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228
88 ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ :ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻡ Ra
ﺃﺟﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺏ :ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺃﻡ ﺧﻄﺄ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻧﻮﻭﻳﺔ
ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﺎ ﺑﻴﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻮﺭﻱ ) (Pierre et Marie Curieﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ
ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻡ .ﻧﺎﻟﺖ Marie Curieﻓﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ 1903ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﻭﻓﻲ
1911ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ .
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺮﺍﺩﻭﻥ . Rnﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ 226ﻟﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ α
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻡ 88 Ra
ﻭﻟﻴﺲ 89 Ac ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ 87 Fr β− ﺫﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ
228
(4ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻡ Ra
ه
τ=3,8j : 222
86 (5ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻟﻠﺮﺍﺩﻭﻥ Rn
222
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺋﻲ . 86 ﺧﻼﻝ 11,4 jﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ Rn
.
238
ﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ U
92
αﻭ β− ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ
226
88 (6ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ Ra
ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ 3ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺩﻗﻴﻘﺘﺎﻥ . α
(7ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ
a =3.75.10 Bqﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ 1mﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ .ﻧﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ 2,1.10 s =λﻝ 86 Rn
222 -6 -1 3 3
ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ 1m3ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ 3.10-15mol :
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
،ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻟﻠﺒﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ210
A
Z 210ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ αﻳﻨﺘﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺘﺘﻪ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ Pb
ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﻢ 84 Po
t1/2=138j
(1ﺍﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ،ﺛﻢ ﺣﺪﺩ Aﻭ . Z
(2ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ . λ
(3ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ 210ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ، t =0ﻫﻮ a0 = 1010Bqﺃﺣﺴﺐ N0ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺑﺪﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ .
a0
؟ (4ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻴﻨﺔ
4
) a 0 − a(t
=r (5ﺍﻋﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ a0ﻭ ) a (tﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ، tﺛﻢ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ
a0
ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ t1/2ﻭ . tﺍﺣﺴﺐ rﻋﻨﺪ t = 1j