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A> L thuyt: MT S CNG THC THNH NHANH Cho phn ng : A + B + D.

C Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: mA + mB = mC + mD 1, Nu phn ng A(r) + Bdd Cdd + D - (D - l kh hoc kt ta) Ta c : m dd sau pu = m A + m ddB - m D 2, Nu phn ng ddA + ddB Ta c : m dd sau pu = m ddA + m ddB - m D 3, Oxi ho Ancol bng CuO
t a, Ancolb1 + CuO Andehit + Cu + H 2O m 1mol 1mol 1mol = mO ( oxitpu ) 1mol 1mol ch / ran 0 t b, Ancolb2 + CuO Xeton+ Cu + H 2O Ta c mancol = mh2 hoi ( Andehit , H O ) - mO ( oxit ) 2 1mol 1mol 1mol 1mol 1mol nandehit = nH 2O = nO (Oxit ) 4, Nu cho mt hoc hn hp cc kim loi (ng trc H) tc dng ht vi dd HCl : mMCl2 = mM + mCl M + 2HCl M Cl2 + H2 .ta c: nCl - = nHCl = 2nH 2 5, Nu cho mt hoc hn hp cc kim loi (ng trc H) tc dng ht vi dd H2SO4 long : mM 2 ( SO4 )n = mM + mSO42 M + H2SO4 M (SO4)n + H2 .ta c: nSO42- = nH 2SO4 = nH 2 6, Nu cho mt hoc hn hp cc oxit kim loi tc dng ht vi dd HCl: mMCln = mM 2On + mCl - - mO ( oxit ) M2On + 2nHCl 2MCln + nH2O. Ta c: nCl - = nHCl = 2nH 2O = 2 nO (oxit ) 7, Nu cho mt hoc hn hp cc oxit kim loi tc dng ht vi dd H2SO4 long: mM 2 ( SO4 )n = mM 2On + mSO42- - mO (oxit ) M2On + H2SO4 M2(SO4)n + H2O. Ta c: nSO42- = nH 2 SO4 = nH 2O = nO (oxit ) 8, Nu ho tan hon ton mt kim loi hoc hn hp cc kim loi vo dd HNO3 sau phn ng thu c mui nitrat (khng c NH4NO3) v sn phm kh cha N: N2 N O mM ( NO3 )n = mM + mNO3- = mM + 62.ne- nhuong M + HNO3 M ( NO3 )n + 2 + H 2O . Ta c NO nHNO3 ( pu ) = ne- nhuong + nN ( spkhu ) NO2 9, Nu ho tan hon ton mt kim loi hoc hn hp cc kim loi vo dd H2SO4 c, nng sau phn ng thu c mui sunfat v sn phm kh cha S: ne-nhuong S mM 2 ( SO4 )n = mM + mSO42- = mM + 96. 2 t 0c M + H 2 SO4 d M 2 ( SO4 )n + SO2 + H 2O .Ta c ne- nhuong H S nH 2SO4 ( pu ) = + nS ( spkhu ) 2 2 10, Nu in phn dd M2(SO4)n hoc dd M(NO3)n hoc dd MCln m thy khi lng dd sau in phn gim th:
0

ddC + D -

(D - l kh hoc kt ta)

mdd = mKL + m VD: M2(SO4)n + H2O Th mdd = mM + mO2


GV: BI VN GIP - TRNG THPT NGUYN TRNG T - VINH -1dpdd 2M +

n O2 2

+ H2SO4

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11, Nu kh mt oxit hoc hn hp cc oxit X bng cht kh CO hoc H2 : Fe2O3 , FeO, Fe3O4 CO CO t 0C Fe, Cu , Zn, Pb X CuO, ZnO, PbO + Y + 2 .Ta c s : MgO, Al2O3 , CaO H 2 MgO, Al O , CaO H 2 2 3 CO + O(oxit) CO2 hoc H2 + O(oxit) H2O. khi : mX = mY + mo (oxit ) mX = mY + mo (oxit ) hoc nO (oxit ) = nCO ( pu ) = nco2 nO (oxit ) = nH 2 ( pu ) = nH 2O + Nu cho hn hp kh v hi thu c qua dd Ca(OH)2 d thu c kt ta CaCO3 th nO (oxit ) = nCO2 = nCaCO3 + Nu cho hn hp kh v hi qua dd Ca(OH)2 thu c ag kt ta v khi lng dd tng hoc gim bg th: nO (oxit ) = nCO2 = nCaCO3 mCaCO3 + mdd mCO2 + mH 2O = mCaCO3 - mdd 12, Nu un m gam hn hp n ancol n chc vi H2SO4 c, 140 0C (H=100%) c m gam hn hp H 2 SO4 ,1400 C cc ete c s mol bng nhau th: 2ROH R-O-R + H2O mH 2O = mancol - mete n ( n + 1) + S ete thu c = v 2 nete = nH 2O 13, a, X phng ho hon ton m gam lipit (cht bo) X bng dd NaOH hoc KOH thu c m gam cht rn. (RCOO)3C3H5 + 3NaOH 3RCOONa + C3H5(OH)3 . Ta c: mX + mNaOH = m' + mC H (OH ) 3 5 3 1 nC3H 5 (OH )3 = nNaOH 3 b, Thu phn hon ton m gam lipit (cht bo) X trong mi trng axit thu c m gam Glixeron th: mX + mH 2O = mRCOOH + m' (RCOO)3C3H5 + 3H2O 3RCOOH + C3H5(OH)3 . Ta c: nC3 H 5 (OH )3 = n( RCOO )3 C3 H 5 14, Nu t chy hon ton mt hoc nhiu hirocacbon thu c CO2 v H2O: mCx H y = mC + mH 0 t c CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O. Ta c nC = nCO2 , nH = 2nH 2O nO = nCO + 1 nH O 2 2 2 2 15, Dn V lt (ktc) hn hp X gm axetilen v hiro i qua ng s ng bt Niken nung nng, thu c kh Y. Dn Y vo lng d AgNO3 (hoc Ag 2O) trong dd NH3 thu c x mol kt ta. Kh i ra khi dd phn ng va vi y mol Brom v cn li kh Z. t chy hon ton kh Z thu c z mol kh CO2 (ktc) v t mol nc. Gi tr ca V l:

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x = nAgC CAg V = VC2 H 2 + VH 2 1 y = nBr2 Trong nC2 H 2 = x + y + z 2 z = nCO2 1 t = n H 2O nH 2 = t + y - 2 z 16, Nu t chy hon ton hn hp gm 1 hoc nhiu Ankan v 1 hoc nhiu Anken th: n Ankan = nH 2O - nCO2 17, Nu t chy hon ton hn hp 1 hoc nhiu Anken v 1 hoc nhiu Ankin th: n Anken = nCO2 - nH 2O 18, Nu t chy hon ton hn hp 1 hoc nhiu Ankan v 1 hoc nhiu Ankin m thu c nCO2 = nH 2O th : n Ankan = nAnkin 19, Ho tan hon ton a gam hn hp X gm cc mui ccbonat A2CO3, BCO3, N2(CO3)3,.... vo dd HCl thu c V lt kh (ktc) v mg mui th: nH O = nCO 2 2 M 2 ( CO3 )n + 2 nHCl 2 MCln + nCO2 + nH 2 O . Ta c: nHCl = 2nH 2O = 2 nCO2 mMCln = a + 11nCO2 20, Ho tan hon ton a gam hn hp X gm cc mui ccbonat A2CO3, BCO3, N2(CO3)3,.... vo dd H2SO4 long thu c V lt kh (ktc) v mg mui th: nH 2SO4 = nH 2O = nCO2 M 2 ( CO3 )n + nH 2 SO4 M 2 ( SO4 )n + nCO2 + nH 2O . Ta c: mM 2 ( SO4 )n = a + 36 nCO2 21, Ho tan hon ton a gam hn hp cc Oxit kim loi M2On vo dd cha x mol HCl thu c dd cha m gam mui th: M 2On + 2nHCl 2 MCln + nH 2 O . Ta c: mMCl = a + 27, 5nHCl
n

22, Ho tan hon ton a gam hn hp cc Oxit kim loi M2On vo dd cha x mol H2SO4 long thu c dd cha m gam mui th: M 2On + nH 2 SO4 M 2 ( SO4 )n + nH 2 O . Ta c: mM ( SO ) = a + 80nH 2SO4
2 4 n

23, Cho mg hn hp Ancol n chc, bc 1 tc dng ht vi Na thu c V lt kh H2 (ktc). Mt khc cng mg hn hp trn tch nc 1400C, H2SO4 c thu c hn hp cc ete th: 1 R - OH + Na R - ONa + 2 H 2 nH = nH 2O . Ta c: 2 1400 C , H 2 SO4 mAncol = mete + mH 2O R - OH 1 R - O - R + 1 H O 2 2 2 24, Nu cho oxit MO ca kim loi ho tr II khng i tc dng vi dd H2SO4 C1% thu c dd mui c nng C2% th: 16C1C2 + 9800C2 - 9600C1 M= 100C1 - C1C2 25, Ho tan hon ton mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi M ho tr n bng dd H2SO4 long C1%. Sau phn ng thu c dd mui sunfat nng C2%.Xc nh kim loi M? M 2 ( CO3 )n + nH 2 SO4 M 2 ( SO4 )n + nCO2 + nH 2O . Ta c:

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M=

16C1C2 + 9800C2 - 9600C1 n . 100C1 - C1C2 2

26, Khi ho tan Hiroxit kim loi M (OH)2 bng mt lng va dd H2SO4 C1% thu c dd mui trung ho c nng C2%. Xc nh kim loi M? 34C1C2 + 9800C2 - 9600C1 M= 100C1 - C1C2 27, Nu cho m gam hn hp A gm Ba v Al vo H2O d thu c n1 mol H2. Cng mg hn hp A cho vo dd NaOH thu c n2 mol H2 (vi n1 < n2) th: x = nBa , y = n Al n1 = 4 x n2 = x + 1,5 y mA = 29, 75n1 + 18n2 28, Nu cho m gam hn hp A gm Na v Al vo H2O d thu c n1 mol H2. Cng mg hn hp A cho vo dd NaOH thu c n2 mol H2 (vi n1 < n2) th: mA = 7 n1 + 18n2 29, Ho tan hon ton m gam ZnSO4 vo nc c dd X. Nu cho dd cha x mol KOH hoc NaOH vo X th thu c a gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu cho dd cha y mol KOH hoc NaOH vo X th thu c b gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l: a > b x < y ya - xb m = 161 4 ( a - b) 30, Thu phn hon ton x mol Saccarozo trong mi trng axit thu c dd X. Cho X tc dng vi AgNO3/ NH3 d thu c ti a m gam Ag. Tnh m? th: mAg = 432.x 31, Thi V lt CO2 (ktc) vo x mol Ca(OH)2 thu c y mol kt ta (vi 0 < y < x). Tnh V? th: VCO2 Min = 22, 4 y HoacVCO2Max = 22, 4 ( 2 x - y ) , nOH - = 2 x 32, Dn x mol CO2 vo dd cha y mol Ca(OH)2 thu c bao nhiu gam kt ta th: m = 100 ( 2 y - x ) nOH - = 2 y vi y < x < 2y

33, Dn V lt CO2 (ktc) vo dd Ca(OH)2 thu c x mol kt ta v dd X. un nng dd X li thu c y mol kt ta na. Tnh V? th: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O. 2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2 Ta c: V = 22, 4 ( x + 2 y ) Kt ta l CaCO3. Sau : Ca(HCO3)
t c CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O.
o

34, Hp th hon ton x mol CO2 vo a mol Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2 thu c y mol kt ta (vi x+ y a= x y ). Tnh a? Th: 2 35, Cho V lt dd NaOH CM vo dd c cha x mol AlCl3 cho n khi thu c y mol kt ta Al(OH)3 th dng li. Tnh V?
GV: BI VN GIP - TRNG THPT NGUYN TRNG T - VINH -4-

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AlCl3 Al(OH)3

3NaOH Al(OH)3 + 3NaCl. NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O. 3x Ta c: a, Nu x = y th nNaOH = 3 x V = CM + + b, Nu 0 < y < x th nNaOH ( Min ) = 3 y V = 3y 4x - y Hoc nNaOH ( Max ) = 4 x - y V = CM CM

36, Mt dd cha x mol ion Al3+ tc dng vi dd cha y mol NaOH. iu kin thu c kt ta sau phn ng l: y < 4x 37, Cho dd cha x mol AlCl3 vo dd c cha y mol NaOH. iu kin thu c kt ta ln nht v y = 3x b nht l: y 4x 38, Cho dd cha x mol Al2(SO4)3 vo dd c cha y mol NaOH. iu kin thu c kt ta ln nht y = 6x v b nht l: y 8x 39, Mt dd cha x mol NaAlO2 tc dng vi dd cha y mol HCl. iu kin thu c kt ta sau phn ng l: y < 4x NaAlO2 + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O. 40, Cho t t V lt dd HCl CM vo x mol NaAlO2 thu c y mol kt ta. Tnh V? + HCl + H2O Al(OH)3 + NaCl + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O. x Ta c: a, Nu x = y th nHCl = nH + = x = y V = CM NaAlO2 Al(OH)3 b, Nu 0 < y < x th nHClMin = y V = y 4x - 3 y Hoc nHClMax = 4 x - 3 y V = CM CM

41, Cho Hirocacbon A mch h qua bnh dd AgNO3/NH3 d c kt ta to thnh th: NH 3 ,t 0 2CxHy + tAg 2O 2CxHy-tAgt + H2O. Ta c: mbinh - = mA (a l s mol ca A, t l s nguyn t H lin kt vi C C) m = mA + 107.t.a 42, Nung mg Fe ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian ta thu c a gam hn hp cht rn Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3.Ho tan ht a gam hn hp X vo dd HNO3 d thu c V lt kh NO( hoc NO2, N2O, N2)(sn phm kh duy nht) v dd mui sau khi lm khan thu c b gam. Ta c: mFe = 0, 7 a + 5, 6ne- nhancua N b = mFe( NO3 )3 = 242nFe 43, Nung mg Fe ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian ta thu c a gam hn hp cht rn Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3.Ho tan ht a gam hn hp X vo dd H2SO4 c nng, d thu c V lt kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht) v dd mui sau khi lm khan thu c b gam. Ta c: mFe = 0, 7 a + 5, 6ne- nhan cua S b = mFe2 ( SO4 )3 = 200 nFe 44, Nu cho hn hp Hirocacbon cha no v H2 qua Ni, t0(hay Pt, t0). Th: 45, Nu cho hn hp c cha Hirocacbon qua dd Brom hoc dd KMnO4 th:
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Vh 2 giam = VH 2 pu

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Vh 2 giam = VHidrocacbon( chuano ) mdd( tan g ) = mHidrocacbon( chuano ) 46, t chy hon ton hp cht hu c A ri cho sn phm chy qua bnh (1) ng H2SO4 c hoc P2O5 hoc CaCl2 khan. Sau qua bnh (2) ng dd Ca(OH)2 hoc dd Ba(OH)2 hoc NaOH hoc dd m1 = mH 2O KOH. Thy bnh (1) tng m1 gam, bnh (2) tng m2 gam. Th: m2 = mCO2
47, Mt dd X gm NH4+ x M v NH3 y M. Bit hng s phn li ca NH4+ bng ka. Tnh pH dd X. Ta c :

H + 2 + ( y + ka ) H + - x.k = 0 a + pH = - lg H
48, t chy hon ton hp cht hu c A ri cho sn phm chy qua bnh ng dd Ca(OH)2 hoc dd Ba(OH)2 hoc NaOH hoc dd KOH. Thy bnh tng m gam. Th: mbinh - = mCO2 + mH 2O 49, t chy hon ton hp cht hu c A ri cho sn phm chy qua bnh ng dd Ca(OH)2 hoc dd Ba(OH)2. Thy to m1 gam kt ta v khi lng dd tng(hoc gim) m2 gam . Th: mCO2 + mH 2O = m1 m2 ( + i vi dd tng; i vi dd gim) nCO2 = nk / tua 50, Cho dd X cha x mol Aa+, y mol Bb+, z mol Cc- , t mol Dd-. C cn dd X thu c m gam mui khan th: x.a + y.b = z.c + t.d m = x.M A + y.M B + z.M C + t.M D 51, Clo ho PVC thu c mt Polime cha x% Clo v khi lng. Trung bnh 1 phn t Clo phn 56,8 - 0,552 x ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC. Gi tr ca k l: k= x - 56,8 52, Cho t t dung dch cha a mol HCl vo dung dch cha b mol Na2CO3 cho n khi thu c V lt kh (ktc) th ngng li thu c dung dch X. Cho Ca(OH)2 d vo dung dch X thy c kt ta. Biu thc lin h gia a, b v V l: V = 22, 4 ( a - b )
53, in li a v hng s cn bng kcb Xt cn bng : CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ Ban u : C0 0 0 Phn li : C C C Cn bng :(C0 C) C C

Ta c :

54, Mi quan h gia s mol ru nguyn cht (n), th tch dd ru (V ml), ru ( D0 ) v khi lng ring ca ru (D g/ml )

H + = C = a .C0 = C0 kcb Vi iu kin kcb a = C0 pH = - lg H +

a < 0,1hoacC0 .K cb > 10 -12 C0 K > 100 cb

D . D 0 .V n = 4600
55, Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm x mol FeS2 v y mol Cu2S vo dd HNO3 va thu c dd X (ch cha 2
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mui sunfat ) v V lt kh NO duy nht. Gi tr ca V l :

x = 2 y 15 x + 10 y = 3nNO

56, t m gam Cu trong O2 thu c a gam hn hp cht rn X gm Cu, Cu2O v CuO. Ho tan hon ton X trong dd HNO3 d thu c V lt kh NO hoc NO2 (sn phm kh duy nht ktc) v dd Y. Tnh m v khi

lng mui c trong dd Y.

mCu = 0, 8 a + 6, 4 ne nhan ung voi N mCu ( NO3 )2 = 188 nCu

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