أساسيات التصوير الفوتوغرافي

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٢٧ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٧٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ١٠  K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦٠  K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EBodyF‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
‫א‬  J٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J١٣
‫א‬‫א‬  J١٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
١
١١١١١١١١١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 
 K١٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫[א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬[‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
[‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬[‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٥‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬ROLLIFLEX
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫ א‬ J١
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
 
٧
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ?‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K •
 •
 •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K •
 •
‫א‬ •
 •
  •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٢
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J٦
 
 
٩
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J٩
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J١٠
‫א‬
‫>؟‬‫א‬  J١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢
١٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E×F‫א‬‫א‬،
 
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
، ??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E  FEF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
١١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
         ‫א‬


   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬
.........................................................................................................................................W
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.………...........……….......................… W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 
 K٣٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
١٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬١٣٥‫א‬ K١
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠٠٠L١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣٥‫א‬ K٢
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
١٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬١٢٠‫א‬ K٣
 
٦C٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦C٧،٤C٤،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ‫א‬، ٦C٧‘٩C٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  CCD ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPixelF ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EResolutionF
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
١٧
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬
 
W‫ א‬K٢
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 
 
 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W،‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬F E ‫א‬F‫א‬ ،E‫א‬F
F٢٢١٦١١٨٥{٦٤٢{٨٢١{٤
 
١٩
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬F‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K٥
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K٦
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
٢١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 
 E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬ECF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
٢٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 
 
 WE JHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MODE K٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ JM o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JP o
  ‫א‬‫א‬ JA o
 K ‫א‬‫א‬ JS o
٢٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ISO  K٥
 
 
‫א‬QUAL K٦
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W B K٧
 
٢٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ K٨
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ JS o
 JCL o
 JCH o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–C o
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–BKT K٩
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
٢٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ K١١
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 
 W‫א‬ K١٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬ o
٢٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ JM o
 ‫א‬‫א‬ JS o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JC o
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K١٤
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
 
 
٢٧
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K١٦
 
 
W‫א‬ K١٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K١٨
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
EEnterF‫א‬ o
 ‫א‬ o
٢٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠
 
 
٢٩
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EMF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢١
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٢
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫ א‬ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
K‫א‬ W‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 
 
٣١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
٣٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
٣٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 
٣٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬  J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
٣٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
   
‫א‬  J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٣
٣٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬  J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
 
٣٧
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢
 
 
 
٣٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
ON‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 
٣٩
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 
 
‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
‫א‬  J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
٤٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
٤١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩
‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٠

‫א‬  J١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٣
٤٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 
٤٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
 
٤٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢
 
٤٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E×F‫א‬‫א‬،
 
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥
‫א‬‫א‬٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٣
 
، ??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
٤٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
       
 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥
‫א‬‫א‬٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬
.........................................................................................................................................W
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.………...........……….......................… W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 K‫א‬  J٣
 K‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
 
 K٦٨W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،٤٦‫א‬ ‫א‬٣٦C٢٤ ٣٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،٤٦‫א‬‫א‬،٣٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٩
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
DX‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
f=25mmE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ Kf=15mmf-8mm‫א‬
f=300mmf=50mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  f=35mm
f=300mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 
٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  DXENormal lensF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٣٥F‫א‬‫א‬E٥٠F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 DX EWide angle lensF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ٥٠F ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬E١٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬ ،E٦٦FE٣٥FE١٣٥F
 KE٤٠FE٦٠FE٨٠F
٥١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 DXEFish eye lensF‫א‬  J٣
 
E ١٦F‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ١٨٠‫א‬،E٨F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 DXETelephoto lensF‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٥‫א‬٢٠٠ ٧٠ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥٠٠١٠٠‫א‬،٨٠،١٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
٥٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
DXEzoom lens F‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬ ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،
 K٧٠٣٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K٤٨٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K٣٠٠ J٧٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ o
DX Emacro lensF‫א‬  J٦
 
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
٥٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
WE‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F٢٢١٦١١٨٥{٦٤٢{٨٢١{٤E‫א‬F
٥٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K
٥٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫ א‬-١
 K‫ א‬ W‫א‬‫ א‬-٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫ א‬-٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٤
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ W‫א‬‫ א‬-٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫ א‬-٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٣
٥٧
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬  J٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
٥٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
٥٩
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
٦٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
٦١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 •
 ‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
٦٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 ‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬f 8‫א‬  J٧
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
  J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
٦٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 •
 ‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
٦٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬١٢٥‫א‬  J٧
   
 
  J٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
٦٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
‫א‬  J٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •
  •
 ‫א‬ •
 ‫• א‬
 ‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
٦٦
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
٦٧
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
٦٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •
  •
 ‫א‬ •
 ‫• א‬
 ‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
٦٩
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬  J٧
‫ א‬ J٨
  J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
٧٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  ‫א‬
      

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
??‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E  FEF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
٧١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬
.........................................................................................................................................W
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.………...........……….......................… W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
٧٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،CD's
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 
 ١٦٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EASPF‫א‬‫א‬١١٠،١٢٠،١٣٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
٧٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
٧٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
٧٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬١٢٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬١٣٥
   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
E
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECD‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
     
٧٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
٧٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ K٩
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
٧٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J١
٦ ٨ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
 W‫א‬  J٢
،  ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
٨١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 W‫• א‬
 W‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
٨٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Z‫א‬H‫א‬
 Z‫א‬H‫א‬
 Z‫א‬H‫א‬
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E ،، ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬

  W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬ZH‫א‬
 ZE‫א‬H‫א‬FH‫א‬
، ‫א‬، ،E F‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬
 
٨٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬ZH‫א‬
 ‫א‬ZE‫א‬H‫א‬FH‫א‬
 K‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ZH‫א‬
 KZEHFH‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W  J١
E HF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W  J٢
E–F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W  J٣
E– F‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W  J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
٨٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬  J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ o
 Ey -F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، o
EM -F‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، o
EC-F‫א‬
٨٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫ א‬-١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫ א‬-٢
 K‫א‬  W‫א‬‫ א‬-٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫ א‬-٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫ א‬-٦
 ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫ א‬-٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
٨٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
 
٩٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
 
‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
 
 
‫א‬  J٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
٩١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 
٩٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
٩٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  •
 E‫א‬F‫א‬ •
 EF •
 ECDF •
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 •
 •
 •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
٩٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
‫א‬  J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٥
٩٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
٩٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F  J٧
 
‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
 
‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٠
 
‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٣
٩٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
٩٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
‫א‬A "
‫א‬B "
 
‫א‬C "
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
٩٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  
 
  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
E‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
١٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٣
    
  
١٠١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
١٠٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٣
١٠٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

        ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E FEF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
١٠٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬
.........................................................................................................................................W
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.………...........……….......................… W‫א‬‫א‬
 
١٠٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
   

        EBodyF‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
??‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E FEF‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
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‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
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 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E√F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬ 
          ‫א‬ EBodyF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
           ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬
           ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
          ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
            ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFEF‫א‬
 
.........................................................................................................................................W
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.………...........……….......................… W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٨ -
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
   K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
   K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ١٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ١٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ٣٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ٤٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ٤٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ٤٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ٥٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ٥٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
١٠٩
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬
 ٥٧  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ٥٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٠  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧١  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ٧٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ٧٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٠  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٣  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٩  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ٩٠  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٨  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٢  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٤  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ١٠٥  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
 ١٠٦  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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أساسيات التصوير الفوتوغرافي

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

         ‫א‬

 ‫א‬، ٦C٧‘٩C٦

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫ א‬ J١

‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٠

  DXENormal lensF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١

‫א‬‫א‬E ٥٠F ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬

 DXEFish eye lensF‫א‬  J٣

DXEzoom lens F‫א‬‫א‬  J٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

          ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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