowflow outside the depressed gutter (m3/ sec., ft3/sec.)
S E0 = 1 / 1 + w Sx
(5.58)
Where
Sw W
= =
Gutter cross-slope (m/m, ft/ft) Width of depressed gutteror grate, if it is smaller (m, ft)
The continuously depressed gutter is also sometimes defined by a gutter depression, a, defined as:
Sw = S x +
(5.59)
Sw = S x +
Where a
(5.60)
Gutter depression is the depression of the gutter relative to the street cross-slope projection. It is also identified as a continuously depressed gutter because the gutter is depressed along its full length.
5-169
Inlet Hydraulics
5.7.3
1 Z1 W B d Z2
Figure 5-16: Ditch Cross Section The discharge Q in a ditch or median section is expressed as:
1.67 z1 + z2 2 0 Kc + Bd d S L.5 2 Q= 2 2 n + d 1 + z1 + 1 + z2 B
(5.61)
Where
Q Kc n B d z1, z2 SL
= = = = = = =
Discharge rate (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) 1.0 SI, 1.486 U.S. customary Mannings coefficient Ditch width (m, ft) Water depth (m, ft) Ratio H:V for ditch side slopes (m/m, ft/ft) Ditch longitudinal slope (m/m, ft/ft)
The ratio E0 of frontal flow (over the grate) to total flow is:
E0 =
W z + z2 B+ d 1 2
W = Grate width (m, ft)
(5.62)
Where
5-170
5.7.4
Inlet Analysis
Inlets are divided into 4 categories, as illustrated in the following figure:
L h
a. Grate Inlet
L h
c. Combination Inlet
Figure 5-17: Inlet Types For details on each type of inlet, refer to the HEC-22 Manual, Chapter 4 (see Pavement Drainage on page 6-185).
5-171
Inlet Hydraulics
Note: Do not confuse gutter depression and local depression: The gutter depression is the depression of the gutter relative to the pavement normal cross-slope named a on the figure below, which shows a gutter and inlet cross section. It is also referred to as a continuously depressed gutter. The local depression is the depression at the location of the inlet (a in the figure below). It does not exist in the gutter upstream or downstream of the inlet. It is measured from the gutter slope.
Sx Q Sw Q' S'w
Q total
Figure 5-18: Continuous Gutter Depression and Local Depression Figure 6.6 illustrates the concept of local depression versus gutter depression used by HEC-22, with: atotal = a + a' Where a a' atotal = = = Gutter depression (mm, in) Local depression (mm, in) Total depression at location of inlet (mm, in) (5.63)
Inlets on Grade
Inlets located on a grade (SL > 0) are characterized by an efficiency, E, for a given set of conditions:
E=
Qi Q
(5.64)
5-172
Where
E Q Qi
= = =
Inlet efficiency (unitless) Total gutter flow (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Intercepted flow (m3/sec., ft3/sec.)
The flow that is not intercepted is called carryover or bypass flow. It is defined as follows: Qb = Q Qi Where Qb = Bypass low (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) (5.65)
5.7.5
Figure 5-19: Grate Inlet As previously defined, the total gutter flow, Q, is composed of a frontal flow Qw and a side flow Qs. The ratio Rf of frontal flow intercepted to total frontal flow is expressed as: Rf = 1 Kcf (V V0) Where Kcf V V0 = = = 0.295 SI, 0.090 U.S. customary Average velocity in gutter (m/sec., ft/sec.) Gutter velocity at which splash-over first happens (m/sec., ft/sec.) (5.66)
5-173
Inlet Hydraulics
Note: If V < V0, then Rf = 1 (all the frontal flow is intercepted). Also, Rf cannot exceed 1.0. The splash-over velocity, V0 is a function of the grate type and the grate length, L.
The frontal flow intercepted, Qwi, is: Qwi = RfQw The ratio Rs of side flow intercepted to side flow is expressed as:
K V 1.8 Rs = 1 / 1 + cs 2.3 Sx L
(5.67) 0.0828 SI, 0.15 U.S. customary Grate length (m, ft)
Where
Kcs L
= =
The side flow intercepted, Qsi, is therefore: Qsi = RsQs The total flow intercepted is: Qi = Qwi + Qsi Where Qi = Total flow intercepted (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) (5.69) (5.68)
The bypass flow is then: Qb = Q Qi Where Qb = Bypass flow (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) (5.70)
The efficiency of the grate is expressed as: E = RfE0 + Rs(1 E0) (5.71)
5-174
5.7.6
Figure 5-20: Curb Inlet The curb opening length Lr that would be required to intercept 100% of a flow Q on a pavement with a uniform cross slope is computed as:
LT = K C Q
0.42
0 S L.3
1 nS x
= =
0.6
(5.73) Curb opening length required to intercept 100% of gutter flow 0.817 SI, 0.60 U.S. customary
Where
LT Kc
In order to account for a locally or continually depressed gutter, an equivalent cross slope, Se, is computed.
Sx Q total Sw S'w
5-175
S w =
(5.74)
S w =
(5.75)
Where
Gutter cross-slope at inlet locationmeasured from pavement cross-slope (m/m, ft/ft) Gutter cross-slope upstream of inletdoes not account for local depression (m/m, ft/ft) Total depression at inlet locationincludes local and continuous gutter depression (mm, in) Larger of the gutter width and local-depression width (m, ft)
The curb opening length LT that would be required to intercept 100% of a flow Q on a pavement with a composite cross slope at the location of the inlet is:
LT = KT Q
0.42
0 S L.3
1 nSe
0.6
(5.76)
The efficiency E of a curb opening shorter than the required length for total interception is:
L E = 1- 1 LT
1.8
Where
5-176
5.7.7
Figure 5-22: Slot Inlet The efficiency of a Slotted Inlet on Grade with an opening width greater than or equal to 45 mm (1.75 in) is calculated using the same equations as for a curb opening inlet of the same length.
5.7.8
Figure 5-23: Combination Inlet HEC-22 distinguishes two cases: The grate and the curb opening are placed side by side. In this case, the flow interception by the curb opening is negligible, and the capacity of the combination inlet is identical to that of the grate alone. The curb opening is extended upstream of the grate in order to intercept debris that could otherwise clog the grate inlet. The flow intercepted by the combination inlet is calculated as the flow intercepted by the curb opening upstream of the grate inlet, plus the portion of the remaining flow intercepted by the grate.
5-177
Inlet Hydraulics
Inlets in Sag
Note: Inlets in sag location operate as weirs at low water depth and as orifices at higher depth. Grate inlets alone are not recommended, as clogging of the grate is likely to occur.
In contrast with inlets on grade, the efficiency of an inlet located in sag is always assumed to be 1.0 (or 100%).
5.7.9
Figure 5-24: Grate Inlet The flow Qw intercepted by a grate inlet operating as a weir is:
Qw = Cw 2Wd11.5 + Cw Ld 21.5
Where W L CW d1 d2 = = = = = Width of the grate (m, ft) Length of the grate (m, ft)
(5.78)
Weir Coefficient (1.66 SI, 3.0 U.S. customary) Flow depth at middle of grate(m, ft) Flow depth at side of grate opposite the curb (m, ft)
The flow Qio intercepted by a grate inlet operating as an orifice is: Q =0.67AgP(2gd)1/2 (5.79)
5-178
Where
Q A d g
= = = =
Capacity of the grate operating as an orifice (cfs, m3/s) Clear opening area of grate (ft2, m2) Average depth of flow over grate (ft, m) Acceleration due to gravity (ft/s2, m/s2)
The intercepted flow Qi is conservatively calculated at any flow depth by using the lesser of the intercepted flows computed using the weir or orifice equation:
Qi = min(Qiw , Qio )
This accounts for the three stages: weir flow, orifice flow and transitional flow.
(5.80)
5.7.10
L h
Figure 5-25: Curb Inlet Curb inlets are divided into 3 categories, based on their throat geometry: horizontal (most common), vertical, and inclined, as defined in the figure below.
5-179
Inlet Hydraulics
di
do
do
do = di
c. Vertical Throat
0 h
Where
h di do
= = = =
Height of curb-opening inlet (m, ft) Water depth at lip of curb (m, ft) Effective head, measured from center of orifice throat (m, ft) Throat angle for inclined-throat inlets
Weir Flow
A curb inlet in a sag, without a locally or continuously depressed gutter, operates as a weir for depths at curb (measured from the normal cross slope) that are less than or equal to the curb opening height. This condition can be expressed as: dh Where d = Depth at curbi.e., d = TSx (m, ft) (5.81)
In the case of a depressed curb opening (local depression) or a continuously depressed gutter, the previous condition becomes:
5-180
d+
(5.82)
Where
The intercepted flow Qiw by a curb-opening inlet operating as a weir, with a locally or continuously depressed gutter, is: Qiw = Cw1(L + 1.8W)d1.5 Where Cw1 L W = = = (5.83) Weir coefficient (1.25 SI, 2.3 U.S. customary) Curb-opening length (m, ft) Lateral width of depression (m, ft)
However, if L is greater than or equal to 3.6 m (12 ft), then the following equation is used, which is the same as the equation for curb-opening inlets without depression: Qiw = Cw2Ld1.5 Where Cw2 = (5.84) Weir coefficient (1.6 SI, 3.0 U.S. customary)
Orifice Flow
A curb inlet in a sump operates as an orifice for depths at the lip of a curb opening that are greater than 1.4 times the curb opening height: di 1.4h (5.85)
The intercepted flow Qio by a curb-opening inlet (depressed or undepressed) operating as an orifice is: Qio = CohL(2gdo)0.5 which is also expressed as: (5.86)
5-181
Inlet Hydraulics
0 .5 h 2 Qio = Co hL g di - sin Q 2
(5.87)
Where
Transition Flow
At depths between 1.0 and 1.4 times the opening height, the flow is in a transition stage. This intercepted flow Qi is calculated conservatively in this depth range as: Qi = min(Qiw, Qio) (5.88)
5.7.11
Weir Flow
Slotted inlets located in sag operate as weirs to water depths, d (measured at the curb from the normal cross slope), of about 0.06 m (0.2ft). The intercepted flow Qiw is expressed as: Qiw = CwLd1.5 Where Cw d L = = = (5.89) Weir coefficientvaries with flow depth and slot length (typically 1.4 SI, 2.48 U.S. customary) Water depth at curb, measured from normal cross slope (m, ft) Slot length (m, ft)
5-182
Orifice Flow
At water depths (measured at the curb) greater than about 0.12 m (0.4 ft), slotted inlets perform as orifices. The intercepted flow Qio is expressed as: Qio = 0.8LW(2gd)0.5 Where W d = = Slot width (m, ft) Water depth at slot (m, ft) (5.90)
Transitional Flow
At depths between 0.06 m (measured at the slot from the normal cross slope) and 0.12 m, the flow is in a transition stage. The intercepted flow Qi is conservatively calculated in this depth range as: Qi = min(Qiw, Qio) (5.91)
5.7.12
5-183
Inlet Hydraulics At higher flow depths, both the grate inlet and the curb-opening inlet are operating as orifices.
Note: The clear opening area of the grate depends on the opening ratio of the grate (HEC-22 defines an opening ratio for each grate type), as well as the clogging factor you specify.
The flow Qio intercepted by the combination inlet operating as an orifice is: Qio = CoAg(2gd)0.5 + CohL(2gdo)0.5 Where Co Ag g = = = Orifice coefficient (Co = 0.67) Clear opening of grate (m2, ft2 ) Gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/sec.2, 32.16 ft/ sec.2 ) Height of curb-opening inlet (m, ft) Head, measured from the center of the orifice throat (m, ft) (5.93)
h do
= =
Sweeper Inlet
A sweeper inlet refers to a grate inlet placed at the downstream end of a longer curb opening inlet. A sweeper inlet is more efficient than an equal length combination inlet in intercepting debris. Note that since the HEC-22 manual is not very explicit about this type of inlet in sag, some assumptions were made in order to define the flows for this inlet. The flow Qi intercepted by a sweeper inlet is the sum of the flow Qie as calculated above for an equal length combination inlet of length L (where L is the length of the grate) and the flow Qic intercepted by the additional length L (upsteam of the grate) of the curb opening. Qi = Qie + Qic (5.94)
5-184
Chapter
Pavement Drainage
Note:
This section was extracted from the Urban Drainage Design Manual, Hydraulic Engineering Circular Number 22 (HEC-22), Pavement Drainage; published by the Federal Highway Administration in November 1996. All charts referred to in this section are provided in HEC 22 Charts on page 7-279. The HEC22 methodology is used by Bentley FlowMaster to perform flow computations through inlets. Bentley FlowMaster performs hydraulic computations for analyzing or sizing one inlet at a time. For analyzing or designing an entire storm sewer network, Bentley Systems offers StormCAD, which also follows the HEC-22 methodology for inlet computations.
Effective drainage of highway pavements is essential to the maintenance of highway service level and to traffic safety. Water on the pavement can interrupt traffic, reduce skid resistance, increase potential for hydroplaning, limit visibility due to splash and spray, and cause difficulty in steering a vehicle when the front wheels encounter puddles. Pavement drainage requires consideration of surface drainage, gutter flow, and inlet capacity. The design of these elements is dependent on storm frequency and the allowable spread of storm water on the pavement surface. This section presents design guidance for the design of these elements. Most of the information presented here was originally published in HEC-12, Drainage of Highway Pavements, and AASHTOs Model Drainage Manual.
6-185
6.1
6.1.1
6-186
Pavement Drainage 4. The intensity of rainfall events may significantly affect the selection of design frequency and spread. Risks associated with the spread of water on pavements may be less in arid areas subject to high intensity thunderstorm events than in areas accustomed to frequent but less intense events. 5. Capital costs are neither the least nor last consideration. Cost considerations make it necessary to formulate a rational approach to the selection of design criteria. Tradeoffs between desirable and practicable criteria are sometimes necessary because of costs. In particular, the costs and feasibility of providing for a given design frequency and spread may vary significantly between projects. In some cases, it may be practicable to significantly upgrade the drainage design and reduce risks at moderate costs. In other instances, such as where extensive outfalls or pumping stations are required, costs may be very sensitive to the criteria selected for use in design. Other considerations include inconvenience, hazards, and nuisances to pedestrian traffic. These considerations should not be minimized and, in some locations such as in commercial areas, may assume major importance. Local design practice may also be a major consideration since it can affect the feasibility of designing to higher standards, and it influences the publics perception of acceptable practice. The relative elevation of the highway and surrounding terrain is an additional consideration where water can be drained only through a storm drainage system, as in underpasses and depressed sections. The potential for ponding to hazardous depths should be considered in selecting the frequency and spread criteria and in checking the design against storm runoff events of lesser frequency than the design event. Spread on traffic lanes can be tolerated to greater widths where traffic volumes and speeds are low. Spreads of one-half of a traffic lane or more are usually considered a minimum type design for low-volume local roads. The selection of design criteria for intermediate types of facilities may be the most difficult. For example, some arterials with relatively high traffic volumes and speeds may not have shoulders which will convey the design runoff without encroaching on the traffic lanes. In these instances, an assessment of the relative risks and costs of various design spreads may be helpful in selecting appropriate design criteria. Table 61 provides suggested minimum design frequencies and spread based on the type of highway and traffic speed. The recommended design frequency for depressed sections and underpasses where ponded water can be removed only through the storm drainage system is a 50-year frequency event. The use of a lesser frequency event, such as a 100-year storm, to assess hazards at critical locations where water can pond to appreciable depths is commonly referred to as a check storm or check event.
6-187
6.1.2
Design Frequency
10-year 10-year 50-year 10-year
Design Spread
Shoulder +1m (3ft) Shoulder Shoulder +1m (3ft) 1/2 driving lane Shoulder 1/2 driving lane 1/2 driving lane 1/2 driving lane 1/2 driving lane
6-188
Pavement Drainage
6.2
Surface Drainage
When rain falls on a sloped pavement surface, it forms a thin film of water that increases in thickness as it flows to the edge of the pavement. Factors which influence the depth of water on the pavement are the length of flow path, surface texture, surface slope, and rainfall intensity. As the depth of water on the pavement increases, the potential for vehicular hydroplaning increases. For the purposes of highway drainage, a discussion of hydroplaning is presented and design guidance for the following drainage elements is presented: longitudinal pavement slope cross or transverse pavement slope curb and gutter design roadside and median ditches bridge decks median barriers impact attenuators
Additional technical information on the mechanics of surface drainage can be found in Improved Surface Drainage of Pavements, published by the Federal Highway Administration in 1995.
6.2.1
Hydroplaning
As the depth of water flowing over a roadway surface increases, the potential for hydroplaning increases. When a rolling tire encounters a film of water on the roadway, the water is channeled through the tire tread pattern and through the surface roughness of the pavement. Hydroplaning occurs when the drainage capacity of the tire tread pattern and the pavement surface is exceeded and the water begins to build up in front of the tire. As the water builds up, a water wedge is created and this wedge produces a hydrodynamic force which can lift the tire off the pavement surface. This is considered as full dynamic hydroplaning and, since water offers little shear resistance, the tire loses its tractive ability and the driver has a loss of control of the vehicle.
6-189
Surface Drainage Hydroplaning is a function of the water depth, roadway geometrics, vehicle speed, tread depth, tire inflation pressure, and conditions of the pavement surface. It has been shown that hydroplaning can occur at speeds of 89 km/hr (55 mph) with a water depth of 2 mm (0.08 in). The following can reduce the hydroplaning potential of a roadway surface: 1. Design the highway geometries to reduce the drainage path lengths of the water flowing over the pavement. This will prevent flow build-up. 2. Increase the pavement surface texture depth by such methods as grooving of Portland cement concrete. An increase of pavement surface texture will increase the drainage capacity at the tire pavement interface. 3. The use of open graded asphaltic pavements has been shown to greatly reduce the hydroplaning potential of the roadway surface. This reduction is due to the ability of the water to be forced through the pavement under the tire. This releases any hydrodynamic pressures that are created and reduces the potential for the tire to hydroplane. 4. The use of drainage structures along the roadway to capture the flow of water over the pavement will reduce the thickness of the film of water and reduce the hydroplaning potential of the roadway surface.
6.2.2
Longitudinal Slope
Experience has shown that the recommended minimum values of roadway longitudinal slope given in the AASHTO Policy on Geometric Design will provide safe, acceptable pavement drainage. In addition, the following general guidelines are presented: 1. A minimum longitudinal gradient is more important for a curbed pavement than for an uncurbed pavement since the water is constrained by the curb. However, flat gradients on uncurbed pavements can lead to a spread problem if vegetation is allowed to build up along the pavement edge. 2. Desirable gutter grades should not be less than 0.5 percent for curbed pavements with an absolute minimum of 0.3 percent. Minimum grades can be maintained in very flat terrain by use of a rolling profile, or by warping the cross slope to achieve rolling gutter profiles. 3. To provide adequate drainage in sag vertical curves, a minimum slope of 0.3 percent should be maintained within 15 meters (50 ft) of the low point of the curve. This is accomplished where the length of the curve in meters divided by the algebraic difference in grades in percent (K) is equal to or less than 50 (167 in U.S. customary units). This is represented as:
6-190
Pavement Drainage
K=
L G2 - G1
K L Gi = = = Vertical curve constant (m/%, ft/%) Horizontal length of curve (m, ft) Grade of roadway (%)
(6.1)
Where
6.2.3
6-191
Surface Drainage
6.2.4
Gutters formed in combination with curbs are available in 0.3 through 1.0 meter (12 through 39 inch) widths. Gutter cross slopes may be equal to that of the pavement or may be designed with a steeper cross slope, usually 80 mm per meter (1 inch per foot) steeper than the shoulder or parking lane (if used). AASHTO geometric guidelines state that an 8% slope is a common maximum cross slope. A curb and gutter combination forms a triangular channel that can convey runoff less than or equal to the design flow without interruption of the traffic. When a design flow occurs, there is a spread or widening of the conveyed water surface. The water spreads to include not only the gutter width, but also parking lanes or shoulders, and portions of the traveled surface. Spread is what concerns the hydraulic engineer in curb and gutter flow. The distance of the spread, T, is measured perpendicular to the curb face to the extent of the water on the roadway and is shown in Figure 6-1.
6-192
Pavement Drainage Limiting this width becomes a very important design criterion and will be discussed in detail in Flow in Gutters on page 6-195. Where practical, runoff from cut slopes and other areas draining toward the roadway should be intercepted before it reaches the highway. By doing so, the deposition of sediment and other debris on the roadway as well as the amount of water which must be carried in the gutter section will be minimized. Where curbs are not needed for traffic control, shallow ditch sections at the edge of the roadway pavement or shoulder offer advantages over curbed sections by providing less of a hazard to traffic than a near-vertical curb and by providing hydraulic capacity that is not dependent on spread on the pavement. These ditch sections are particularly appropriate where curbs have historically been used to prevent water from eroding fill slopes.
6.2.5
T W T Qw Sx a
1. Uniform Section
Sx
Sw
2. Composite Section
3. Curved Section
AB A S x1 B
T1 BC
T Ts Sx3 D Sx3
T AB BC
Sx2
A S x1
B Sx2 C
Sx3
1. "V"-Shape Gutter
2. "V"-Shape Median
3. Circular Section
6-193
Surface Drainage Roadside channels are commonly used with uncurbed roadway sections to convey runoff from the highway pavement and from areas which drain toward the highway. Due to right-of-way limitations, roadside channels cannot be used on most urban arterials. They can be used in cut sections, depressed sections, and other locations where sufficient right-of-way is available and driveways or intersections are infrequent. To prevent drainage from the median areas from running across the travel lanes, slope median areas and inside shoulders to a center swale. This design is particularly important for high speed facilities and for facilities with more than two lanes of traffic in each direction.
6.2.6
Bridge Decks
Bridge deck drainage is similar to that of curbed roadway sections. Effective bridge deck drainage is important for the following reasons: Deck structural and reinforcing steel is susceptible to corrosion from deicing salts Moisture on bridge decks freezes before surface roadways Hydroplaning often occurs at shallower depths on bridges due to the reduced surface texture of concrete bridge decks
Bridge deck drainage is often less efficient than roadway sections because cross slopes are flatter, parapets collect large amounts of debris, and drainage inlets or typical bridge scuppers are less hydraulically efficient and more easily clogged by debris. Because of the difficulties in providing for and maintaining adequate deck drainage systems, gutter flow from roadways should be intercepted before it reaches a bridge. For similar reasons, zero gradients and sag vertical curves should be avoided on bridges. Additionally, runoff from bridge decks should be collected immediately after it flows onto the subsequent roadway section where larger grates and inlet structures can be used. A detailed coverage of bridge deck drainage systems is included in Design of Bridge Deck Drainage, published by the Federal Highway Administration in 1993.
6.2.7
Median Barriers
Slope the shoulder areas adjacent to median barriers to the center to prevent drainage from running across the traveled pavement. Where median barriers are used, and particularly on horizontal curves with associated superelevations, it is necessary to provide inlets or slotted drains to collect the water accumulated against the barrier. Additionally, some highway department agencies use a piping system to convey water through the barrier.
6-194
Pavement Drainage
6.2.8
Impact Attenuators
The location of impact attenuator systems should be reviewed to determine the need for drainage structures in these areas. With some impact attenuator systems it is necessary to have a clear or unobstructed opening as traffic approaches the point of impact to allow a vehicle to impact the system head on. If the impact attenuator is placed in an area where superelevation or other grade separation occurs, grate inlets and/or slotted drains may be needed to prevent water from running through the clear opening and crossing the highway lanes or ramp lanes. Curb, curb-type structures or swales cannot be used to direct water across this clear opening as vehicle vaulting could occur.
6.3
Flow in Gutters
A pavement gutter is defined, for purposes of this circular, as a section of pavement adjacent to the roadway which conveys water during a storm runoff event. It may include a portion or all of a travel lane. Gutter sections can be categorized as conventional or shallow swale type as illustrated in Figure 6-1. Conventional curb and gutter sections usually have a triangular shape with the curb forming the near-vertical leg of the triangle. Conventional gutters may have a straight cross slope (Figure 6-1, a.1.), a composite cross slope where the gutter slope varies from the pavement cross slope (Figure 6-1, a.2.), or a parabolic section (Figure 6-1, a.3.). Shallow swale gutters typically have V-shaped or circular sections as illustrated in Figure 6-1, b.1, b.2., and b.3., respectively, and are often used in paved median areas on roadways with inverted crowns.
6.3.1
Capacity Relationship
Gutter flow calculations are necessary to establish the spread of water on the shoulder, parking lane, or pavement section. A modification of the Manning equation can be used for computing flow in triangular channels. The modification is necessary because the hydraulic radius in the equation does not adequately describe the gutter cross section, particularly where the top width of the water surface may be more than 40 times the depth at the curb. To compute gutter flow, the Manning equation is integrated for an increment of width across the section. The resulting equation is:
Q=
(6.2)
6-195
Flow in Gutters
Where
Kc n Q T Sx SL
= = = = = =
0.376 SI, 0.56 U.S. customary Mannings coefficient (see Table 6-3) Flow rate (m3 /sec., ft3/sec.) Width of flowspread (m, ft) Cross slope (m/m, ft/ft) Longitudinal slope (m/m, ft/ft)
Equation 6.2 neglects the resistance of the curb face since this resistance is negligible. Spread on the pavement and flow depth at the curb are often used as criteria for spacing pavement drainage inlets. Design Chart 1 in HEC 22 Charts on page 7-279 is a nomograph for solving Equation 6.2. The chart can be used for either criterion with the relationship:
d = TS x
Where d = Depth of flow (m, ft)
(6.3)
Chart 1 can be used for direct solution of gutter flow where the Manning n value is 0.016. For other values of n, divide the value of Qn by n. Instructions for use and an example problem solution are provided on the chart. Table 6-3: Mannings n for Street and Pavement Gutters Type of Gutter or Pavement
Concrete gutter, trowled finish Asphalt pavement, smooth texture Asphalt pavement, rough texture Concrete gutter-asphalt pavement, smooth Concrete gutter-asphalt pavement, rough
Mannings n
0.012 0.013 0.016 0.013 0.015
6-196
Pavement Drainage Table 6-3: Mannings n for Street and Pavement Gutters Type of Gutter or Pavement
Concrete pavement, float finish Concrete pavement, broom finish
Mannings n
0.014 0.016
For gutters with small slope, where sediment may accumulate, increase the above values of n by 0.02 Reference: USDOT, FHWA, HDS-3
6.3.2
6-197
Flow in Gutters Find: 1. Spread at flow of 0.05 m3/sec. (1.8 ft3/sec.) 2. Gutter flow at spread of 2.5 m (8.2 ft) Solution 1: Compute spread T, using Equation 6.2 or from Chart 1.
0.375 0 T = Qn) (K m S 1.67 S L.5 ) ( x 0.375 0.5 (0.010) }
T = 0.0008) (
{(0.376)(0.0020)
1.67
T = 2.7 m (8/9 ft) Solution 2: Using Equation 6.2 or Chart 1 with T = 2.5 m, and the preceding information, determine Qn.
0 Qn = K m S 1.67 S L.5T 2.67 x 1.67 0.5 2.67 (0.010) (2.5)
Qn = ( .376)( .020) 0 0
6-198
Pavement Drainage
Eo = 1 / 1 +
S w sx
2 .67 Sw S x 1+ -1 T W
(6.4) (6.5)
QW = Q - Qs
Where Qw Q Qs =
Flow rate in depressed section of gutter (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Gutter flow rate (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Flow capacity of gutter section above depressed section (m3/sec., ft3/sec.)
= =
Q=
Qs 1 ( - Eo )
Eo Sw = =
(6.6) Ratio of flow in a chosen width (usually the width of a grate) to the total gutter flow (Qw/Q) Sx+a/W (see Figure 6-1 a.2)
Where
Figure 6-2 illustrates a design chart for a composite gutter with a 0.60 m (2 foot) wide gutter section with a 50 mm depression at the curb that begins at the projection of the uniform cross slope at the curb face. A series of charts similar to Figure 6-2 for typical gutter configurations could be developed. EXAMPLE 6-2 Given: Gutter section illustrated in Figure 6-1 a.2 with: W = 0.6 m (2 ft) SL = 0.01
6-199
Flow in Gutters Sx = 0.020 n = 0.016 Gutter depression, a = 50 mm Find: 1. Gutter flow at a spread, T, of 2.5 m (8.2 ft) 2. Spread at a flow of 0.12 m3/sec. (4.2 ft3/sec.) Solution 1: 1. Compute the cross-slope of the depressed gutter, Sw, and the width of spread from the junction of the gutter and the road to the limit of the spread, Ts. Sw = a / W + Sx Sw = [(50) / 1000] / (0.6) + (0.020) = 0.102 m/m Ts = T W = 2.5 m 0.6 m Ts = 1.9 m (6.2 ft) 2. From Equation 6.2 or from Chart 1 (using Ts):
0 Qs n = K m S 1.67 S L.5T 2.67 x
Qsn = (0.376)(0.02)1.67(0.01)0.5(1.9)2.67 Qsn = 0.00031 m3/sec. (0.011 ft3/sec.) Qs = Qs / n = 0.00031 / 0.016 Qs = 0.019 m3/sec. (0.75 ft3/sec.) 3. Determine the gutter flow, Q, using Equation 6.4 or Chart 2. T / W = 2.5 / 0.6 = 4.17 Sw / Sx = 0.103 / 0.020 = 5.15 Eo = 1 / {1+[(Sw / Sx) / (1 + (Sw / Sx) / (T / W 1))2.67 1]} Eo = 1 / {1+[5.15 / (1 + (5.15) / (4.17 1))2.67 1]} Eo = 0.70 Or, from Chart 2, Eo = Qw / Q = 0.70 Q = Qw / Eo = Qs / (1 Eo)
6-200
Figure 6-2: Spread Curves for a Composite Gutter Section Solution 2: 1. Try Qs 0.04 m3/sec. (1.4 ft3/sec.) 2. Compute Qw Qw = Q Qs = 0.12 0.04
6-201
Flow in Gutters Qw = Q Qs = 0.12 0.04 Qw = 0.08 m3/sec. (2.8 ft3/sec.) 3. Using Equation 6.4 or from Chart 2, determine the W / T ratio. Eo = Qw / Q = 0.08 / 0.12 = 0.67 Sw / Sx = 0.103 / 0.020 = 5.15 W / T = 0.23 (from Chart 2) 4. Compute spread based on the assumed Qs. T = W / (W / T) = 0.6 / 0.23 T = 2.6 m (8.6 ft) 5. Compute Ts based on assumed Qs. Ts = T W = 2.6 0.6 = 2.0 m (6.6 ft) 6. Use Equation 6.2 or Chart 1 to determine Qs for computed Ts.
0 Qs n = KS 1.67 S L.5T 2.67 x
Qsn = (0.376)(0.02)1.67(0.01)0.5(2.0)2.67 Qsn = 0.00035 m3/sec. (0.00123 ft3/sec.) Qs = Qsn / n = 0.00035 / 0.016 Qs = 0.022 m3/sec. (0.77 ft3/sec.) 7. Compare the computed Qs with the assumed Qs. Qs assumed = 0.04 > 0.022 = Qs computed 8. Try a new assumed Qs and repeat steps 2 through 7. Assume Qs = 0.058 m3/sec. (2.0 ft3/sec.) Qw = 0.12 0.058 = 0.62 m3/sec. (2.2 ft3/sec.) Eo = Qw / Q = 0.062 / 0.12 = 0.52 Sw / Sx = 5.15 W / T = 0.17 T = 0.60 / 0.17 = 3.5 m (11.5 ft) Ts = 3.5 0.6 = 2.9 m (9.5 ft)
6-202
Pavement Drainage Qsn = 0.00064 m3/sec. (0.032 ft3/sec.) Qs = 0.00094 / 0.016 = 0.059 m3/sec. (2.1 ft3/sec.) Qs assumed = 0.058 m3/sec. equal to 0.059 m3/sec. = Qs computed
6.3.3
V-Sections
Chart 1 can be used to compute the flow in a shallow V-shaped section. When using Chart 1 for V-shaped channels, the cross slope, Sx is determined by the following equation:
Sx =
S x1 S x 2 (S x1 + S x 2 )
(6.7)
Example 6-3 demonstrates the use of Chart 1 to analyze a V-shaped shoulder gutter. Analysis of a V-shaped gutter resulting from a roadway with an inverted crown section is illustrated in Example 6-4. EXAMPLE 6-3 Given: A V-shaped roadside gutter (Figure 6-1 a.1) with: SL = 0.01 n = 0.016 Sx1 = 0.25 Sx2 = 0.04
6-203
Flow in Gutters Sx3 = 0.02 Distance BC = 0.6 m (2.0 ft) Find: 1. Spread at a flow of 0.05 m3/sec. (1.8 ft3/sec.) 2. Flow at a spread of 1.8 m (5.9 ft) Solution 1: 1. Calculate Sx. Sx = Sx1Sx2 / (Sx1 + Sx2) = (0.25)(0.04) / (0.25 + 0.04) Sx = 0.0345 2. Using Equation 6.2 or Chart 1:
0.375 0 T = Qn) (KS 1.67 S L.5 ) ( x
T' = [(0.05)(0.016) / {(0.376)(0.0345)1.67(0.01)0.5}]0.375 T' = 1.94 m (6.4 ft) T' is the hypothetical spread that is correct if it is contained within Sx1 and Sx2.) 3. To determine if T' is within Sx1 and Sx2, compute the flow depth, dB, at point B, and use this depth to find the horizontal distance between points A and B, AB. dB can be computed using the following geometric relationship: T' = (dB / Sx1) + (dB / Sx2), from which dB = T'(Sx1)(Sx2) / (Sx1 + Sx2) = (1.94)(0.25)(0.04) / (0.25 + 0.04) dB = 0.067 m (0.22 ft) AB = dB / Sx1 = 0.067 / 0.25 AB = 0.27 m (0.9 ft) AC = AB + 0.6 m = 0.27 m + 0.6 m. AC = 0.87 m (2.9 ft) 0.87 m < T' therefore, spread falls outside the V-shaped gutter section 4. Solve for the depth at point C, dC, and compute the actual spread from the edge of gutter section Ts. dC = dB BC(Sx2) = (0.067) (0.60)(0.04)
6-204
Pavement Drainage dC = 0.043 m (0.14 ft) Therefore, Ts = dC / Sx3 = (0.043) / (0.02) Ts = 2.15 m (7.1 ft) Solution 2: 1. Compute the depth at point C, dC. dC = (Ts)(Sx3) = (1.80 m)(0.02) dC = 0.036 m (0.12 ft) 2. Compute dB. dB = [(BC)(Sx2)] + dC dB = [(0.60 m)(0.04)] + 0.036 m dB = 0.06 m (0.2 ft) 3. Compute T'. T' = dB / Sx1 + BC + dC / Sx2 T' = (0.06 / 0.25) + 0.6 + (0.036 / 0.04) T' = 1.74 m (5.7 ft) 4. Using Equation 6.2 or Chart 1, compute Q. Sx = (0.25)(0.04) / (0.25 + 0.04) Sx = 0.034
0 Q = KS 1.67 S L.5T 2.67 n x
6-205
Given: V-shaped gutter as illustrated in Figure 6.1 b.2 with 2 AB = 3 m (9.8 ft) BC (9.8 ft ) S L = 0.01 n = 0.016 S x1 = S x 2 = 0.04 S x 3 = 0.02 Find: (1) Spread at a flow of 0.05 m3 /s (1.8 cfs) (2) Flow at a spread of 3 m (9.8 ft) Solution (1) Step 1. Compute Sx S x = (S x1 S x 2 ) (S x1 + S x 2 )= ( .04)( .04) ( .04 + 0.04) 0 0 0 S x = 0.02 Step 2. From Equation 6.2 or Chart 1
0.375 0 T = Qn) (KS 1.67 S L.5 ) ( x 0.375 1.67 0.5 0 0 0 T = 0.05) 0.016) ( .376)( .02) ( .01) ( ( T = 2.7 m (9.0 ft) This is within Sx1 and Sx2 , therefore OK
Q = ( .376)( .02) 0 0
3
1.67
(0.01) (3)
0.5
2.67
(0.016)
Q = 0.064 m /s(2.3cfs)
Circular Sections
Flow in shallow circular gutter sections can be represented by the relationship:
6-206
Pavement Drainage
(6.8) Depth of flow in circular gutter (m, ft) Diameter of circular gutter (m, ft) 1.179 SI, 0.972 U.S. customary
Where
d D Kc
= = =
which is displayed on Chart 3. The chord of the arc which can be computed using Equation 6.9 represents the width of circular gutter section Tw.
Tw = 2 r 2 - (r - d )
(
r
2 0.5
(6.9) Width of circular gutter section (m, ft) Radius of flow in circular gutter (m, ft)
Where
Tw
= =
6-207
Given: A circular gutter swale as illustrated in Figure 6.1b (3) with a e 1.5 meter (4.9 ft) diameter and S L = 0.01 n = 0.016 Q = 0.5 m3 /s (17.6 cfs) Find: Flow Depth and top width Solution: Step 1. Determine the value of h
2.67 0.5 0 Qn (D 2.67 S L.5 )= ( .5)( .016) 1.5) ( .01) 0 0 0 ( = 0.027 Step 2. Using Equation 6.8 or Chart 3, determine d D 0.488 0.488 0 d D = K D Qn) (D 2.67 S L.5 ) 1 0 ( = ( .179)[ .027 ] d D = 0.20
6.3.4
6-208
Pavement Drainage
6.3.5
K1 =
Then
n
0 K m S L.5T 2.67
(6.10)
S 1.67 = K1Q x
And
(6.11)
S x1 S x 2
1.67
K1Q1 Q = 1 K1Q2 Q2
(6.12)
Similar transformations can be performed to evaluate the effects of changing longitudinal slope and width of spread on gutter capacity resulting in Equations 6.13 and 6.14 respectively.
S L1 Q = 1 Q2 S L 2 T1 T2
2.67
0.5
(6.13)
Q1 Q2
(6.14)
6-209
Flow in Gutters Equations 6.10, 6.13, and 6.14 are illustrated in Figure 6-3. As illustrated, the effects of spread on gutter capacity are greater than the effects of cross slope and longitudinal slope, as would be expected due to the larger exponent of the spread term. The magnitude of the effect is demonstrated when gutter capacity with a 3 meter (9.8 ft) spread is 18.8 times greater than with a 1 meter (3.3 ft) spread, and 3 times greater than a spread of 2 meters (6.6 ft). The effects of cross slope are also relatively great as illustrated by a comparison of gutter capacities with different cross slopes. At a cross slope of 4 percent, a gutter has 10 times the capacity of a gutter of 1 percent cross slope. A gutter at 4 percent cross slope has 3.2 times the capacity of a gutter at 2 percent cross slope.
Figure 6-3: Relative Effects of Spread, Cross Slope, and Longitudinal Slope on Gutter Capacity
6-210
Pavement Drainage Little latitude is generally available to vary longitudinal slope in order to increase gutter capacity, but slope changes which change gutter capacity are frequent. Figure 63 shows that a change from S = 0.04 to 0.02 will reduce gutter capacity to 71 percent of the capacity at S = 0.04. Table 6-4: Spread at Average Velocity in a Reach of Triangular Gutter
T1/T2 Ta/T2 0.1 0.66 0.2 0.68 0.3 0.70 0.4 0.74 0.5 0.77 0.6 0.82 0.7 0.86 0.8 0.90
6.3.6
V=
(6.15)
Where
Example 6-6 illustrates the use of Table 6-4 and Chart 4 to determine the average gutter velocity.
6-211
Given: A triangular gutter section with the following characteristics: T1 = 1 m (3.3 ft) T2 = 3 m (9.8 ft) S L = 0.03 S x = 0.02 n = 0.016 Inlet spacing anticipated to be 100 meters (330 ft) Find: Time of flow in gutter Solution: w Step 1. Compute the upstream to downstream spread ratio T1 T2 = 1 3 = 0.33 Step 2. Determine the spread at average velocity interpolating between values in Table 6-4.
0.5
(0.02) (2.13)
0.67
0.67
Step 4. Compute the travel time in the gutter. 100 0 t = ( )/ ( .98)/ 60 = 1.7 minutes
6.4
6-212
Pavement Drainage
6.4.1
Inlet Types
Storm drain inlets are used to collect runoff and discharge it to an underground storm drainage system. Inlets are typically located in gutter sections, paved medians, and roadside and median ditches. Inlets used for the drainage of highway surfaces can be divided into the following four classes: Grate inlets Curb-opening inlets Slotted inlets Combination inlets
Grate inlets consist of an opening in the gutter or ditch covered by a grate. Curb opening inlets are vertical openings in the curb covered by a top slab. Slotted inlets consist of a pipe cut along the longitudinal axis with bars perpendicular to the opening to maintain the slotted opening. Combination inlets consist of both a curb opening inlet and a grate inlet placed in a side-by-side configuration, but the curb opening may be located in part upstream of the grate. Figure 6-4 illustrates each class of inlets. Slotted drains may also be used with grates and each type of inlet may be installed with or without a depression of the gutter.
6.4.2
6-213
Drainage Inlet Design Slotted inlets can be used in areas where it is desirable to intercept sheet flow before it crosses onto a section of roadway. Their principal advantage is their ability to intercept flow over a wide section. However, slotted inlets are very susceptible to clogging from sediments and debris, and are not recommended for use in environments where significant sediment or debris loads may be present. Slotted inlets on a longitudinal grade do have the same hydraulic capacity as curb openings when debris is not a factor.
L h
a. Grate Inlet
L h
c. Combination Inlet
6.4.3
Inlet Capacity
Several agencies and manufacturers of grates have investigated inlet interception capacity. Hydraulic tests on grate inlets and slotted inlets included in this document were conducted by the Bureau of Reclamation for the Federal Highway Administration. Four of the grates selected for testing were rated highest in bicycle safety tests, three have designs and bar spacing similar to those proven bicycle-safe, and a parallel bar grate was used as a standard with which to compare the performance of others.
6-214
Pavement Drainage Figures 7.5 through 7.10 show the inlet grates for which design procedures were developed. For ease in identification, the following terms have been adopted: P-50: Parallel bar grate with bar spacing 48 mm (1-7/8 in) on center (Figure 6-5). P-50x100: Parallel bar grate with bar spacing 48 mm (1-7/8 in) on center and 10 mm (3/8 in) diameter lateral rods spaced at 102 mm (4 in) on center (Figure 6-5). P-30: Parallel bar grate with 29 mm (1-1/8 in) on center bar spacing (Figure 6-6). Curved Vane: Curved vane grate with 83 mm (3-1/4 in) longitudinal bar and 108 mm (4-1/4 in) transverse bar spacing on center Figure 6-7). 45 60 Tilt Bar: 45 tilt-bar grate with 57 mm (2-1/4 in) longitudinal bar and 102 mm (4 in) transverse bar spacing on center (Figure 6-8). 45 85 Tilt Bar: 45 tilt-bar grate with 83 mm (3-1/4 in) longitudinal bar and 102 mm (4 in) transverse bar spacing on center (Figure 6-8). 30 85 Tilt Bar: 30 tilt-bar grate with 83 mm (3-1/4 in) longitudinal bar and 102 mm (4 in) transverse bar spacing on center (Figure 6-9). Reticuline: Honeycomb pattern of lateral bars and longitudinal bearing bars (Figure 6-10).
6-215
Figure 6-5: P-50 and P-50x100 Grates The interception capacity of curb-opening inlets has also been investigated by several agencies. Design procedures adopted for this Circular are largely derived from experimental work at Colorado State University for the Federal Highway Administration, as reported in both Hydraulics of Runoff from Developed Surfaces and Hydraulic Design of Depressed Curb-Opening Inlets.
6-216
Pavement Drainage
6-217
6-218
Pavement Drainage
6-219
6-220
Pavement Drainage
E=
Qi Q
E Q Qi = = = Inlet efficiency Total gutter flow (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Intercepted flow (m3/sec., ft3/sec.)
(6.16)
Where
Flow that is not intercepted by an inlet is termed carryover or bypass and is defined as follows:
Qb = Q - Qi
(6.17)
6-221
Where
Qb
The interception capacity of all inlet configurations increases with increasing flow rates, and inlet efficiency generally decreases with increasing flow rates. Factors affecting gutter flow also affect inlet interception capacity. The depth of water next to the curb is the major factor in the interception capacity of both grate inlets and curbopening inlets. The interception capacity of a grate inlet depends on the amount of water flowing over the grate, the size and configuration of the grate and the velocity of flow in the gutter. The efficiency of a grate is dependent on the same factors and total flow in the gutter. Interception capacity of a curb-opening inlet is largely dependent on flow depth at the curb and curb opening length. Flow depth at the curb and consequently, curb opening inlet interception capacity and efficiency, is increased by the use of a local gutter depression at the curb-opening or a continuously depressed gutter to the proportion of the total flow adjacent to the curb. Top slab supports placed flush with the curb line can substantially reduce the interception capacity of curb openings. Tests have shown that such supports reduce the effectiveness of openings downstream of the support by as much as 50 percent and, if debris is caught at the support, interception by the downstream portion of the opening may be reduced to near zero. If intermediate top slab supports are used, they should be recessed several inches from the curb line and rounded in shape. Slotted inlets function in essentially the same manner as curb opening inlets, i.e., as weirs with flow entering from the side. Interception capacity is dependent on flow depth and inlet length. Efficiency is dependent on flow depth, inlet length and total gutter flow. The interception capacity of an equal length combination inlet consisting of a grate placed alongside a curb opening on a grade does not differ materially from that of a grate only. Interception capacity and efficiency are dependent on the same factors which affect grate capacity and efficiency. A combination inlet consisting of a curb opening inlet placed upstream of a grate inlet has a capacity equal to that of the curb opening length upstream of the grate plus that of the grate, taking into account the reduced spread and depth of flow over the grate because of the interception by the curb opening. This inlet configuration has the added advantage of intercepting debris that might otherwise clog the grate and deflect water away from the inlet.
6-222
Pavement Drainage
6-223
Drainage Inlet Design accurate to conclude that interception capacity would increase and inlet efficiency would decrease with increased flow rates. Long curb-opening and slotted inlets compare favorably with grates in interception capacity and efficiency for conditions illustrated in Figure 6-11. The effect of depth at the curb is also illustrated by a comparison of the interception capacity and efficiency of depressed and undepressed curb-opening inlets. A 1.5 m (5 ft) depressed curb-opening inlet has about 67 percent more interception capacity than an undepressed inlet at 2 percent slope, 3 percent cross slope, and 0.085 m3/s (3 ft3/ sec.) gutter flow, and about 79 percent more interception capacity at an 8 percent slope. At low velocities, all of the water flowing in the section of gutter occupied by the grate, called frontal flow, is intercepted by grate inlets. Only a small portion of the flow outside of the grate, termed side flow, is intercepted. When the longitudinal slope is increased, water begins to skip or splash over the grate at velocities dependent on the grate configuration. Figure 6-11 shows that interception capacity and efficiency are reduced at slopes steeper than the slope at which splash-over begins. Splash-over for the less efficient grates begins at the slope at which the interception capacity curve begins to deviate from the curve of the more efficient grates. All of the 0.6 m by 0.6 m (2 ft by 2 ft) grates have equal interception capacity and efficiency at a flow rate of 0.085 m3/s (3 ft3/sec.), cross slope of 3 percent, and longitudinal slope of 2 percent. At slopes steeper than 2 percent, splash-over occurs on the reticuline grate and the interception capacity is reduced. At a slope of 6 percent, velocities are such that splashover occurs on all except the curved vane and parallel bar grates. From these performance characteristics curves, it can be concluded that parallel-bar grates and the curved vane grate are relatively efficient at higher velocities and the reticuline grate is least efficient. At low velocities, the grates perform equally. However, some of the grates such as the reticuline grate are more susceptible to clogging by debris than the parallel bar grate.
6-224
Pavement Drainage
Figure 6-11: Comparison of Inlet Interception Capacity, Slope Variable The capacity and efficiency of grates increase with increased slope and velocity if splash-over does not occur. This is because frontal flow increases with increased velocity, and all frontal flow will be intercepted if splash-over does not occur. Figure 6-11 also illustrates that interception by longer grates would not be substantially greater than interception by 0.6 m by 0.6 m (2 ft by 2 ft) grates. In order to capture more of the flow, wider grates would be needed. Figure 6-12 can be used for further study and comparisons of inlet interception capacity and efficiency. It shows, for example, that at a 6 percent slope, splash-over begins at about 0.02 m3/s (0.7 ft3/sec.) on a reticuline grate. It also illustrates that the interception capacity of all inlets increases and inlet efficiency decreases with increased discharge. This comparison of inlet interception capacity and efficiency neglects the effects of debris and clogging on the various inlets. All types of inlets, including curb-opening inlets, are subject to clogging, some being more susceptible than others. Attempts to simulate clogging tendencies in the laboratory have not been notably successful,
6-225
Drainage Inlet Design except to demonstrate the importance of parallel bar spacing in debris handling efficiency. Grates with wider spacings of longitudinal bars pass debris more efficiently. Except for reticuline grates, grates with lateral bar spacing of less than 0.1 m (4 in) were not tested so conclusions cannot be drawn from tests concerning debris handling capabilities of many grates currently in use. Problems with clogging are largely local since the amount of debris varies significantly from one locality to another. Some localities must contend with only a small amount of debris while others experience extensive clogging of drainage inlets. Since partial clogging of inlets on grade rarely causes major problems, allowances should not be made for reduction in inlet interception capacity except where local experience indicates an allowance is advisable.
6-226
Pavement Drainage
6.4.4
Grate Inlets
Grates are effective highway pavement drainage inlets where clogging with debris is not a problem. Where clogging may be a problem, see Table 6-5 where grates are ranked for susceptibility to clogging based on laboratory tests using simulated leaves. This table should be used for relative comparisons only. When the velocity approaching the grate is less than the splash-over velocity, the grate will intercept essentially all of the frontal flow. Conversely, when the gutter flow velocity exceeds the splash-over velocity for the grate, only part of the flow will be intercepted. A part of the flow along the side of the grate will be intercepted, dependent on the cross slope of the pavement, the length of the grate, and flow velocity.
E0 =
Qw W = 1- 1 T Q
2.67
(6.18)
The ratio of frontal flow to total gutter flow, Eo, for a uniform cross slope is expressed by Equation 6.18:
6-227
Where
Q Qw W T
= = = =
Total gutter flow (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Flow in width, W (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) Width of depressed gutter or grate (m, ft) Total spread of water (m, ft)
Example 6-2 and Chart 2 provide solutions of Eo for either uniform cross slopes or composite gutter sections. The ratio of side flow, Qs, to total gutter flow is:
Qs Q = 1 - w = 1 - Eo Q Q
(6.19)
The ratio of frontal flow intercepted to total frontal flow, Rf, is expressed by Equation 6.20:
R f = 1 - K c ( - Vo ) V
Where Kc V Vo = = = 0.295 Velocity of flow in gutter (m/sec., ft/sec.)
(6.20)
Note:
6-228
Pavement Drainage Table 6-5: Average Debris Handling Efficiencies of Grates Tested Rank Grate Longitudinal Slope 0.005
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Curved Vane 30 85 deg. Tilt Bar 45 85 deg. Tilt Bar P-50 P-50x100 45 60 deg. Tilt Bar Reticuline P-30 45 44 43 32 18 16 12 9
0.040
61 55 48 32 28 23 16 20
This ratio is equivalent to frontal flow interception efficiency. Chart 5 provides a solution for Equation 6.20, which takes into account grate length, bar configuration, and gutter velocity at which splash-over occurs. The average gutter velocity (total gutter flow divided by the area of flow) is needed to use Chart 5. This velocity can also be obtained from Chart 4. The ratio of side flow intercepted to total side flow, Rs, or side flow interception efficiency, is expressed by Equation 6.21:
Rs = 1 / 1 + 2.3 Sx L
Where Kc = 0.0828 SI, 0.15 U.S. customary
K cV 1.8
(6.21)
6-229
Drainage Inlet Design A deficiency in developing empirical equations and charts from experimental data is evident in Chart 6. The fact that a grate will intercept all or almost all of the side flow where the velocity is low and the spread only slightly exceeds the grate width is not reflected in the chart. Error due to this deficiency is very small. In fact, where velocities are high, side flow interception may be neglected without significant error. The efficiency, E, of a grate is expressed as provided in Equation 6.22:
E = R f Eo + Rs ( - Eo ) 1
(6.22)
The first term on the right side of Equation 6.22 is the ratio of intercepted frontal flow to total gutter flow, and the second term is the ratio of intercepted side flow to total side flow. The second term is insignificant with high velocities and short grates. The interception capacity of a grate inlet on grade is equal to the efficiency of the grate multiplied by the total gutter flow:
Qi = EQ = Q f Eo + Rs ( - Eo ) R 1
The use of Charts 5 and 6 are illustrated in the following examples.
(6.23)
6-230
Given: Given the gutter section from Example 6-2 (illustrated in Figure 6.1 a.2) with T = 2.5 m (8.2 ft) W = 0.6 m (2.0 ft) S L = 0.010 S x = 0.02 n = 0.016 Continuous gutter depression, a = 50 mm (2 in) Find: The interception capacity of a curved vane grate 0.6 m by 0.6 m (2 ft by 2 ft) Solution: From Example 6-2, S w = 0.103 Eo = 0.70 Q = 0.06 m3 /s (2.3 cfs) Step 1. Compute the average gutter velocity A = 0.5T 2 S x + 0.5 DW = 0.5 (2.5) ( .02)+ 0.5 ( .050) 0.6) 0 0 ( A = 0.08m 2 (0.86 ft 2 ) V = Q A = 0.06 0.08 V = 0.75 m/s (2.5 ft/s) Step 2. Determine the frontal flow efficiency using Chart 5 R f = 1.0
2
6-231
Step 3. Determine the side flow efficiency using Equation 6.20 or Chart 6 t Rs = 1 + ( .0828V .8 ) S x L2.3 1 0 1 2 + ( .0828)( .75).8 ( .02)( .6) .3 Rs = 1 0 1 0 0 0 Rs = 0.11 Step 4. Compute the interception capacity using Equation 6.22 Qi = Q f Eo + Rs ( - Eo ) R 1 1.0)( .70)+ ( .11) 1 - 0.70) 0 0 0 Qi = ( .06)( ( Qi = 0.044 m3 /s (1.6 cfs)
EXAMPLE 6-8
Given: Given the gutter section illustrated in Figure 6.1 a.1 with T = 3m(9.8 ft ) S L = 0.04 S x = 0.025 n = 0.016 Bicycle traffic not permitted Find: The interception capacity of the following grates: a. P-50; 0.6 m by 0.6 m (2.0 ft by 2.0 ft) b. Reticuline; 0.6 m by 0.6 m (2.0 ft by 2.0 ft) c c. Grates in a. and b. with a length of 1.2 m (4.0 ft) t Solution: Step 1. Using Equation 6.2 or Chart 1, determine Q
0 Q = K n S 1.67 S L.5T 2.67 x
1.67
(0.04) (3)
0.5
2.67
6-232
Pavement Drainage
0.5
(0.025) (3)
0.67
0.67
V = 1.66m / sec(5.4 ft / s ) Step 4. Using Equation 6.19 or Chart 5, determine the frontal flow efficiency for each grate. Using Equation 6.20 or Chart 6, determine a the side flow efficiency for each grate. Using Equation 6.22, compute i the interception capacity of each grate.
The following table summarizes the results: Table 6-6: Example 6-8 Results Grate Size (width by length) Frontal Flow Efficiency (Rf)
1.0
Interception Capacity
P-50
0.6m by 0.6m (2.0ft by 2.0ft) 0.6m by 0.6m (2.0ft by 2.0ft) 0.6m by 1.2m (2.0ft by 4.0ft) 0.6m by 1.2m (2.0ft by 4.0ft)
Reticuline
0.9
0.036
P-50
1.0
0.155
Reticuline
1.0
0.155
The P-50 parallel bar grate will intercept about 14 percent more flow than the reticuline grate or 48 percent of the total flow as opposed to 42 percent for the reticuline grate. Increasing the length of the grates would not be cost-effective because the increase in side flow interception is small.
Curb-Opening Inlets
Curb-opening inlets are effective in the drainage of highway pavements where flow depth at the curb is sufficient for the inlet to perform efficiently. Curb openings are less susceptible to clogging and offer little interference to traffic operation. They are a viable alternative to grates on flatter grades where grates would be in traffic lanes or would be hazardous for pedestrians or bicyclists.
6-233
Drainage Inlet Design Curb opening heights vary in dimension; however, a typical maximum height is approximately 100 to 150 mm (4 to 6 in). The length of the curb-opening inlet required for total interception of gutter flow on a pavement section with a uniform cross slope is expressed by Equation 6.24:
LT = K C Q
0.42
0 S L.3
1 nS x
= = = =
0.6
(6.24)
Where
Kc LT SL Q
0.817 SI, 0.6 U.S. customary Curb opening length required to intercept 100% of gutter flow (m, ft) Longitudinal slope Gutter flow (m3/sec., ft3/sec.)
The efficiency of curb opening inlets shorter than the length required for total interception is expressed by Equation 6.25:
L E = 1- 1 LT
Where L
1.8
Sx a S'w W
Figure 6-13: Depressed Curb-Opening Inlet Chart 7 is a nomograph for the solution of Equation 6.24, and Chart 8 provides a solution of Equation 6.25.
6-234
Pavement Drainage The length of inlet required for total interception by depressed curb-opening inlets or curb-openings in depressed gutter sections can be found by the use of an equivalent cross slope, Se, in Equation 6.24 in place of Sx. Se can be computed using Equation 6.26.
Se = S x + S w Eo
Where S'W S'w a Eo = = = =
(6.26) Cross-slope of the gutter measured from the crossslope of the pavement, Sx (m/m, ft/ft) a/[1000W],(a/[12w]) (m, ft) Gutter depression (mm, in) Ratio of flow in the depressed section to total gutter flow determined by gutter configuration upstream of inlet
Figure 6-13 shows the depressed curb inlet for Equation 6.26. Eo is the same ratio as used to compute the frontal flow interception of a grate inlet. As seen from Chart 7, the length of curb opening required for total interception can be significantly reduced by increasing the cross slope or the equivalent cross slope. The equivalent cross slope can be increased by use of a continuously depressed gutter section or a locally depressed gutter section. Using the equivalent cross slope, Se, Equation 6.24 becomes:
LT = KT Q
0.42
0 S L.3
1 nSe
=
0.6
(6.27)
Where
KT
Equation 6.25 is applicable with either straight cross slopes or composite cross slopes. Charts 7 and 8 are applicable to depressed curb-opening inlets using Se rather than Sx. Equation 6.26 uses the ratio, Eo, in the computation of the equivalent cross slope, Se. Example 6-9 demonstrates the procedure to determine spread and then the example uses Chart 2 to determine Eo.
6-235
Given: A curb opening inlet with the following characteristics: e S L = 0.01 S x = 0.02 Q = 0.05 m3 /s(1.8cfs) n = 0.016 Find: (1) Qi for a 3 m (9.8 ft) curb opening. (2) Qi for a depressed 3 m (9.8 ft) curb opening inlet with a continuously depressed curb section. o a = 25 mm (1 in) W = 0.6 m (2 ft) Solution (1): l Step 1. Determine the length of curb opening required for total i interception of gutter flow using Equation 6.23 or Chart 7. s
0 LT = 0.817Q 0.42 S L.3 ( (nS x ) 1 ) 0.6 0.6
LT = 0.817 ( .05) 0
0.42
LT = 7.29 m (23.6 ft) Step 2. Compute the curb opening efficiency using Equation 6.24 or Chart 8 . L LT = 3 7.29 = 0.41 E = 1 - ( - L LT ) 1 E = 1 - ( - 0.41) 1
1.8 1.8
E = 0.61 Step 3. Compute the interception capacity Qi = EQ = ( .61) 0.05) 0 ( Qi = 0.031 m3 /s ( cfs) 1.1 Solution (2): Step 1. Use Equation 6.4 (Chart 2) and Equation 6.2 (Chart 1) to t determine the W/T ratio. Determine spread, T (Procedure from Example 6-2, Solution 2)
6-236
Pavement Drainage
Assume: Qs = 0.018 m3 /s (0.64 cfs) Qw = Q - Qs = 0.05 - 0.018 - 0.032 m3 /s (1.1 cfs) Eo = Qw Q = 0.032 0.05 = 0.64 S w = S x + a W = 0.02 + (25 1000) 0.6 = 0.062 S w S x = 0.062 0.02 = 3.1 Use Equation 6.4 or Chart 2 to determine W T W T = 0.24 T = W ( T )= 0.6 0.24 = 2.5 m (8.2 ft) W Ts = T - W = 2.5 - 0.6 Ts = 1.9 m (6.2 ft) Use Equation 6.2 or Chart 1 to obtain Qs
0 Qs = K nS 1.67 S L.5Ts2.67 x
1.67
1 (0.01) ( .9)
0.5
2.67
Qs = 0.019 m3 /s (equals Qs assumed) Step 2. Determine efficiency of curb opening Se = S x + S w Eo = S x + (a W ) Eo = 0.02 + 25 1000) ( .6) ( .64) 0 0 ( Se = 0.047 Using Equation 7.25 or Chart 7
0 LT = KT Q 0.42 S L.3 (nSe ) 1 0.6
LT = ( .817)( .05) 0 0
0.42
LT = 4.37 m (14.3 ft) Using Equation 6.24 or Chart 8 to obtain curb inlet efficiency . L LT = 3 4.37 = 0.70 E = 1 - ( - L LT ) 1 E = 1 - ( - 0.69) 1
1.8 1.8
E = 0.88 Step 3. Compute curb opening inflow using Equation 6.16 0 0 Qi = QE = ( .05)( .88)
6-237
Qi = 0.044 m3 /s (1.55 cfs) The depressed curb opening inlet will intercept 1.5 times the flow intercepted by the undepressed curb opening.
Slotted Inlets
Wide experience with the debris handling capabilities of slotted inlets is not available. Deposition in the pipe is the problem most commonly encountered. The configuration of slotted inlets makes them accessible for cleaning with a high pressure water jet.
Figure 6-14: Slotted Drain Inlet at an Intersection Slotted inlets are effective pavement drainage inlets, which have a variety of applications. They can be used on curbed or uncurbed sections and offer little interference to traffic operations. An installation is illustrated in Figure 6-14.
6-238
Pavement Drainage Flow interception by slotted inlets and curb-opening inlets is similar in that each is a side weir and the flow is subjected to lateral acceleration due to the cross slope of the pavement. Analysis of data from the Federal Highway Administration tests of slotted inlets with slot widths 45 mm (1.75 in) indicates that the length of slotted inlet required for total interception can be computed by Equation 6.24. Chart 7, is therefore applicable for both curb-opening inlets and slotted inlets. Similarly, Equation 6.25 is also applicable to slotted inlets and Chart 8 can be used to obtain the inlet efficiency for the selected length of inlet. Use Charts 7 and 8 for slotted inlets the same way you would for curb-opening inlets. Additional examples to demonstrate the use of the charts are not provided here for that reason. It should be noted, however, that it is much less expensive to add length to an existing slotted inlet to increase interception capacity than it is to add length to an existing curb-opening inlet. Combination Inlets
Figure 6-15: Combination Curb-Opening, 45-Degree Tilt-Bar Grate Inlet The interception capacity of a combination inlet consisting of a curb opening and grate placed side-by-side, as shown in Figure 6-15, is no greater than that of the grate alone. Capacity is computed by neglecting the curb opening. A combination inlet is sometimes used with a part of the curb opening placed upstream of the grate as illustrated in Figure 6-16. The curb opening in such an installation intercepts debris, which
6-239
Drainage Inlet Design might otherwise clog the grate and is called a sweeper inlet. A sweeper combination inlet has an interception capacity equal to the sum of the curb opening upstream of the grate plus the grate capacity, except that the frontal flow and thus the interception capacity of the grate is reduced by interception by the curb opening.
Figure 6-16: Sweeper Combination Inlet The following example illustrates computation of the interception capacity of a combination curb-opening grate inlet with a portion of the curb opening upstream of the grate.
6-240
Given: A combination curb opening grate inlet with a 3 m (9.8 ft) curb opening, 0.6 m by 0.6 m (2 ft by 2 ft) curved vane grate placed adjacent to the downstream 0.6 m (2 ft) of the curb opening. e This inlet is located in a gutter section having the following characteristics: r W = 0.6 m Q = 0.05 m3 /s (1.8 cfs) SL = 0.01 Sx = 0.02 n = 0.016 Gutter depression, D = 25 mm (1.0 in) Find: Interception capacity, Qi Solution: Step 1. Compute the interception capacity of the curb opening upstream of the grate, Qic . L = 3 m - 0.6 m = 2.4 m (7.9 ft) From Example 6-9, Solution 2, Step 2 LT = 4.37 m (14.0 ft) L LT = 2.4 4.37 = 0.55 E = 1 - ( - L LT ) 1 E = 1 - ( - 0.55) 1 E = 0.76 Qic = EQ = ( .76)( .05)= 0.038 m3 /s (1.3 cfs) 0 0 Step 2. Compute the interception capacity of the grate. Flow at grate = Qg = Q - Qic = 0.05 = 0.038 Qg = 0.012 m3 /s (0.4 cfs) Determine spread, T (Procedure from Example 6-2, Solution 2) p Assume Qs - 0.0003 m3 /s (0.01 cfs) Qw = Q - Qs = 0.0120 - 0.0003 = 0.0117 m3 /s (0.41 cfs) Eo = Qw Q = 0.0117 0.0120 = 0.97
1.8
1.8
6-241
W T = 0.62 T = W ( T )= 0.6 0.62 = 0.97 m (3.2 ft) W 9 Ts = T - W - 0.97 - 0.60 = 0.37 m (1.2 ft) Qs = 0.0003 m3 /s (0.01 cfs) {Chart 1 or Equation 6.2} Qs assumed = Qs calculated Determine velocity, V V = Q A = Q .5T 2 S x + 0.5 DW 0 2 0 0 0 0 V = 0.0115 0.5)( .97) ( .02)+ ( .5)(25 1000)( .6) ( V = 0.68 m/s (2.23 ft/s) R f = 1.0 {Chart 5} Rs = 1 1 + ( .0828V 1.8 ) (S x L2.3 ) {Equation 6.20 or Chart 6} 0
1 Qig = Qg f Eo + Rs ( - Eo ) {Equation 6.22} R Qig = 0.0115 1.0)( .97)+ ( .13) 1 - 0.97) 0 ( 0 ( Qig = 0.0112 m3 /s (0.40 cfs) Step 3. Compute the total interception capacity. (Note: Interception capacity t of curb opening adjacent to grate was neglected.) Qi = Qic + Qig = 0.0385 + 0.0112 Qi = 0.0497 m3 /s (1.76 cfs)(approximately 100% of local initial flow)
The use of depressed inlets and combination inlets enhances the interception capacity of the inlet. Example 6-7 determined the interception capacity of a depressed curved vane grate, 0.6 m by 0.6 m (2 ft by 2 ft), Example 6-9 for an undepressed curb opening inlet, length = 3.0 m (9.8 ft) and a depressed curb opening inlet, length = 3.0 m (9.8 ft), and Example 6-10 for a combination of 0.6 m by 0.6 m (2 ft by 2 ft) depressed
6-242
Pavement Drainage curve vane grate located at the downstream end of 3.0 m (9.8 ft) long depressed curb opening inlet. The geometries of the inlets and the gutter slopes were consistent in the examples and Table 6-7 summarizes a comparison of the intercepted flow of the various configurations. Table 6-7: Comparison of Inlet Interception Capabilities Inlet Type
Curved VaneDepressed
Intercepted Flow, Qi
0.033 cubic m/s (1.2 ft3/sec.) (Example 6-7) 0.031 cubic m/s (1.1 ft3/sec.) (Example 6-9) 0.045 cubic m/s (1.59 ft3/sec.) (Example 6-9) 0.050 cubic m/s (1.76 ft3/sec.) (Example 6-10)
Curb OpeningUndepressed
Curb OpeningDepressed
From Table 6-7, it can be seen that the combination inlet intercepted approximately 100% of the total flow whereas the curved vane grate alone only intercepted 66% of the total flow. The depressed curb opening intercepted 90% of the total flow. However, if the curb opening was undepressed, it would have only intercepted 62% of the total flow.
6.4.5
6-243
Grate Inlets
A grate inlet in a sag location operates as a weir to depths dependent on the bar configuration and size of the grate and as an orifice at greater depths. Grates of larger dimension will operate as weirs to greater depths than smaller grates or grates with less opening area. The capacity of grate inlets operating as weirs is:
Qw = Cw 2Wd11.5 + Cw Ld 21.5
Where W CW d1 d2 = = = = Width of the grate (m, ft) 1.66 SI, 3.0 U.S. customary Flow depth at middle of grate(m, ft)
(6.28)
Qi = Co Ag (2 gd )
Where Co Ag g
0.5
(6.29) = = = Orifice coefficient 0.67 Clear opening of the grate (m2, ft2) Gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/sec.2, 32.16 ft/ sec.2)
Use of Equation 6.29 requires the clear area of opening of the grate. Tests of three grates for the Federal Highway Administration showed that for flat bar grates, such as the P-50x100 and P-30 grates, the clear opening is equal to the total area of the grate less the area occupied by longitudinal and lateral bars. The curved vane grate performed about 10 percent better than a grate with a net opening equal to the total area less the area of the bars projected on a horizontal plane. That is, the projected area of the bars in a curved vane grate is 68 percent of the total area of the grate leaving a net opening of 32 percent, however the grate performed as a grate with a net opening of 35 percent. Tilt-bar grates were not tested, but exploration of the above results would indicate a net opening area of 34 percent for the 30-degree tiltbar and zero for
6-244
Pavement Drainage the 45-degree tilt-bar grate. Obviously, the 45-degree tilt-bar grate would have greater than zero capacity. Tilt-bar and curved vane grates are not recommended for sump locations where there is a chance that operation would be as an orifice. Opening ratios for the grates are given on Chart 9. Chart 9 is a plot of Equations 6.28 and 6.29 for various grate sizes. The effects of grate size on the depth at which a grate operates as an orifice is apparent from the chart. Transition from weir to orifice flow results in interception capacity less than that computed by either the weir or the orifice equation; this capacity can be approximated by drawing in a curve between the lines representing the perimeter and net area of the grate to be used. Example 6-11 illustrates use of Equations 6.28 and 6.29 and Chart 9. EXAMPLE 6-11
Given: Under design storm conditions a flow of 0.10 m3 /s (3.5 cfs) bypasses each of the flanking inlets resulting in a total flow to the sag inlet of 0.23 m3 /s u (8.1 cfs). Also, Sx = 0.05 n = 0.016 Tallowable = 3 m (9.8 ft) b Find: Find the grate size required and depth at curb for the sag inlet assuming 50% clogging. g Solution: Step 1. Determine the required grate perimeter. d = TS x = (3.0)(0.05) d = 0.15 m (0.49 ft) P = Qi w d 1.5 {Equation 6.25 or Chart 9} C 1.5 0 0 P = ( .23) 1.66)( .15) ( P = 2.4 m (8 ft)
Some assumptions must be made regarding the nature of the clogging in order to compute the capacity of a partially clogged grate. If the area of a grate is 50 percent covered by debris so that the debris-covered portion does not contribute to interception, the effective perimeter will be reduced by a lesser amount than 50 percent. For example, if a 0.6 m by 1.2 m (2 ft by 4 ft) grate is clogged so that the effective width is 0.3 m (1 ft), then the perimeter, P = 0.3 + 1.2 + 0.3 = 1.8 m (6 ft), rather than 2.4 m (8
6-245
Drainage Inlet Design ft), the total perimeter, or 1.2 m (4 ft), half of the total perimeter. The area of the opening would be reduced by 50 percent and the perimeter by 25 percent. Therefore, assuming 50 percent clogging along the length of the grate, a 1.2 m by 1.2 m (4 ft by 4 ft), 0.6 m by 1.8 m (2 ft by 6 ft), or a .9 m by 1.5 m (3 ft by 5 ft) grate would meet requirements of a 2.4 m (8 ft) perimeter 50 percent clogged.
Assuming 50 percent clogging along the grate length, g Peffective = 2.4 m = (0.5)(2)W + L if W = 0.6 m then L 1.8 m (6 ft) if W = 0.9 m then L 1.5 m (5 ft) Select a double 0.6 m by 0.9 m (2 ft by 3 ft) grate. t Peffective = (0.5)(2)(0.6) + (1.8) Peffective = 2.4 m (8 ft) Step 2. Check depth of flow at curb using Equation 6.25 or Chart 9.
0 .67 d = ( w P) Q C 2.67 d = .23 ( 1.66)(2.4) 0 ( ) d = 0.15 m (0.5 ft) Therefore, OK.
Conclusion: A double 0.6 m by 0.9 m (2 ft by 3 ft) grate 50 percent clogged is adequate to intercept the design storm flow at a spread, which does not exceed design spread. However, the tendency of grate inlets to clog completely warrants consideration of a combination inlet or curb-opening inlet in a sag where ponding can occur, and flanking inlets on the low gradient approaches.
Curb-Opening Inlets
The capacity of a curb-opening inlet in a sag depends on water depth at the curb, the curb opening length, and the height of the curb opening. The inlet operates as a weir to depths equal to the curb opening height and as an orifice at depths greater than 1.4 times the opening height. At depths between 1.0 and 1.4 times the opening height, flow is in a transition stage. Spread on the pavement is the usual criterion for judging the adequacy of a pavement drainage inlet design. It is also convenient and practical in the laboratory to measure depth at the curb upstream of the inlet at the point of maximum spread on the pavement. Therefore, depths at the curb measurements from experiments coincide with the
6-246
Pavement Drainage depth at curb of interest to designers. The weir coefficient for a curb opening inlet is less than the usual weir coefficient for several reasons, the most obvious of which is that depth measurements from experimental tests were not taken at the weir, and drawdown occurs between the point where measurement were made and the weir. The weir location for a depressed curb-opening inlet is at the edge of the gutter, and the effective weir length is dependent on the width of the depressed gutter and the length of the curb opening. The weir location for a curb-opening inlet that is not depressed is at the lip of the curb opening, and its length is equal to that of the inlet, as shown in Chart 10. The equation for the interception capacity of a depressed curb-opening inlet operating as a weir is:
Qi = Cw (L + 1.8W )d 1.5
Where Cw L W d = = = = 1.25 SI, 2.3 U.S. customary Length of curb opening (m, ft) Lateral width of depression (m, ft)
(6.30)
Depth at curb, measured from the normal crosssloped = TSx (m, ft)
The weir equation is applicable to depths at the curb approximately equal to the height of the opening plus the depth of the depression. Thus, the limitation on the use of Equation 6.30 for a depressed curb-opening inlet is:
(6.31)
Experiments have not been conducted for curb-opening inlets with a continuously depressed gutter, but it is reasonable to expect that the effective weir length would be as great as that for an inlet in a local depression. Use of Equation 6.30 will yield conservative estimates of the interception capacity. The weir equation for curb-opening inlets without depression becomes:
6-247
Qi = Cw Ld 1.5
(6.32)
Without depression of the gutter section, the weir coefficient, Cw, becomes 1.60 (3.0, U.S. customary system). The depth limitation for operation as a weir becomes d h. At curb-opening lengths greater than 3.6m (12 ft), Equation 6.32 for non-depressed inlet produces intercepted flows which exceed the values for depressed inlets computed using Equation 6.30. Since depressed inlets will perform at least as well as non-depressed inlets of the same length, Equation 6.32 should be used for all curb opening inlets having lengths greater than 3.6 m (12 ft). Curb-opening inlets operate as orifices at depths greater than approximately 1.4 times the opening height. The interception capacity can be computed by Equation 6.33 and Equation 6.34. These equations are applicable to depressed and undepressed curbopening inlets. The depth at the inlet includes any gutter depression.
Qi = Co hL (2 gd o )
Or
0.5
(6.33)
0.5 h 2 Qi = Co Ag g di 2
(6.34) Orifice coefficient 0.67 Effective head on the center of the orifice throat (m, ft) Length of the orifice opening (m, ft) Clear area of the opening (m2, ft2) Depth at lip of curb opening (m, ft) Height of curb opening orifice (m, ft) h = TSx + a (a/12 U.S. customary)
Where
Co do L Ag di h
= = = = = =
The height of the orifice in Equations 6.33 and 6.34 assumes a vertical orifice opening. As illustrated in Figure 6-17, other orifice throat locations can change the effective depth on the orifice and the dimension (di h/2). A limited throat width could reduce the capacity of the curb-opening inlet by causing the inlet to go into orifice flow at depths less than the height of the opening.
6-248
Pavement Drainage For curb-opening inlets with other than vertical faces (see Figure 6-17), Equation 6.33 can be used with: Where h do = = Orifice throat width (m, ft) Effective head on the center of the orifice throat
di
do
do
do = di
c. Vertical Throat
0 h
Chart 10 provides solutions for Equations 6.30 and 6.33 for depressed curb-opening inlets, and Chart 11 provides solutions for Equations 6.32 and 6.33 for curb-opening inlets without depression. Chart 12 is provided for use for curb openings with other than vertical orifice openings. Example 6-12 illustrates the use of Charts 11 and 12.
6-249
Given: Curb opening inlet in a sump location with L=2.5 m (8.2 ft) h=0.13 m (0.43 ft) (1) Undepressed curb opening e Sx =0.02 T=2.5 m (8.2 ft) (2) Depressed curb opening Sx =0.02 a=25 mm (1 in) W=0.6 m (2 ft) T=2.5 m (8.2 ft) Find: Qi Solution (1): Step 1. Determine depth at curb. d = TS x = (2.5)(0.02) d = 0.05 m (0.16 ft) d = 0.05 m h = 0.013 m, therefore weir controls Step 2. Use Equation 6.31 or Chart 11 to find Qi . d Qi = Cw Ld 1.5 Qi = ( .60)(2.5)( .05) = 0.045 m3 /s (1.6 cfs) 1 0
1 .5
6-250
Pavement Drainage
Solution(2): Step 1. Determine depth at curb, d i . di = d + a di = S x T + a = (0.02)(2.5) + 25 1000 di = 0.075 m (0.25 ft) di = 0.075 m < h = 0.13 m, therefore weir flow controls Step 2. Use Equation 7.29 or Chart 10 to find Qi . P = L + 1.8W = 2.5 m + (1.8)(0.6) P = 3.58 m (11.7 ft) Qi = Cw (L + 1.8W )d 1.5 Qi = ( .25)( .58)( .05) = 0.048 m3 /s (1.7 cfs) 1 3 0 The depressed curb opening inlet has 10 percent more capacity than an inlet h without depression.
Slotted Inlets Slotted inlets in sag locations perform as weirs to depths of about 0.06 m (0.2 ft), dependent on slot width. At depths greater than about 0.12 m, (0.4 ft), they perform as orifices. Between these depths, flow is in a transition stage. The interception capacity of a slotted inlet operating as a weir can be computed by an equation of the form:
1.5
Qi = Cw L (d 1.5 )
Where Cw =
(6.35) Weir coefficient that varies with flow depth and slot length (typically 1.4 SI and 2.48 U.S. customary) Length of slot (m, ft) Depth at curb measured from the normal crossslope (m, ft)
L d
= =
The interception capacity of a slotted inlet operating as an orifice can be computed by Equation 6.36:
Qi = 0.8 LW (2 gd )0.5
(6.36)
6-251
Where
W L d g
= = = =
Width of slot (m, ft) Length of slot (m, ft) Depth of water at slot for d 0.12 m or d 0.4 ft Gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/sec.2, 32.16 ft/ sec.2)
Qi = 0.16 L0.5 d
(6.37)
Chart 13 provides solutions for weir and orifice flow conditions as represented by Equations 6.35 and 6.36. As indicated in Chart 13, the transition between weir and orifice flow occurs at different depths. To conservatively compute the interception capacity of slotted inlets in sump conditions in the transition area, original conditions should be assumed. Due to clogging characteristics, slotted drains are not recommended in sag locations. EXAMPLE 6-13
Given: A slotted inlet located along a curb having a slot width of 45 mm (1.75 in). l The gutter flow at the upstream end of the inlet is 0.14 m3 /s (4.9 cfs) Find: The length of slotted inlet required to limit maximum depth at the curb to e 0.09 m (3.6 in) assuming no clogging. g Solution: Using Equation 6.36 or Chart13 L = Qi 0.16) d 0.5 ) ( ( 0.5 L = ( .14) 0.16)( .09) 0 0 ( L = 2.91 m (9.5 ft)
6-252
Pavement Drainage
Combination Inlets
Combination inlets consisting of a grate and a curb opening are considered advisable for use in sags where hazardous ponding can occur. Equal length inlets refer to a grate inlet placed along side a curb-opening inlet, both of which have the same length. A sweeper inlet refers to a grate inlet placed at the downstream end of a curb-opening inlet. The curb-opening inlet is longer than the grate inlet and intercepts the flow before the flow reaches the grate. The sweeper inlet is more efficient than the equal length combination inlet and the curb opening has the ability to intercept any debris, which may clog the grate inlet. The interception capacity of the equal length combination inlet is essentially equal to that of a grate alone in weir flow. In orifice flow, the capacity of the equal length combination inlet is equal to the capacity of the grate plus the capacity of the curb opening. Equation 6.28 and Chart 9 can be used for weir flow in combination inlets in sag locations. Assuming complete clogging of the grate, Equations 6.30, 6.32, and 6.33 and Charts 10, 11 and 12 for curb-opening inlets are applicable. Where depth at the curb is such that orifice flow occurs, the interception capacity of the inlet is computed by adding Equations 6.29 and 6.34 as follows:
Qi = 0.67 Ag (2 gd ) + 0.67 hL (2 gd o )
Where Ag g = =
0.5
0.5
(6.38)
Clear area of the grate (m2, ft2) Gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/sec.2, 32.16 ft/ sec.2) Depth at the curb (m, ft) Height of the curb-opening orifice (m, ft) Length of the curb opening (m, ft) Effective depth at the center of the curb-opening orifice (m, ft)
d h L do
= = = =
Trial and error solutions are necessary for determining the depth at the curb for a given flow rate using Charts 9, 10, and 11 for orifice flow. Different assumptions for clogging of the grate can also be examined using these charts as illustrated by Example 614.
6-253
Given: A combination inlet in a sag location with the following characteristics: Grate - 0.6 m by 1.2 m (2 ft by 4 ft) P-50 Curb Opening - L = 1.2 m (4 ft) h=0.1 m (3.9 in) Q=0.15 m3 /s (5.3 cfs) Sx =0.03 Find: Depth at curb and spread for: (1) Grate clear of clogging l (2) Grate 100 percent clogged Solution (1): l Step 1. Compute depth at curb. Assuming grate controls interception: s P = 2W + L = 2(0.6) + 1.2 6 P = 2.4 m (7.9 ft) From Equation 6.27 or Chart 9
6-254
Pavement Drainage
0 .67 d = i ( w P) Q C 0.67 d = 0.15) {( .66)(2.4) = 0.11 m (0.36 ft) 1 ( } Step 2. Compute associated spread. d
0 0 T = d S x = ( .11) ( .03) T = 3.67 m (12 ft) Solution (2): Step 1. Compute depth at curb. Assuming grate is clogged, use Chart 11 or Equation 6.33 with Q = 0.15 m3 /s (5.3 cfs) d = {Qi ( o hL) C } d=
2
(2 g )+ h 2
2
( {(0.15) 0.67)(0.10)(1.2) }
Step 2. Compute associated spread. i T = d S x = ( .24) ( .03) 0 0 T = 8.0 m (26.2 ft) Interception by the curb opening only will be in a transition stage between weir and orifice flow with a depth at the curb of about 0.24 m (0.8 ft). Depth at the curb and spread on the pavement would be almost twice as great if the grate should become completely clogged.
6.4.6
Inlet Locations
The location of inlets is determined by geometric controls which require inlets at specific locations, the use and location of flanking inlets in sag vertical curves, and the criterion of spread on the pavement. In order to adequately design the location of the inlets for a given project, you need the following information: A layout or plan sheet suitable for outlining drainage areas Road profiles Typical cross sections Grading cross sections Superelevation diagrams Contour maps
6-255
Geometric Controls
There are a number of locations where inlets may be necessary with little regard to contributing drainage area. These locations should be marked on the plans prior to any computations regarding discharge, water spread, inlet capacity, or flow bypass, as described in the following examples: At all low points in the gutter grade Immediately upstream of median breaks, entrance/exit ramp gores, cross walks, and street intersections (i.e. at any location where water could flow onto the travelway) Immediately upgrade of bridges (to prevent pavement drainage from flowing onto bridge deck) Immediately downstream of bridges (to intercept bridge deck drainage) Immediately up grade of cross slope reversals Immediately up grade from pedestrian cross walks At the end of channels in cut sections On side streets immediately up grade from intersections Behind curbs, shoulders or sidewalks to drain low areas
In addition to the areas identified above, runoff from areas draining towards the highway pavement should be intercepted by roadside channels or inlets before it reaches the roadway. This applies to drainage from cut slopes, side streets, and other areas alongside the pavement. Curbed pavement sections and pavement drainage inlets are inefficient means for handling extraneous drainage.
6-256
Pavement Drainage Use the computation sheet shown in Figure 6-18 and perform the steps in the following procedure: Step 1Complete the blanks at the top of the sheet to identify the job by state project number, route, date, and your initials. Step 2Mark on a plan the location of inlets which are necessary even without considering any specific drainage area. Step 3Start at a high point, at one end of the job if possible, and work towards the low point. Then begin at the next high point and work backwards toward the same low point. Step 4To begin the process, select a trial drainage area approximately 90 m to 150 m (300 to 500 ft) long below the high point and outline the area on the plan. Include any area that may drain over the curb, onto the roadway. However, where practical, drainage from large areas behind the curb should be intercepted before it reaches the roadway or gutter. Step 5(Col. 1, Col. 2, Col. 19) Describe the location of the proposed inlet by number and station and record this information in columns 1 and 2. Identify the curb and gutter type in column 19, Remarks. A sketch of the cross section should be prepared. Step 6(Col. 3) Compute the drainage area (hectares) outlined in step 4 and record in column 3. Step 7(Col. 4) Determine the runoff coefficient, C, for the drainage area. Step 8(Col. 5) Compute the time of concentration, tc, in minutes, for the first inlet and record in column 5. The time of concentration is the time for the water to flow from the most hydraulically remote point of the drainage area to the inlet. The minimum time of concentration is 5 minutes. Step 9(Col. 6) Using the time of concentration, determine the rainfall intensity from the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curve for the design frequency. Enter the value in column 6. Step 10(Col. 7) Calculate the flow in the gutter using Q = CIA / Kc. The flow is calculated by multiplying column 3 times column 4 times column 6 divided by Kc. Using the SI system of units, Kc = 360 (= 1 for U.S. customary units). Enter the flow value in column 7. Step 11(Col. 8) From the roadway profile, enter in column 8 the gutter longitudinal slope, SL, at the inlet, taking into account any superelevation.
6-257
Drainage Inlet Design Step 12(Col. 9, Col. 13) From the cross section, enter the cross slope, Sx, in column 9 and the grate or gutter width, W, in column 13. Step 13(Col. 11, Col. 10) For the first inlet in a series, enter the value from column 7 into column 11, since there was no previous bypass flow. Additionally, if the inlet is the first in a series, enter 0 into column 10. Step 14(Col. 14, Col. 12) Determine the spread, T, by using Equations 6.2 and 6.4 or Charts 1 and 2 and enter the value in column 14. Also, determine the depth at the curb, d, by multiplying the spread by the appropriate cross slope, and enter the value in column 12. Compare the calculated spread with the allowable spread as determined by the design criteria outlined in Design Frequency and Spread on page 6-186. Additionally, compare the depth at the curb with the actual curb height in column 19. If the calculated spread, column 14, is near the allowable spread and the depth at the curb is less than the actual curb height, continue on to step 15. Else, expand or decrease the drainage area up to the first inlet to increase or decrease the spread, respectively. The drainage area can be expanded by increasing the length to the inlet and it can be decreased by decreasing the distance to the inlet. Then, repeat steps 6 through 14 until appropriate values are obtained. Step 15(Col. 15) Calculate W/T and enter the value in column 15. Step 16(Col. 16) Select the inlet type and dimensions and enter the values in column 16. Step 17(Col. 17) Calculate the flow intercepted the grate, Qi, and enter the value in column 17. Use Equations 6.18 and 6.15 or Charts 2 and 4 to define the gutter flow. Use Chart 5 and Equation 6.21 or Chart 6 to define the flow intercepted by the grate. Use Equations 6.24 and 6.25 or Charts 7 and 8 for curb opening inlets. Finally, use Equation 6.25 to determine the intercepted flow. Step 18(Col. 18) Determine the bypass flow, Qb, and enter into column 18. The bypass flow is column 11 minus column 17. Step 19(Col. 1-4) Proceed to the next inlet down the grade. To begin the procedure, select a drainage area approximately 90 m to 120 m (300 to 400 ft) below the previous inlet for a first trial. Repeat steps 5 through 7 considering only the area between the inlets. Step 20(Col. 5) Compute the time of concentration for the next inlet based upon the area between the consecutive inlets and record this value in column 5. Step 21(Col. 6) Determine the rainfall intensity from the IDF curve based upon the time of concentration determined in step 19 and record the value in column 6. Step 22(Col. 7) Determine the flow in the gutter and record the value in column 7.
6-258
Pavement Drainage Step 23(Col. 11) Record the value from column 18 of the previous line into column 10 of the current line. Determine the total gutter flow by adding column 7 and column 10 and record in column 11. Step 24(Col. 12, Col. 14) Determine the spread and the depth at the curb as outlined in step 14. Repeat steps 18 through 24 until the spread and the depth at the curb are within the design criteria. Step 25(Col. 16) Select the inlet type and record in column 16. Step 26(Col. 17) Determine the intercepted flow in accordance with step 17. Step 27(Col. 18) Calculate the bypass flow by subtracting column 17 from column 11. This completes the spacing design for the inlet. Step 28Repeat steps 19 through 27 for each subsequent inlet down to the low point.
6-259
6-260
Pavement Drainage
6-261
Given: The storm drainage system illustrated in Figure 6.19 with the following roadway characteristics: n=0.016 Sx =0.02 SL =0.03 Allowable spread = 2.0 m (6.6 ft) Gutter and shoulder cross slope = 0.04 4 For maintenance reasons, inlet spacing is limited to 110 m (360 ft) o Find: The maximum design inlet spacing for a 0.6 m wide by 0.9 m long g (2 ft by 3 ft) P 50 x 100 grate, during a 10-year storm event. Solution: Use the inlet computation sheet shown in Figure 6.20. The entries are shown in Figure 6.20. Steps 1-4. The computations can begin at either of the inlets 4 located at station 20+00. The initial drainage area consists of a a 13 m wide roadway section with a length of 200 m. The top of the drainage basin is located at station 22+00. s Step 5. Col. 1 - Inlet # 40 e Col. 2 Station 20+00 Col. 19 Composite gutter with a curb height = 0.15 m (0.50 ft) Step 6. Col. 3 - Distance from top of drainage area to first inlet = o 22+00 - 20+00 = 200 m Width = 13 m Drainage area = (200)(13) = 2600 m 2 = 0.26 ha (0.64 ac) 0 Step 7. Col. 5 - Runoff coefficient, C = 0.73 Step 8. Col. 5 - First calculate velocity of gutter flow using Equation a 3-4 and Table3-3. V = KS 0.5 = ( .619)( .0) = 1.1 m/s (3.5 ft/s) 0 3 p Calculate the time of concentration, t c . tc = L [ V ] (200) 60)( .1) 60 = ( 1
0.5
6-262
Pavement Drainage
tc = 3.0 min (use 5 minutes minimum) Step 9. Col. 6 - Determine rainfall intensity, I, from IDF curve. , I = 180 mm/hr Step 10. Col. 7 - Determine gutter flow rate, Q, using Equation 3-1. s Q = CIA K c = ( .73) 180)( .26) ( )= 0.095 m3 /s (3.4 cfs) 0 0 360 ( Step 11. Col. 8 - SL = 0.03 m/m Step 12. Col. 9 - Sw = 0.04 m/m Step 13. Col. 13 - W = 0.6 m (2 ft) Step 14. Col. 14 - Determine spread, T, using Equation 6.2 or Chart 1.
0.375 0 T = Qn} {KS 1.67 S L.5 } { x 0.375 1.67 0.5 T = ( .095)( .016) ( .376)( .04) ( .03) 0 0 0 {0 } 0 T = 1.83 m (6.0 ft) (less than allowable, therefore proceed to next step) Col. 12 - Determine depth at curb, d, using Equation 6.3. 2
1 0 d = TS x = ( .83)( .04)= 0.073 m (0.24 ft) (less than actual curb height, therefore proceed to next step) o Step 15. Col 15 - W T = 0.6 1.83 = 0.33 3 Step 16. Col. 16 - Select a P 50 x 100 grate measuring 0.6 m wide by 0.9 m long (2 ft by 3 ft) t Step 17. Col 17 - Calculate intercepted flow, Qi . Eo = 1 - ( - W T ) 1 Eo = 1 - ( - 0.33) 1
2.67
2.67
1 (0.04) ( .83)
Rs = 1 + ( .0828V 1.8 ) (S x L2.3 ) {Equation 6.21 or Chart 6} 1 0 1.8 2.3 Rs = 1 + ( .0828)( .41) 1 0 1 (0.04)(0.9) Rs = 0.17
}{
6-263
6-264
Pavement Drainage
Qi = Q f Eo + Rs ( - Eo ) {Equation 6.23} R 1 1 0 0 0 Qi = ( .095)( .0)( .66)+ ( .17) 1 - 0.66) ( Qi = 0.068 m3 /s (2.4 cfs) Step 18. Col. 18 - Qb = Q - Qi = 0.095 - 0.068 Qb = 0.027 m3 /s (1.0 cfs) Step19. Col.1 - Inlet # 41 Col. 2 - Station 18+90 n Col. 3 - Drainage area = (110 m)(13 m) = 1430 m 2 1 = 0.14 ha (0.35 ac) Col. 4 - Runoff coefficient, C = 0.73 Step 20. Col. 5 - V = 1.1 m/s (3.5 ft/s) {Step 8} p tc = L [ V ] 110 60)( .1) = 2 min 60 = ( 1 (Use 5 minutes maximum) Step 21. Col. 6 - I = 180 mm/hr Step 22. Col. 7 - Q = CIA K c Q = ( .73)( )( .14) ( )= 0.051 m3 /s (1.8 cfs) 0 180 0 360 Step 23. Col. 11 - Col. 11 = Col. 10 + Col. 7 = 0.027 + 0.051 = 0.078 m3 /s (2.8 cfs) Step 24. Col. 14 - T = 1.50 m (4.9 ft) {Equation 7.2 or Chart 1} r T < T allowable Col. 12 - d = 0.06 m (0.20 ft) d < curb height Since the actual spread is less than the allowable spread, a e larger invert spacing could be used here. However, in this e case, maintenance considerations limit the spacing to 110 m (360 ft). Step 25. Col. 16 - Select P 50 x 100 grate 0.6 m wide by 0.9 m long 0 (2 ft by 3 ft) Step 26. Col. 17 - Qi = 0.040 m3 /s (1.4 cfs){Step 17} Step 27. Col. 18 - Q b = Q - Qi Col. 18 = Col. 11 - Col. 17 Col. 18 = 0.078 - 0.040 = 0.38 m3 /s (1.3 cfs) Step 28. Repeat Steps 19 through 27 for each additional inlet. r (2 ft by 3 ft)
6-265
Drainage Inlet Design For inlet spacing in areas with changing grades, the spacing will vary as the grade changes. If the grade becomes flatter, inlets may be spaced at closer intervals because the spread will exceed the allowable. Conversely, for an increase in slope, the inlet spacing will become longer because of increased capacity in the gutter sections. Additionally, individual transportation agencies may have limitations for spacing due to maintenance constraints.
Flanking Inlets
d = Depth at Curb at Design Spread d=0.06m (0.2ft) 0.04m (0.12ft) Flanking Inlet Low Point Inlet 11.0m (38ft) 11.0m (38ft)
Flanking Inlet
Figure 6-21: Example of Flanking Inlet As discussed in the previous section, inlets should always be located at the low or sag points in the gutter profile. In addition, it is good engineering practice to place flanking inlets on each side of the low point inlet when in a depressed area that has no outlet except through the system. This is illustrated in Figure 6-21. The purpose of the flanking inlets is to act in relief of the inlet at the low point if it should become clogged or if the design spread is exceeded. Flanking inlets can be located so they will function before water spread exceeds the allowable spread at the sump location. The flanking inlets should be located so that they will receive all of the flow when the primary inlet at the bottom of the sag is clogged. They should do this without exceeding the allowable spread at the bottom of the sag. If the flanking inlets are the same dimension as the primary inlet, they will each intercept one-half the design flow when they are located so that the depth of ponding at the flanking inlets is 63 percent of the depth of ponding at the low point. If the flanker inlets are not the same size as the primary inlet, it will be necessary to either develop a new factor or do a trial and error solution using assumed depths with the weir equation to determine the capacity of the flanker inlet at the given depths. Table 6-8 shows the spacing required for various depth at curb criteria and vertical curve lengths defined by K = L / (G2 G1), where L is the length of the vertical curve in meters and G1 and G2 are the approach grades. The AASHTO policy on geometrics specifies maximum K values for various design speeds and a maximum K of 50 considering drainage. The use of table 6-8 is illustrated in Example 6-16.
6-266
Pavement Drainage Table 6-8: Distance to Flanking Inlets in Sag Vertical Curve using Depth at Curb Criteria d(m)
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.24
4
2.8 4.0 4.9 7.0 8.6 9.9 11.0 12.1 13.1 14.0
8
4.0 5.7 7.0 9.9 12.1 14.0 15.6 17.1 18.5 19.8
11
4.7 6.6 8.2 11.6 14.2 16.4 18.3 20.1 21.7 23.2
15
5.5 7.7 9.6 13.5 16.6 19.1 21.4 23.4 25.3 27.1
20
6.3 8.9 11.0 15.6 19.1 22.1 24.7 27.1 29.2 31.2
25
7.1 10.0 12.3 17.5 21.4 24.7 27.6 30.2 32.7 34.9
30
7.7 11.0 13.5 19.1 23.4 27.1 30.2 33.1 35.8 38.3
37
8.6 12.2 15.0 12.2 26.0 30.0 33.6 36.8 39.7 42.5
43
9.3 13.1 16.2 22.9 28.0 32.4 36.2 39.7 42.8 45.8
50
10.0 14.1 17.5 24.7 30.2 34.9 39.0 42.8 46.2 49.4
1. x = (200dK) 0.5, where x = distance from sag point 2. d = depth at curb in meters (does not include sump depth) 3. drainage maximum K = 50
6-267
Given: A 150 m (L) sag vertical curve at an underpass on a 4-lane divided highway with begin and end slopes of -2.5% and +2.5% respectively. The spread at design Q is not to exceed the shoulder width of 3.0 m (9.8 ft). n . S x = 0.02 Find: The location of the flanking inlets if located to function in relief of the inlet at the low point when the inlet at the low point is clogged. e Solution: l Step 1. Find the rate of vertical curvature, K. K = L (Sbegin - Send ) K = 150 m ( 2.59 - 2.59) K = 30 m Step 2. Determine depth at design spread. d = S x T = ( .02)( .0) 0 3 d = 0.06 m (0.2 ft) Step 3. Determine the depth for flanker locations. d = 0.06(0.63) = 0.04 m (0.12 ft) Step 4. For use with Table 7-7; d = 0.06 - 0.04 = 0.02 m (0.06 ft) Inlet spacing = 11.0 m (36 ft) from the sag point.
Example problem solutions in Interception Capacity of Inlets in Sag Locations on page 6-243 illustrate the total interception capacity of inlets in sag locations. Except where inlets become clogged, spread on low gradient approaches to the low point is a more stringent criterion for design than the interception capacity of the sag inlet. AASHTO recommends that a gradient of 0.3 percent be maintained within 15 m (50 ft) of the level point in order to provide for adequate drainage. It is considered advisable to use spread on the pavement at a gradient comparable to that recommended by the AASHTO Committee on Design to evaluate the location and design of inlets upgrade of sag vertical curves. Standard inlet locations may need to be adjusted to avoid excessive spread in the sag curve. Inlets may be needed between the flankers and the ends of the curves also. For major sag points, the flanking inlets are added as a safety factor, and are not considered as intercepting flow to reduce the bypass flow to the sag point. They are installed to assist the sag point inlet in the event of clogging.
6-268
Pavement Drainage
6.4.7
6-269
1.2m (typ)
Flo w
1:8
A B B
0.15m to .30m Section B-B
Figure 6-22: Median Drop Inlet Chart 14 is the solution to the Manning equation for channels of various side slopes. The Manning equation for open channels is:
Q=
KM 0 AR 0.67 S L.5 n
Q KM n A R SL = = = = = = Discharge rate (m3/sec., ft3/sec.) 1.0 SI, 1.486 U.S. customary Hydraulic resistance variable Cross-sectional area of flow (m2, ft2)
(6.39)
Where
For the trapezoidal channel cross section shown on Chart 14, the Manning equation becomes:
KM B + zd 2 2 Q= ( B + zd ) n B + 2d z 2 + 1
0.67 0 S L.5
(6.40)
6-270
Pavement Drainage
Where
B z
= =
Bottom width (m, ft) Horizontal distance of side slope to a rise of 1 m (ft) vertical (m, ft)
Equation 6.40 is a trial and error solution to Chart 14. Chart 15 is the ratio of frontal flow to total flow in a trapezoidal channel. This is expressed as:
Eo = W (B + dz )
(6.41)
Charts 5 and 6 are used to estimate the ratios of frontal and side flow intercepted by the grate to total flow. Small dikes downstream of drop inlets (Figure 6-22) can be provided to impede bypass flow in an attempt to cause complete interception of the approach flow. The dikes usually need not be more than a few inches high and should have traffic safe slopes. The height of dike required for complete interception on continuous grades or the depth of ponding in sag vertical curves can be computed by use of Chart 9. The effective perimeter of a grate in an open channel with a dike should be taken as 2(L + W), since one side of the grate is not adjacent to a curb. Example 6-17 illustrates the use of Charts 14 and 15 for drop inlets in ditches on continuous grade. EXAMPLE 6-17
Given: A median ditch with the following characteristics: c B = 1.2 m (3.9 ft) n = 0.03 z=6 S = 0.02 The flow in the median ditch is to be intercepted by a drop inlet with a e 0.6 m by 0.6 m (2 ft by 2 ft) P-50 parallel bar grate; there is no dike downstream of the inlet. r
6-271
Q = 0.28 m3 /s (9.9 cfs) Find: The intercepted and bypassed flows (Qi and Q b ) Solution: Step 1. Compute the ratio of frontal to total flow in trapezoidal channel. n Qn = (0.28)(0.03) Qn = 0.0084 m3 /s (0.30 cfs) d B = 0.12 {Chart 14} {Equation 7.38 or Chart 15} d = (B )(d B )= ( .12)( .20)= 0.14 m (0.46 ft) 0 1 Eo = W (B + dz ) Eo = ( .6) .2 + ( .14)( ) = 0.30 0 1 0. 6 Step 2. Compute frontal flow efficiency e V=Q A 6 0 0 A = ( .14)( )( .14)+ 1.2 2 2 A = 0.29 m (3.1 ft ) 0 0 V = ( .28) ( .29)= 0.97 m/s (3.2 ft/s) R f = 1.0 {Chart 5} Step 3. Compute side flow efficiency. Since the ditch bottom is wider than the grate and has no cross slope, o use the least cross slope available on Chart 6 or use Equation 6.21 to solve for R s . Rs = 1 + ( 0828V 1.8 ) S x L2.3 {Equation 6.21 or Chart 6} 1 0.0 1.8 2.3 Rs = 1 + ( .0828)( .97) 1 0 0 (0.01)(0.6) = 0.04 Step 4. Compute total efficiency.
1E = Eo R f + Rs ( - Eo ) E = ( .30)( .0)+ ( .04) 1 - 0.30)= 0.33 0 1 0 ( Step 5. Compute interception and bypass flow. Qi = EQ = ( .33)( .28) 0 0 Qi = 0.1 m3 /s (3.5 cfs) 0 0 Qb = Q - Qi = ( .28)- ( .1) Qb = 0.18 m3 /s (6.4 cfs)
6-272
Pavement Drainage In the preceding example, a P-50 inlet would intercept about 30 percent of the flow in a 1.2 m (4 ft) bottom ditch on continuous grade. For grate widths equal to the bottom width of the ditch, use Chart 6 by substituting ditch side slopes for values of Sx, as illustrated in Example 6-18. EXAMPLE 6-18
Given: A median ditch with the following characteristics: c Q = 0.28 m3 /s (9.9 cfs) B = 0.6 m (2 ft) W = 0.6 m (2 ft) n = 0.03 z=6 Sx = 1 6 = 0.17 S = 0.03 The flow in the median ditch is to be intercepted by a drop inlet with a 0.6 m by 0.6 m (2 ft by 2 ft) P-50 parallel bar grate; there is no dike downstream of the inlet. Find: The intercepted and bypassed flows (Qi and Q b ). Solution: Step 1. Compute ratio of frontal flow to total flow in trapezoidal channel. l Qn = ( 0.28)( 0.03) Qn = 0.0084 m3 /s (0.30 cfs) d B = 0.25 {Chart 14} 0 0.6 d = ( .25)( )= 0.15 m (0.49 ft) Eo = W (B + dz ) {Equation 6.41 or Chart15} Eo = ( .6) .6 + ( .15)( ) = 0.40 0 0 0 6 Step 2. Compute frontal flow efficiency V= Q A 6 0.15)+0.6 A= ( 0.15)( )( A=0.23 m 2 (2.42 ft 2 )
6-273
V= ( 0.28) ( 0.23)=1.22 m/s (4.0 ft/s) R f =1.0 {Chart 5} Step 3. Compute side flow efficiency Rs = 1 + ( .0828V 1.8 ) (S x L2.3 ) {Equation 6.21 or Chart 6} 1 0 1.8 2.3 Rs = 1 + ( .0828)( .22) 1 0 1 (0.17)(0.6) Rs = 0.30
Step 4. Compute total efficiency. 1 E = Eo R f + Rs ( - Eo ) 0 E = ( .40) 1.0)+ ( .30) 1 - 0.40)= 0.58 (0 0 ( Step 5. Compute interception and bypass flow. Qi = EQ = ( .58)( .28) 0 0 Qi = 0.16 m3 /s (5.7 cfs) Qb = Q - Qi = 0.28 - 0.16 Qb = 0.12 m3 /s (4.2 cfs)
The height of dike downstream of a drop inlet required for total interception is illustrated by Example 6-19. EXAMPLE 6-19
Given: Data from Example 6-18 Find: The required height of a berm to be located downstream of the grate inlet i t to cause total interception of the ditch flow. Solution: t P = 2 (L + W ) 0 P = 2 ( .6 + 0.6)
0 .67 D = i ( w P ) {Equation 6.28 or Chart 9} Q C 0.67 1 d = 0.28) {( .66)(2.4) = 0.17 m (0.55 ft) ( }
A dike will need to have a minimum height of 0.16 m (0.5 ft) for total interception. Due to the initial velocity of the water which may provide adequate momentum to carry the flow over the dike, an additional 0.15 m (0.5 ft) may be added to the height of the dike to insure complete interception of the flow.
6-274
Pavement Drainage
Embankment Inlets
Drainage inlets are often needed to collect runoff from pavements in order to prevent erosion of fill slopes or to intercept water upgrade or downgrade of bridges. Inlets used at these locations differ from other pavement drainage inlets in three respects. First, the economies which can be achieved by system design are often not possible because a series of inlets is not used; second, total or near total interception is sometimes necessary in order to limit the bypass flow from running onto a bridge deck; and third, a closed storm drainage system is often not available to dispose of the intercepted flow, and the means for disposal must be provided at each inlet. Intercepted flow is usually discharged into open chutes or pipe downdrains, which terminate at the toe of the fill slope.
a. Perspective
Inlet
6-275
Grate Type Selection Considerations Example problem solutions in other sections of this circular illustrate by inference the difficulty in providing for near total interception on grade. Grate inlets intercept little more than the flow conveyed by the gutter width occupied by the grate. Combination curb-opening and grate inlets can be designed to intercept total flow if the length of curb opening upstream of the grate is sufficient to reduce spread in the gutter to the width of the grate used. Depressing the curb opening would significantly reduce the length of inlet required. Perhaps the most practical inlets or procedure for use where near total interception is necessary are sweeper inlets, increase in grate width, and slotted inlets of sufficient length to intercept 85-100 percent of the gutter flow. Design charts and procedures in Interception Capacity of Inlets on Grade on page 6-227 are applicable to the design of inlets on embankments. Figure 6-23 illustrates a combination inlet and downdrain. Downdrains or chutes used to convey intercepted flow from inlets to the toe of the fill slope may be open or closed chutes. Pipe downdrains are preferable because the flow is confined and cannot cause erosion along the sides. Pipes can be covered to reduce or eliminate interference with maintenance operations on the fill slopes. Open chutes are often damaged by erosion from water splashing over the sides of the chute due to oscillation in the flow and from spill over the sides at bends in the chute. Erosion at the ends of downdrains or chutes can be a problem if not anticipated. The end of the device may be placed low enough to prevent damage by undercutting due to erosion. Well-graded gravel or rock can be used to control the potential for erosion at the outlet of the structure. However, some transportation agencies install an elbow or a tee at the end of the downdrains to re-direct the flow and prevent erosion. See HEC-14) for additional information on energy dissipator designs.
6.5
6-276
Pavement Drainage Table 6-9 ranks the grates according to relative bicycle and pedestrian safety. The bicycle safety ratings were based on a subjective test program as described in Hydraulic and Safety Characteristics of selected Grate Inlets on Continuous Grades volumes 1 and 2, published by the FHWA in June 1977 and April 1978, respectively. However, all the grates are considered bicycle and pedestrian safe except the P-50. Grate loading conditions must also be considered when determining an appropriate grate type. Grates in traffic areas must be able to withstand traffic loads; conversely, grates draining yard areas do not generally need to be as rigid. Table 6-9: Ranking with Respect to Bicycle and Pedestrian Safety Rank
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Grate Style
P-50x100 Reticuline P-30 45-85 deg. Tilt Bar 45-60 deg. Tilt Bar Curved Vane 30-85 deg. Tilt Bar
6-277
6-278
Chapter
HEC 22 Charts
Chart 1A (S.I.) and 1B (U.S. customary)Flow in triangular gutter sections Chart 2A (S.I.) and 2B (U.S. customary)Ratio of frontal flow to total gutter flow Chart 3A (S.I.) and 3B (U.S. customary)Conveyance in circular channels Chart 4A (S.I.) and 4B (U.S. customary)Velocity in triangular gutter sections Chart 5A (S.I.) and 5B (U.S. customary)Grate inlet frontal flow interception efficiency Chart 6A (S.I.) and 6B (U.S. customary)Grate inlet side flow interception capacity Chart 7A (S.I.) and 7B (U.S. customary)Curb-opening and slotted drain inlet interception capacity Chart 8A (S.I.) and 8B (U.S. customary)Curb-opening and slotted drain inlet interception capacity. Chart 9A (S.I.) and 9B (U.S. customary)Grate inlet capacity in sump conditions Chart 10A (S.I.) and 10B (U.S. customary)Depressed curb opening inlet in sump locations Chart 11A (S.I.) and 11B (U.S. customary)Curb-opening inlet in sump locations Chart 12A (S.I.) and 12B (U.S. customary)Curb-opening inlet orifice capacity for inclined and vertical orifice throats Chart 13A (S.I.) and 13B (U.S. customary)Slotted drain inlet capacity in sump locations Chart 14A (S.I.) and 14B (U.S. customary)Solution of Mannings equation for channels of various side slopes
7-279
Chart 15A (S.I.) and 15B (U.S. customary)Ratio of frontal flow to total flow in a trapezoidal channel
7-280
HEC 22 Charts
7-281
7-282
HEC 22 Charts
7-283
7-284
HEC 22 Charts
7-285
7-286
HEC 22 Charts
7-287
7-288
HEC 22 Charts
7-289
7-290
HEC 22 Charts
7-291
7-292
HEC 22 Charts
7-293
7-294
HEC 22 Charts
7-295
7-296
HEC 22 Charts
7-297
7-298
HEC 22 Charts
7-299
7-300
HEC 22 Charts
7-301
7-302
HEC 22 Charts
7-303
7-304
HEC 22 Charts
7-305
7-306
HEC 22 Charts
7-307
7-308
Chapter
Engineers Reference
This section includes: Energy Equation on page 8-309 Roughness ValuesMannings Equation on page 8-310 Roughness ValuesKutters Equation on page 8-312 Roughness ValuesDarcy-Weisbach (Colebrook-White) Equation on page 8314 Roughness ValuesHazen-Williams Formula on page 8-315
8.1
Energy Equation
The energy relationship between the downstream and upstream end of a pipe is:
V12 P V2 P + 1 + z1 + hG = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL 2g g 2g g
Where V g P z hG hL = = = = = = = Fluid velocity (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2) Gravitational acceleration (m/sec.2, ft/sec.2) Pressure (N/m.2, lb/ft2) Specific weight of fluid (N/m.3, lb/ft3) Elevation at centroid (m, ft) Headgain, such as from a pump (m, ft) Combined headloss (m, ft)
(8.1)
8-309
8.2
Minimum
0.009 0.010 0.013 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.017 0.021
Normal
0.010 0.012 0.016 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.016 0.019 0.024
Maximum
0.013 0.014 0.017 0.014 0.016 0.015 0.017 0.021 0.030
Table 8-2: Mannings Coefficients n for Closed Non-Metal Conduits Channel Type and Description
Lucite Glass Cement; Neat, surface Cement; Mortar Concrete; Culvert, straight and free of debris Concrete; Culvert with bends, connections, and some debris Concrete; Finished
Minimum
0.008 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.011
Normal
0.009 0.010 0.011 0.013 0.011 0.013 0.012
Maximum
0.010 0.013 0.013 0.015 0.013 0.014 0.014
8-310
Engineers Reference Table 8-2: Mannings Coefficients n for Closed Non-Metal Conduits Channel Type and Description
Concrete; Sewer with manholes, inlet, etc., straight Concrete; Unfinished, steel form Concrete; Unfinished, smooth wood form Concrete; Unfinished, rough wood form Wood; Stave Wood; Laminated, treated Clay; Common drainage tile Clay; Vitrified sewer Clay; Vitrified sewer with manholes, inlet, etc. Clay; Vitrified subdrain with open joint Brickwork; Glazed Brickwork; Lined with cement mortar Sanitary sewers coated with sewage slimes, with bends and connections Paved invert, sewer, smooth bottom Rubble masonry, cemented
Minimum
0.013 0.012 0.012 0.015 0.010 0.015 0.011 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.011 0.012 0.012
Normal
0.015 0.013 0.014 0.017 0.012 0.017 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.013 0.013 0.013
Maximum
0.017 0.014 0.016 0.020 0.014 0.020 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.015 0.016 0.016
0.016 0.018
0.019 0.025
0.020 0.030
8-311
8.3
Minimum
0.009 0.010 0.013 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.017 0.021
Normal
0.010 0.012 0.016 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.016 0.019 0.024
Maximum
0.013 0.014 0.017 0.014 0.016 0.015 0.017 0.021 0.030
Table 8-4: Kutters Coefficients n for Closed Non-Metal Conduits Channel Type and Description
Lucite Glass Cement; Neat, surface Cement; Mortar Concrete; Culvert, straight and free of debris Concrete; Culvert with bends, connections, and some debris Concrete; Finished Concrete; Sewer with manholes, inlet, etc., straight
Minimum
0.008 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.013
Normal
0.009 0.010 0.011 0.013 0.011 0.013 0.012 0.015
Maximum
0.010 0.013 0.013 0.015 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.017
8-312
Engineers Reference Table 8-4: Kutters Coefficients n for Closed Non-Metal Conduits Channel Type and Description
Concrete; Unfinished, steel form Concrete; Unfinished, smooth wood form Concrete; Unfinished, rough wood form Wood; Stave Wood; Laminated, treated Clay; Common drainage tile Clay; Vitrified sewer Clay; Vitrified sewer with manholes, inlet, etc. Clay; Vitrified subdrain with open joint Brickwork; Glazed Brickwork; Lined with cement mortar Sanitary sewers coated with sewage slimes, with bends and connections Paved invert, sewer, smooth bottom Rubble masonry, cemented
Minimum
0.012 0.012 0.015 0.010 0.015 0.011 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.011 0.011 0.012
Normal
0.013 0.014 0.017 0.012 0.017 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.013 0.013 0.013
Maximum
0.014 0.016 0.020 0.014 0.020 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.018 0.015 0.015 0.016
0.016 0.018
0.019 0.025
0.020 0.030
8-313
8.4
k (mm)
0.0015 0.004 0.0048 0.045 0.045 0.12 0.15 0.26 0.18 ~ 0.9 0.18 0.36 0.60 0.9 ~ 9.0 45
k (ft)
0.000005 0.000013 0.000016 0.00015 0.00015 0.0004 0.0005 0.00085 0.0006 ~ 0.003 0.0006 0.0012 0.002 0.003 ~ 0.03 0.15
8-314
Engineers Reference
8.5
C
140 130 140 100 130 107 113 89 100 75 90 64 83 140 120 135 130 140 120 140 130 140 140 150 145 150 140 150
8-315
Roughness ValuesHazen-Williams Formula Table 8-6: Hazen-Williams Coefficients (Continued) Pipe Material
Steel; Riveted Tin Vitrified clay (good condition) Wood stave (average condition)
C
110 130 110 140 120
8-316
Index
A
AASHTO 171 about the software 34 active grate length 78, 86, 96 active grate weir length 75, 83, 92 actual flow depth 135 address See contacting Haestad Methods. 11 adjusted discharge coefficient 69 alphabetic 104 analysis menu 33 analysis toolbar 36 aspect ratio 99 attribute 107 channel worksheets 38 chart options 98, 114 charts: where to find them 171 Chzy 119 Chzy's 127 Chzys equation 127 Cipoletti weir 67 Cipolletti 144 circular channel 56 circular orifice 71 ClientCare 10 clogging 74, 77, 83, 85, 91, 95 close 31 close all 34 Colebatch 101 Colebrook 122 Colebrook-White 127 Colebrook-White equation 131 combination inlet in sag 90, 169 combination inlet on grade 163 combination inlet on grade worksheet 93 composite cross slope 162 composite gutter section 154 conjugate depth 59 constructed depth 52 constructed top width 52 contacting Haestad Methods email 11 fax 11 hours 10 mail 11 sales 9 technical support 10 telephone 11 contents 34, 106 continuity equation 118 continuously depressed gutter 155 contracted 142 copy 32
B
backwater analysis 140 bottom width 39, 45, 60, 82, 84, 97 boundary control depth 134 broad-crested weir 68, 146 bypass flow 77, 81, 85, 89, 95, 159
C
calculation messages 39, 42, 45, 47, 49, 51, 55, 56, 59, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 93 calculation option 96 carryover 159 cascade 33 categorized 104 centroid elevation 70, 71, 72 channel 38, 39, 42, 44, 48, 51, 52 channel slope 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54, 57, 59, 60, 62, 65, 97
Index-303
D copy worksheet data 32 cox 102 create new project 28 create worksheet 28 crest breadth 68 crest elevation 65, 66, 67, 68, 69 crest length 65, 67, 68, 69 crest surface type 68 critical 40, 53, 86, 123, 135 critical depth 40, 43, 46, 52, 57, 60, 63, 86, 133, 135 critical elevation 50 critical flow 122, 132, 133 critical slope 40, 43, 46, 50, 52, 57, 60, 63, 86, 133, 134, 135 cross section 33, 99 cross-section 115 curb 79, 80, 92, 95 curb inlet 96 curb inlet in sag 165 curb inlet on grade 80 curb opening 162, 163 curb opening length 79, 80, 92, 95 curb throat type 79, 92 curves 98 cut 32 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 87, 88, 90, 93 discharge coefficient 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72 discharge coefficient weir 69 discharge full 58, 61, 63 display precision 103 distance 105 ditch 82, 84, 156 ditch inlet in sag 81 ditch inlet on grade 84 documentation 2 downstream depth 41, 44, 46, 50, 53, 58, 61, 64 downstream velocity 41, 44, 47, 51, 54, 59, 62, 64 drainage 171, 172 duplicate worksheet 32 dynamic help 34
E
edit menu 32 edit section 48 editor 99 efficiency 76, 80, 84, 89, 94 EGL 126 elevation 99 elevation at 1 55 elevation at 2 55 elevation head 126, 151 elevation range 49 elliptical pipe 62 email 11 email address 11 end depth/rise 41, 44, 47, 51, 54, 59, 62, 64 end station 100 energy balance 138 energy equation 125, 150 energy grade 126 energy grade at 1 55 energy grade at 2 56 energy grade line 126 energy principle 124 engineer 104 engineering library 32 engineering library explorer 30 entrance controlled 141
D
Darcy-Weisbach 121, 127, 129, 131 Darcy-Weisbach formula 121 date 104 decimal point 103 default unit system for new project 104 define rating curve 98, 114 define rating table 97 delete worksheet 32 depth 48, 74, 77, 79, 81, 83, 87, 89, 92, 95, 105 detailed report 33 diameter 55, 57, 71 direct step 139 direct step method 139 direction 40, 43 Discharge 68 discharge 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69,
Index-304
F equal length inlets 169 equal side slopes 68 equivalent cross slope 81, 89, 96 error.log 10 given downstream 41, 43, 46 given upstream 41, 43, 46 glossary 9 gradually varied flow 46, 53, 58, 61, 64, 105, 127, 141 gradually varied flow analysis 18 gradually varied profile 105 graph display options 98 Grate 94 grate 76, 82, 84, 91, 94, 163 grate flow option 96 grate flow ratio 78, 85, 96 grate inlet 96 grate inlet in sag 164 grate inlet on grade 159 grate length 74, 76, 82, 84, 91, 94 grate type 74, 76, 82, 85, 91, 94 grate width 74, 76, 82, 84, 91, 94 gutter 73, 76, 78, 80, 87, 88, 90, 93 gutter cross slope 48, 73, 76, 79, 80, 87, 88, 90, 93 gutter depression 48, 75, 77, 79, 81, 87, 89, 92, 95, 155, 158 gutter flow 152 gutter width 48, 73, 76, 78, 80, 87, 88, 90, 93 GVF profile 33 GVF profile table 33
F
family of curves 98 fax 11 field 107 field id 97 file menu 31 filename 104 find 106 fixed point 103, 107 flexunits 33, 103 Flow 48 flow area 39, 43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 56, 57, 60, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77, 81, 85, 89, 95, 105 flow depth 135 flow regime 132, 135 flow type 40, 53, 86 format 103, 104, 107 formatter 103 free surface flow 134 frequency 172 friction factor 40, 43, 46, 50, 53, 56, 58, 61, 63, 122 friction loss 127 friction method 48 friction slope 56 front flow 96 frontal flow 77, 156 frontal flow factor 77, 85, 96 frontwater analysis 141 Froude 122 Froude number 40, 43, 46, 50, 53, 58, 61, 63, 86
H
H3 135 Haestad Methods email addresses 11 Web site 11 Haestad.log 10 Hazen-Williams 120, 127 Hazen-Williams Formula 120, 132 head gains 125 headloss 41, 44, 47, 51, 54, 55, 59, 62, 64 headlosses 125 headwater elevation 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72 headwater height above centroid 71, 72 headwater height above crest 66, 67, 68, 70 HEC-12 171 HEC-22 152 height 60
G
gate 149 general 103, 108 generalized friction equation 117 generic orifice 72 generic weir 69
Index-305
I help menu 34 help toolbar 37 HGL 126, 151 HGL convergence test 126 highway 171, 172 horizontal 165 horizontal throat 79, 92 hortons 101 how do i? 34 hydraulic grade 126, 151 hydraulic grade at 1 56 hydraulic grade at 2 56 hydraulic grade line 126 hydraulic head 126 hydraulic jump 141 hydraulic jumps 139 hydraulically mild slope 134, 135 hydraulically steep slope 134, 135 Kutters formula 119
L
left-side slope 42, 45, 82, 84, 97 Length 81 length 41, 44, 47, 51, 53, 55, 59, 61, 64 length factor 81, 90, 96 load 104 local depression 74, 79, 81, 82, 87, 89, 91, 94, 158 local depression width 74, 79, 81, 82, 87, 89, 91, 94 log files 10 Lotter 102
M
M3 135 mail 11 main window 28 Manning's equation 128 Mannings 119, 127 Mannings coefficient 100 Mannings formula 119 Mannings coefficient 48, 76, 84, 88, 93 manual scale 99 material libraries 30 materials 30 maximum 97, 98 maximum discharge 58 median section 156 menus 31 messages 39, 42, 45, 47, 49, 51, 55, 56, 59, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 93 mild 135 mild-1 135 minimize all 33 minimum 2, 97, 98 system requirements 2, 3 mixed flow profiles 139 multiple page view 106
I
improved Lotter 102 inclined 165 inclined throat 79, 92 increment 97, 98 index 34 inlet 73, 75, 78, 80, 81, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96 inlet capacity 152 inlets in sag 164 inlets on grade 158 installing for network deployment 5 installing on a single computer 4 installing the software 3 intercepted flow 77, 81, 85, 89, 95 invert elevation 105 irregular channel 99 irregular section editor 48
K
kinematic viscosity 39, 42, 45, 49, 52, 55, 57, 60, 63 Kutters 119, 127 Kutters equation 128
Index-306
N
next page 106 non-sharp-crested 141 normal depth 39, 42, 45, 50, 52, 57, 60, 62, 97, 133, 134, 135 normal depth/rise 41, 44, 47, 51, 54, 59, 62, 64 normal flow 132 notch angle 66 notes 39, 42, 45, 47, 49, 51, 55, 56, 59, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 93, 104 number 103, 108 number of contractions 65 number of steps 41, 44, 47, 51, 54, 59, 61, 64
O
open 31 open channel weighting methods 100 open existing project 28 open grate area 75, 83, 92 open slot area 88 opening area 72 opening height 70, 79, 92 opening width 70 optimize 126 options 49, 96, 99, 107 orifice 70, 71, 72 orifice coefficients 149 orifice flow 165, 167, 169 overtopping 147
pitot tube 126, 151 plot 98 power 103 precision 107 pressure at 1 55 pressure at 2 55 pressure flow 132, 133 pressure head 126, 151 pressure pipe 150 pressure pipe channel 55 preview 106 previous page 106 print 31, 106 print preview 31, 97, 98, 105, 106 printing reports 115 prismatic 133 profile 41, 44, 47, 51, 54, 59, 62, 64 profile classification 41, 134, 135 profile description 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 50, 51, 54, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64 project 14, 28, 31 project components 28 project explorer 28, 32 project file 104 project filename 104 project files 29 project menu 32 Projectname.fm8 29 Projectname.fm8.mdb 30 properties 33, 104
R
rapidly varied flow 139 rating curve 33, 98 rating curves 113, 114 rating table 33, 97 recent projects 31 rectangular 142 rectangular orifice 70 rectangular weir 65 rectangular worksheet 39 redo 32 report title 99, 115 reporting 21 reports
P
parabolic channel 51 parameter 103 paste 32 pavement 171 pavement drainage 152 Pavlovskiis 100 percent full 57, 60, 63 performance curves 114 piezometer 151 pipe 55, 56, 59, 62
Index-307
S about worksheets 115 printing 115 reset defaults SI 104 reset defaults US 104 results 21 Reynolds number 40, 43, 46, 50, 53, 56, 58, 61, 63, 121 right-side slope 42, 45, 82, 84, 97 rise 62 Road 79 road cross slope 48, 73, 76, 79, 80, 87, 88, 90, 93 roughness coefficient 39, 42, 45, 49, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62, 80, 97, 128 roughness method 100 runoff 172 slot length 87, 89 slot width 87 slotted-drain inlet in sag 86 slotted-drain inlet on grade 88 slotted-inlet on grade 163 sluice gate 149 software updates 34 solve for 48 span 63 specific energy 40, 43, 46, 50, 53, 57, 61, 63, 86, 105, 122 specific weight 55 splash over velocity 77, 85, 95 spread 48, 73, 77, 78, 81, 82, 87, 89, 90, 95 standard step 127, 139 standard step method 139 standard toolbar 35 start station 100 station 99 status bar 32 steep 135 subcritical 40, 53, 86, 123, 135 subcritical flow 132, 134 submerged 145 submergence correction 147 submergence factor 69 suggestions 11 supercritical 40, 53, 86, 123, 141 supercritical flow 132, 134 support 10 addresses 11 hours 10 suppressed 142 surcharging conditions 139 Swamee and Jain equation 131 sweeper inlet 170 system requirements 2
S
S3 135 sales 9 save 31 save all 31 save as 31 scientific 103, 107 sealing conditions 139 search 34 section 47 section geometry 99 section plot 100 segment roughness 100 SentinelLM 3 installing 6 settings 106 sharp-crested 141 sharp-crested V-notched weirs 144 sharp-crested weir 141, 145 SI 103 side flow 96 side flow factor 77, 85, 96 single curve 98 single page view 106 slope 48, 76, 80, 84, 88, 93, 134 slope classification 134, 135 slope full 58, 61, 63 slot 87, 89 slot inlet in sag 168
T
tabular 105 tabular report 106 tabular reports 33 tailwater condition 134 tailwater elevation 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72 tailwater height above centroid 71, 72
Index-308
U tailwater height above crest 66, 67, 68, 69 technical support 10 TeeChart editor 98 throat 79, 92 throat-incline angle 79, 92 tile horizontally 33 tile vertically 33 toolbars 32, 35 top width 40, 43, 46, 49, 52, 57, 60, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 83, 85 total depression 75, 77, 79, 81, 88, 89, 92, 95 total interception length 81, 90, 96 transition flow 168 transitional flow 165, 169 tutorials 13
W
water surface elevation 49 Web site 11 weighted roughness 49 weir 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 141 weir flow 165, 166, 168 welcome 28 welcome dialog box 34 wetted perimeter 40, 43, 45, 49, 52, 56, 57, 60, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 83, 85, 105 Whats New 1 where to find charts 171 window menu 33 worksheet 13, 28, 31 workshops 11 workspace 28
U
U.S. customary 103 undo 32 uniform flow 45, 49, 52, 57, 62, 73, 117, 132, 133 uniform gutter cross slope 152 uninstalling 8 unit 103, 107 updates 34 upstream depth 41, 44, 47, 50, 53, 58, 61, 64 upstream velocity 41, 44, 47, 51, 54, 59, 62, 65 using the software 34
Z
zone 1 135 zone 2 135 zone 3 135 zone classification 134, 135 zoom 106 zoom in 106 zoom out 106
V
varying 98 velocity 40, 43, 46, 48, 50, 53, 56, 57, 60, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 77, 81, 85, 89, 95, 105 velocity head 40, 43, 46, 50, 53, 56, 57, 60, 63, 86, 126, 151 vertical 165 vertical throat 79, 92 view menu 32 V-notch weir 66 v-notch weir coefficient 66 vs 98
Index-309
Index-310