P5 محاضرات هندسة الاساسات د. طارق نجيب

4th Year Civil
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE: STE 423
27 April 2012
Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb
4th Year Civil
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
CHAPTER (1)
SITE INVESTIGATION
27 April 2012
Why perform a good quality site

investigation program?
Cost of Failure - Too High!
27 April 2012
Cost of Failure - Too High!
27 April 2012
Why perform a good

quality site
investigation
program?

Cost of Over-Design,
Too High Also!
(Over-Designed
Shoring System)

(
)
27 April 2012
A- Purpose of Site Investigation
-
1- For New Structures:
- Selection of type and depth of foundations.
. - Determining the soil bearing capacity.
. - Prediction of settlement.
. - Establish the ground water table depth.
. - Provision against construction problems.
. 27 April 2012
-
2- For Existing Structures:
- Investigating the structure safety.
. - Prediction of settlement (Current & Future).
.) ( - Determine the foundation remedial actions.
. - Determine the possibility of structure
heightening.
. 27 April 2012
-
3- For Highways and Airfields:
- Location of the highway or runway in both
vertical and horizontal directions.
. - Locate and select the suitable borrow material
for subgrade.
. - Determine the time and need for subgrade
treatment.
. - Design of ditches and culverts and their location.
. 27 April 2012
B- Subsurface Exploration Program
The subsurface exploration program should include

the following:
1- Collection of Preliminary Information about the
Structure:
- Structure type and use.
- Approximate column loads and spacing.
. - Local building code.

- Basement requirements.
- Span and length for bridges.
- Type of soil in the structure surrounding area.
. -9
27 April 2012
-
2- Field Trip or Site Visit:
To provide the following:
- General topography.
) ( - Possible existence of drains, ditches, etc.
. - Creeping slopes.
- Cracks or failures of surrounding structures.
. - Soil stratification from nearby cuts.
. 27 April 2012
10
3- Site Investigation:
To perform the following:
- Planning and location of the boreholes.
. - Performing test boreholes.
. - Collecting samples at the desired depths of the
boreholes for observation, classification, and
testing.
. 11
27 April 2012
C- Depth, Number and

Distribution of Boreholes
-
i- Depth of Boreholes:
1- Depth of boring 3 5, width of isolated footing.
. 5 3 = -1
2- Depth of boring 2 3, width of raft.
. 3 2 = -2
3- The boring should penetrate the sand layer (if exists)
sufficiently to determine its continuity, (especially in
pile foundations).
-3
12
27 April 2012
C- Depth, Number and

Distribution of Boreholes
-
i- Depth of Boreholes:
4- For deep excavation, depth of boring 1.5
excavation depth.
-4

5- If rock is encountered, it should be penetrated 4
m, at least.
. 4 -5
27 April 2012
13
Depth of Boreholes
Ds1
Ds2 0.1 Ds1

0.10

14
Ds2
27 April 2012
ii- Distribution of Borings for

Different Structures

Type of Structure
Spacing (m)
300 m2, with 2 min. for each
Multistory Building
structure
One story industrial building 300 500 m2
Highways
250 500 linear meter
Residential sub-divisions
200 x 200 up to 400 x 400
Dams
50 up to 200 m
27 April 2012
15
ii- Distribution of Borings for

Different Structures
16
300 2
300 500 2
250 500
200 200 400 400
50 200
27 April 2012
D- Site Investigation Report

-
The site investigation report should contain the
following :
1- Starting level of the borehole, as related to specific
surveying level.
. -1
2- Borehole log, showing different soil layers and
depths.
-2
3- Field test results, e.g., SPT.

. -3
27 April 2012
17
D- Site Investigation Report

-
The site investigation report should contain the
following:
4- Ground water table level.
-4
5- Consistency of clays, and relative density of
sands, in addition to color.
. -5
27 April 2012
18
Visual Soil Classification
Mixture of more than one soil:

Up to 10%, Trace (e.g., sand with a trace of silt).
) ( %10
10 up to 20%, Some (e.g., sand and some silt).
) ( %20 10
20 up to 35%, Adjective (e.g., silty sand): sand% =
65-80 and silt% = 35-20%.
) ( %35 20
35 up to 50%, And (e.g., sand and silt).
.) ( %50 35
27 April 2012
19
Typical Borehole
Log

SPT

20
27 April 2012
Identification of Different Soils
Gravel
Silt
Sand
+
+
+
+
Shale
27 April 2012
Fill
+
+
+
+
Clay
+
+
+
+
Organic
Rock
21
E- Methods of Advancing Boreholes

-
1- Test Pits (Open Pits):
- Made by ordinary excavation.
- Pit diameter 0.9 up to 1.2 m.
. 1.20 0.90 - Obtain undisturbed and disturbed soil samples.
. - Made in self supporting soils (shale, loam,
cemented sand, etc.).

- Above the ground water table.
. 27 April 2012
22

-
2- Manual Boreholes:
- Commonly used method in Egypt.
. - The boring is advanced by rotating the casing
pipes and the cutting edge manually and pushing
down during rotation.

- The casing is raised when it is full with soil, and
the soil is taken off from the inside.
( ) 27 April 2012
23

-
2- Manual Boreholes:
- The casing pipe is available in sections one to
two meter long pipes, 4 to 6 inches in diameter.
2 1 . 6 4
- The following Figure and Photos show the
manual auger rig.
. -
27 April 2012
24
Manual Auger Boring Rig

Tripod
Wire Rope
Winch
Sand Bags or Weights

Wooden Platform with Handle
to be Operated Manually

Drilling Rod

Casing Pipes, f 4" to 6"
of 1.50 to 2.0 m length
6 4
2 1.5
27 April 2012
25
Manual Boreholes
27 April 2012
26
Manual Boreholes
27 April 2012
27
Manual Boreholes
27 April 2012
28
Manual Boreholes
27 April 2012
29
Manual Boreholes
27 April 2012
30
Manual Boreholes
27 April 2012
31
Manual Boreholes
27 April 2012
32
Methods of Advancing Boreholes

3- Continuous Flight Auger:
- Power is delivered by a truck or a tractor mounted
drilling rig.
. - Sections are one and two meters long.
. 2 1 - The stem is either hollow or solid.
. - Borehole depths down to 60 or 70 meters.
. 70 60 - Drilling speed and sound indicates soil layer changes.
. 27 April 2012
33

3- Continuous Flight Auger:
- Solid stem is withdrawn and replaced by samplers or
spoons to obtain soil samples or conduct tests.
.
- Piston samplers are used to obtain sand samples under the
water table in hollow stem augers.
.
- The following figures depict the solid and hollow
continuous flight auger.
. 27 April 2012
34
Truck mounted
rotary drill rig
with hydraulic
drive system
27 April 2012
35
Solid Stem Continuous Flight Auger Drilling System: (a) In use on drill rig, (b) Finger and fishtail
bits, (c) Sizes of solid stem auger flights, (d) Different assemblies of bits and auger flights.
27 April 2012
36
Hollow Stem Continuous Flight Auger Drilling Systems: (a) Comparison with solid stem auger;
(b) Typical drilling configuration; (c) Sizes of hollow stem auger flights; (d) Stepwise center bit.
27 April 2012
37

4- Wash Boring:
- Two to three meters casing is derived into the soil and
the soil from the inside is removed by means of
chopping bit that is attached to the drilling rod.
3 2
- Water is forced inside the drilling rod and exit at high
speed through the holes at the chopping bit.
.
27 April 2012
38

4- Wash Boring:
- Water and chopped soil particles rise through the
drilling rod hole to the ground surface and collected.
.
- The chopping bit is replaced by a sampler or test spoon
when samples or tests at a given depth is required.
.
- The following figure depicts a wash boring.
. 27 April 2012
39
Isometric diagram of
the double-wall
casing with water
circulation for
removal of cuttings.

)(
27 April 2012
40
Wash Boring
27 April 2012
41
Wash Boring
27 April 2012
42
Wash Boring
27 April 2012
43
Wash Boring
27 April 2012
44

5- Percussion Drilling:
- Heavy drilling bit is used to chop the hard soil by raising
and dropping it down.

.
- This method is used in hard soil or rock.
- The chopped particles are raised up by water circulation.
- .
45
27 April 2012
F- Types of Soil Samples

-
Two Types of Soil Types Are Obtained:
- Disturbed Soil Samples.
- Undisturbed Soil Samples.
The degree of soil disturbance can be expressed as:
Ar
2
Do
2
- Di
2
Di
x 100
Where:
Ar: Area ratio;
Do, Di: Outside and inside diameter of the sampler;
If Ar 10% the sample is undisturbed.
27 April 2012
46
Laboratory Soil Tests

)To determine the shear strength parameters (C and f
and other strength and mechanical properties.
.
To classify the soil.
Performed on undisturbed and disturbed soil samples.
.
47
27 April 2012
Undisturbed and Disturbed Soil Samples

Undisturbed soil samples: Soils having the same
structure, properties, and water content of the
original soil sample in the ground.
: -
Disturbed soil samples: Soils with structure,

properties, and water content changed during the
sampling or transportation process.
: -

. 48
27 April 2012
F- Tests on Disturbed Samples

-
Disturbed Samples Are used in the Following Tests:
-
Grain size analysis.

Liquid and plastic limit tests.
Specific gravity test.
Organic content test.
Soil Classification.
Compaction test.
Direct shear test.
27 April 2012
49
Test on Undisturbed Samples

Undisturbed Samples Are used in the Following Tests:
-
Consolidation test.
Permeability test.
Direct shear test.
Triaxial test.
Other tests on undisturbed samples.
- -
27 April 2012
50
SITE INVESTIGATION
27 April 2012
51
F- Methods of Soil Sampling

-
1- Split Spoon:
- Undisturbed soil samples are obtained.
. - The drilling tools are replaced by such sampler when
collecting the soil samples.
. - Sample recovery is difficult in sandy soils under the water
table.
.
- Can be used to perform the Standard Penetration Test (SPT).
(SPT) 27 April 2012
52
Split Barrel Sampler: Open sampler with soil

sample and cutting shoe.
27 April 2012
53

-
2- Shelby Tube (Then Walled Tube):
) ( -2
-
Commonly used to obtain undisturbed clay samples.

. The tube is attached to the end of the drilling rod.
. The rod and sampler are lowered to the bottom of the hole,
and the sampler is pushed into the soil.
- .
27 April 2012
54

-
2- Shelby Tube (Then Walled Tube):
) ( -2
The sample inside the tube is then pulled out, trimmed,
covered with hot wax, and sealed for transportation.
.
- Shelby tube samples are used is consolidation, direct shear,
and triaxial tests.
.
- The following figure shows schematic representation of the
Shelby tube sampler.
-
27 April 2012
55
Shelby Tube Sampler

27 April 2012
56

-
3- Piston Sampler (Then Walled Tube with Piston):
) ( -3
-
Used to obtain undisturbed samples with larger diameter

The obtained samples are less disturbed than those
obtained by the Shelby tube.
Mainly used to prevent the soil from falling from the
sampler.
. The following figure shows schematic representation of the
piston sampler.
27 April 2012
57
Piston Sampler
27 April 2012
58
G- Field Soil Testing

-
1- Standard Penetration Test (SPT):
Performed with the borehole.
Reliable for cohesionless soils, especially in sand.
.
Unreliable for cohesive soils.
2- Cone Penetration Test (CPT):
Reliable for cohesive soils.
Unreliable for cohesionless soils.
3- Vane Shear Test:
Reliable for cohesive soils.
Unreliable for cohesionless soils.
27 April 2012
59
1- Standard Penetration Test

-
27 April 2012
60
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
27 April 2012
61

1- Standard Penetration Test (SPT):
- 140 lb hammer is dropped over a 1.5 ft long
standard spoon.
- The hammer drop height is 2.5 ft.
- The spoon is driven 1.5 ft in three stages, each
stage is 6 inch long.
- SPT (N) value = Number of hammer drops that
will drive the standard spoon 1 ft long into the
soil, if N > 50 means refusal.
- The first reading is neglected (seating), the 2nd
and 3rd readings are summed up to give N.
27 April 2012
62

( ):
140 ( 62.5) 2.50 ( 75) 1.50
( 45).
6( 15).
15 ).(Seating ).(N = (SPT) N 30.
) (N 50 > .50
63
27 April 2012
27 April 2012
64
Standard SPT Split

spoon
27 April 2012
65
27 April 2012
66
SPT spoon
27 April 2012
67
Standard Penetration Test
27 April 2012
68
SPT RESULTS
cu = undrained strength
gT = unit weight
Unreliable
DR = relative density
gT = unit weight
f = friction angle
eo = void ratio
Reliable
SAND
CLAY
27 April 2012
N
Site
Tarek
Site Investigation,
Investigation, Tarek Nageeb
69
69
Relation between SPT (N) value and unconfined

compressive strength of clay
SPT (N)
<2
24
48
8 15
15 30
> 30
Consistency
Very soft
Soft
Medium Stiff
Stiff
Very Stiff
Hard
qu (kg/cm2)
0.25
0.25 0.50
0.50 1.00
1.00 2.00
2.00 4.00
> 4.00
Relation between SPT (N) value and fo for sand.

SPT (N)
14
4 10
10 30
30 50
> 50
27 April 2012
Relative Density
Very Loose
Loose
Medium Dense
Dense
Very Dense
fo
28
28 30
30 36
36 41
> 41
70
Relation between SPT (N) value and fo for sand.

27 April 2012
71
SPT Vs. Bearing Capacity

and Settlement in Sand
Evaluation of soil bearing capacity corrected blow count, Peck (1974).

27 April 2012
72
Corrections of SPT Readings

SPT
SPT readings are corrected for:
1- Depth.
2- Presence of ground water table
.
3- Borehole diameter.
4- Driving energy.
27 April 2012
73
2- Dutch Cone Test

2-1- Static Cone Penetration Test (CPT):
- The test is much expensive than the SPT.
- Performed without borehole, using a 60o cone with base
area 10 cm2, which is pushed steadily into the soil at a
rate of about 2 cm/sec.
- Two readings are continuously recorded, the tip
resistance (qc), and the shaft friction, ( fs).
- The readings are recorded every 10 up to 50 mm.
- Charts are used to (1) classify the soil, (2) determine
consistency of clays, and (3) relative density of sands,
according to (qc), and the friction ratio (fr = fs/qc%).
- CPT results are used in determining the soil shear
strength parameters (c and f) and design of piles.
27 April 2012
74
-2
( )
-
75
.
60 102
2/.
) (qc
).(fs
10 50
.
( )1 ( )2 : - -
-
) (qc ).(fr = fs/qc%

.
27 April 2012
2- Dutch Cone Test

2-1- Static Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
27 April 2012
76
Cone Penetration Test (CPT)

Old
Mechanical
Cone
(ASTM D 5778)
Sleeve
Cone
27 April 2012
77
2- Dutch Cone Test

2-1- Static Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
27 April 2012
78
CPT Soil Behavioral Charts
27 April 2012
79
2- Dutch Cone Test

2-2- Dynamic Cone Penetration Test:
- The test is performed mainly in sand.

. - The cone (area = 10 cm2) is derived into the soil by a
drop hammer (10 kg) from a constant height (0.50 m).
2 10 = 50 = 10
- Number of blows = 10-30 per minute.
30 10 -
27 April 2012
80
2- Dutch Cone Test

- N10 = Number of blows to driver the cone 10 cm into

the soil.
- Dr = 0.10 + 0.365 Log N10
- If under the water table:
- Dr = 0.31 + 0.225 Log N10
N10 10

.
81
27 April 2012
2- Dutch Cone Test

27 April 2012
82
3- Vane Shear Test (VST)
27 April 2012
83
Vane Shear
Devices
Scandinavian Vanes
27 April 2012
McClelland Offshore Vane
84
27 April 2012
85
3- Vane Shear Test

3- Vane Shear Test:
- The apparatus is composed to perpendicular steel
blades with (height) H = 2 D (diameter), and blade
thickness = 2 mm.
2 = () . 2 =
- The apparatus is pushed steadily to the required test
depth.
. - The apparatus is slowly rotated till reaching the
maximum torque value.
. 27 April 2012
86
3- Vane Shear Test

3- Vane Shear Test:
- The apparatus cuts a cylinder in the soil when rotates
fully.
- .
- The recorded maximum torque T is used to calculate
the soil undrained shear strength as follows:
) ( :
H D
T D cu
2 6
2
27 April 2012
87
cu
Where:
T
D
2 H
D
2 6
T = Maximum recorded torque (kN.m),

D = Vane diameter, (m);
H = Vane height, (m);
cu = soil undrained cohesion (kN/m2).
) ( - cu corrected = cu measured x mR
mR is obtained from the correction curve.
- P.I. = L.L. P.L. =
-
27 April 2012
88
cu Correction curve
27 April 2012
89
Diagram
showing the vane
shear apparatus.

90
27 April 2012
4- Flat Dilatometer Test (DMT)
27 April 2012
91
Flat Plate Dilatometer Equipment

27 April 2012
92
27 April 2012
93
5- Pressuremeter Test
27 April 2012
94
6- Plate Load Test

Dead Load
Jack

Plate

B
1.5 B
Dial Gauges to Measure the Plate Settlement

Plate Diameter 70 30
B = 30 cm or 70 cm
27 April 2012
Plate Load Test Setup

95
6- Plate Load Test

-Used in homogeneous soils
-Theoretical affected zone = 2 x Plate diameter
2 = ) ( -Loading till sudden yield, or 25 mm settlement, or
negligible settlements with load increase, or 3 times
working load.
25 .
-Loading is performed is steps followed by unloading
-Reloading may be applied in special cases.
. 27 April 2012
96
S = 25 mm
Settlement
27 April 2012
qult (b)
qult (a)
Stress
(a) Dense sand or stiff clay

(b) Loose sand or
soft to medium clay

97
27 April 2012
98
7- Geophysical Soil Exploration

- Geophysical methods are used to geotechnically
explore large areas.
- The main idea of these tests is that different soils
have different gravitational, electrical, elastic, and
radioactive properties.
.
- Different soil layers and the presence of ground
water table can be identified through different
wave velocity, reflection, and refraction.
.
27 April 2012
99
7-1- Seismic Refraction Method

- The method depends on the fact that stress
waves propagate in different soils at different
velocities.

.
- The method is performed by inducing an
impact wave at the soil surface.
- The arrival times of the waves are recorded at
the different recording stations.
27 April 2012
100

- Two stress wave types are generated and
recorded, P-wave (Pressure wave) and S-wave
(Shear wave), noting that the P-waves are much
faster than the S-wave.
- Therefore, the P-wave arrives first, followed by
the S-Wave.
(P- ( S-Wave) wave)

.
27 April 2012
101

The P-Wave velocity is given by:
E
Vp
g /g
1 - m
1 - 2 m 1 m
Where:
E = Soil Youngs modulus )kN/m2);
g = Soil unit weight (kN/m3);

g = Acceleration of gravity (m/sec2);
m = Soil Poissons ratio )-).

27 April 2012
102

- A graph is plot between the wave arrival times (t1, t2,
and t3) against the distance between the wave source
and recording point (x1, x2, x3).
bc ab .
I, II, III V1, V2, and V3 cd
- The slope of the lines ab, bc, and cd will be the wave
velocities, V1, V2, and V3, in layers I, II, and III
respectively, as follows:
1
Slope of ab
V1
27 April 2012
1
Slope of bc
etc.
V2
103
27 April 2012
104

- The thickness of layers can be obtained by:
: -
V2 - V1
Z1 0.50
xc
V2 V1
2
2
V3 - V1
V3 V2
Z 2 0.50 Ti2 - 2 Z1
2
2
V
V
3 1 V3 - V2
Ti2 is obtained from the time-distance graph.

27 April 2012
105
27 April 2012
106
27 April 2012
107
27 April 2012
108
7-2- Cross Hole Seismic Method

- The method depends on recording the shear wave
velocity within the same soil media.
- The recorded shear wave velocity is a function of the
soil media properties.
.
- Two holes are made down to a certain depth.
- A shear wave is induced at the bottom of the first hole,
and recorded by a transducer in the second one.
: - The shear wave velocity and the soil shear modulus
are calculated as follows:
27 April 2012
109

L
Vs
t
G
Vs
g g
2
Vs
Where:
Vs: is the shear wave velocity.
G: is the soil shear modulus, used mostly in soil
dynamics.
27 April 2012
110
27 April 2012
111
8- Field Permeability Test

A- Packer Test:
k
log e
2.0 L H
r
Q
B- Open End Test:
Q
k
5.5 r H
Where:
Q: Constant rate of flow into the hole;
r: Radius of hole;
L: Length of hole portion under test;
H: Difference in the pressure head.
27 April 2012
112
8- Field Permeability Test
27 April 2012
113
27 April 2012
114
Decision Making on Site Investigations
Testing
Theory
Experience
27 April 2012
115

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
116
27 April 2012
27 April 2012
117

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4th Year Civil

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

4th Year Civil

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Why perform a good quality site

Cost of Failure - Too High!

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Cost of Failure - Too High!

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Why perform a good

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

A- Purpose of Site Investigation

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

A- Purpose of Site Investigation

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

A- Purpose of Site Investigation

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

B- Subsurface Exploration Program

The subsurface exploration program should include

B- Subsurface Exploration Program

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

B- Subsurface Exploration Program

C- Depth, Number and

C- Depth, Number and

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Ds2 0.1 Ds1

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

ii- Distribution of Borings for

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

ii- Distribution of Borings for

200 200 400 400

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

D- Site Investigation Report

3- Field test results, e.g., SPT.

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

D- Site Investigation Report

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Visual Soil Classification

Mixture of more than one soil:

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Identification of Different Soils

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

E- Methods of Advancing Boreholes

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

E- Methods of Advancing Boreholes

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

E- Methods of Advancing Boreholes

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Manual Auger Boring Rig

Sand Bags or Weights

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Methods of Advancing Boreholes

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb

Methods of Advancing Boreholes

Site Investigation, Tarek Nageeb