Professional Documents
Culture Documents
23
Effect of Surface Tension on
Compliance
Ob je ctive
Two balloons
Tap water
Graduated cylinder
Me thodolo gy
Male
Balloon A Balloon B
Female
Balloon A Balloon B
Chest Measurement
1. Using a tape measure, get the chest
circumference at the level of the axilla
during:
a. The end of quiet expiration
b. The end of normal inspiration
c. The end of the most forceful expiration possible
d. The end of the most forceful inspiration
possible
Me thodolo gy
Chest Measurement
1. Using a tape measure, get the chest
circumference at the level of the xiphoid
process during:
a. The end of quiet expiration
b. The end of normal inspiration
c. The end of the most forceful expiration possible
d. The end of the most forceful inspiration
possible
Me thodolo gy
Breaking Point
1. After normal inspiration, make the subject
hold his breath until he can no longer hold
it. Record the duration.
2. After a deep expiration, make the subject
hold his breath until he can no longer hold
it. Record the duration.
Me thodolo gy
Breaking Point
1. After taking deep breaths from a brown
paper bag, make the subject hold his
breath at the end of inspiration until he can
no longer hold it. Record the duration.
2. After a full minute of deep breathing, make
the subject hold his breath at the end of
deep inspiration until he can no longer hold
it. Record the duration.
Re su lt s
Table 1. Chest circumference of the subjects
Total lung capacity (TLC) = 6 L. The volume of gas contained in the lung at the end of maximal inspiration.
Vital capacity (VC) = 4.8 L. The amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after a maximal inspiration.
Tidal volume (TV) = 500 mL. The amount of air breathed in or out during normal respiration.
Residual volume (RV) = 1.2 L. The amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) = 1.2 L. The amount of additional air that can be breathed out after normal
expiration. (At the end of a normal breath, the lungs contain the residual volume plus the expiratory reserve
volume, or around 2.4 liters. If one then goes on and exhales as much as possible, only the residual volume of
1.2 liters remains).
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) = 3.6 L. The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal breath in.
Functional residual capacity (ERV + RV) = 2.4 L. The amount of air left in the lungs after a tidal breath out.
Inspiratory capacity (IC) = is the volume that can be inhaled after a tidal breathe-out.
No rmal Insp iration
Inspection
male subject was made to sit upright
↓
configuration and symmetry of the chest on
inspiration observed
↓
configuration and symmetry of the chest on
expiration observed
MET HOD OL OGY
↓
rate, depth and pattern of respiration also
observed
↓
presence of abnormal sounds when
breathing, retractions, use of accessory
muscles and increased anterior-posterior
diameter or barrel chest noted if present
MET HOD OL OGY
Palpation
over the
apices of both
lungs then
down back
↓
MET HOD OL OGY
in the
axillae
↓
anteriorly on
both sides
RES UL TS AN D
DI SCU SSI ON
Inspection
Degree of Symmetry of Fremitus
Expansion Expansion
Inspiration decreased
Expiration increased
RES UL TS AN D
DI SCU SSI ON
Auscultation
Mixture of both
tracheobronchial and
vesicular elements in
certain areas where
the trachea and
major bronchi are in
close proximity to the
chest wall
Ve sic ula r
Result of movement
of air in the
bronchioles and
alveoli
Ve sic ula r vs
Br onchove sic ula r
Sound Duration of Pitch Intensity Normal Abnormal
inspiration Location Location
and
expiration
PERCUSSION
AUSCULTATION
ANS WER S to
QU ESTI ONS
1. Give the different percussion sounds and the
palpable vibrations arising from the
respiratory tree.
PERCUSSION SOUNDS:
Resonance
Hyperresonance
Tympany
Dullness
Flatness
ANS WER S to
QU ESTI ONS
Sounds Relative Relative Pitch Relative
Intensity Duration
Resonance Loud Low Long
Hyperresonance Very Loud Lower Longer
Tympany Loud
Dullness Medium Medium Medium
Flatness Soft High Short
Bronchiovesicular Breath Sounds-
heard normally on each side of the sternum in the
first and second interspaces, between the scapulae,
and over the apices anteriorly and posteriorly, but is
more prominent on the right than on the left
Exp er ime nt no .
26
Lung Volumes and Capacities
Ob je ctive :
Wet spirometer
Me thodolo gy
Tidal volume
Vital Capacity
IRV
IC
Can Use
VC
Spirometer
TLC TV
ERV
FRC
RV RV
VI TAL CA PACI TY
Vital Capacity (VC)
The amount of air that can be moved into/out of your lungs
maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from the
lungs following a maximal inspiration
Largest volume that can be measured with a spirometer
VC = IRV + TV + ERV
Values vary considerably with body size and body positions
during the measurement.
is related to age, height, and gender
The younger and taller one is the larger the VC
Men have larger lungs than women which enable men to exhibit
greater VC
Average values:
4 - 5 liters in men
3 - 4 liters in young women.
TO TAL L UN G
CAP ACI TY
Total Lung Capacity
The volume of air contained in the lungs at
the end of a maximal inspiration.
Sum of all four basic lung volumes
TLC = RV + IRV + TV + ERV
Functional Re sid ual
CAP ACI TY
Functional Residual Capacity
The volume of air remaining in the lung at the
end of a normal expiration.
FRC = RV + ERV
INSPI RATOR Y
CAP ACI TY
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Maximum volume of air that can be inspired
from end expiratory position.
IC = TV + IRV
On Clo se r
Ex amin ation…
Lung volume and Theoretix Male Theoretical- Female
Capacities male Subject Female Subject
(standing) (standing) (standing) (sitting)
(L) (L) (L) (L)
Tidal Volume 0.45-0.55 0.53 0.35-0.50 0.45
Standing enables the chest wall to move freely. The lungs are
enclosed by the chest wall which expands during inspiration.
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Disc ussio n