Professional Documents
Culture Documents
.
:
.
- -
.
.
1
.
.
.
.
" "
.
.
.
.
.
1955
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
.
" ..
. .. " ) ( 1
"
" ) ( 2 "
" )
.(3
.
.
.
- -
.
.
:
- " "
/
) (
.
.
- -
- -
4
-
. -
.
.
)
( 1802 - 1798 ) ( 1821- 1769
) ( 1789
- -
.
" .
) 1453 (
.
) 1513 ( .
) 1683 (
-
.
) 732 ( " ) . ( 4
"
" " ) ( " "
) ( " "
) ( " " ) ( " )
.(5
) ( 1546 - 1483
5
- -
) ( 1543 - 1473 ) ( 1642 - 1564
) ( 1630 - 1571 ) (1727 - 1642
) ( 1626 - 1561 ) ( 1650 - 1596
) ( 1677 - 1632
) ( 1789 ) (
.
" ...
.
.. ..
"
).(6
" "
" " "
. :
.
:
"
" " " " " " " " ) . ( 7
6
.
-
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
- ) - 1769
( 1849 ) ( 1848 - 1805
.
" "
" "
"
" "
" "
) ( 1730 - 1703
7
) ( 1754 - 1730
) ( 1807- 1789 .
"
"
" ) ( 8
"
.
.
" ) ( 9
"
.
.
.
)
(
. ( 10 ) " ..
.
.
-
- .
.
.
-1 ) ( 1873 - 1801
) ( 1824 - 1817
8
) ( 1831 - 1826
) - 1766
( 1835
.
) - 1850
( 1854
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 )
(.
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
:
-1 " " .
-2 " " .
" -3 " .
" -4 " .
.
-2 ) ( 1897 - 1838
1850
1857
1868
9
1869
1871
1879
1883
1884
18
1886 1887
1890 1891 1892
.
.
" " " "
.
.
-3 ) ( 1905 - 1849
1866
1871 1879
1880
1885
" "
1883 "
" 1885 1889
10
.
.
" " "
" " "
" "
.
.
"
" "
.. ..
- " - " "
" - " "
" "
..
!..
" - - " "
" - ) ( .. )
( .. .. .. ..
: ) 1290 - 1216 1873 - 1801 (
) 1314 - 1254 1897 - 1838 (
11
" ) . ( 13
.
:
-1 ) . ( 1801 - 1798
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 " ) . ( 14
.
- -
.
"
" ) ( 15 "
) 1950
( " ) . ( 16
" .. "
) ( 17 "
. -
-
13
.
.
" ) . ( 18
.
-
.
- -
- -
-
-
.
.
.
14
.
.
"
.
. " "
" ) ( 19
" :
.
" ) ( 20
- -
- -
"
-
6 -
" ) . ( 21
:
-1
.
.
15
-2
"
" ) ( 22
" - -
" ) ( 23 "
- 1 :
-
- - 2 .... - 3 ....
- 4 ....
- 5 ....
" ) ( 24
"
" "
" "
.
" "
" ) ( 25
.
.
.
1798
1840 - 1832
16
1882 1919
1920
1924
1928 1936
1948
1956 1967 1973
1990 - 1975
1979 1988 - 1980
1982 1986 1990
1991
.
- 3
. "
.
.
.
.
" ) ( 26
.
.
.
.
.
"
" ) . ( 27
17
.
- -
.
*
65
.
.
.
- -
%85 .
.
18
.
.
.
.
" "
" - " " - : .. ..
.. .. .. "
" - - ( 28 ) " ..
" : - -
-
- "
" " " ..
- - -
.. - -
.. - - - "
" ! - -
" "
.. " " "
" .. ..
" " - -
" " ! . ( 29 ) " ..
"
.
" ) . ( 30
19
.
1998
.
.
-
-
:
-1 .
-2
.
-3
.
-4 .
-5
.
:
-1
.
-2
.
-3
.
-4
20
.
-5
.
-6
.
-7
) (
) ( 1902 - 1854
.
) (
..
- -
.
.
-8 "
21
( 31 ) " ...
"
..
.
( 32 ) " ..
"
. ( 33 ) " ..
-9
.
-10
.
-11
.
-12
.
22