NHIM ARSENIC V NHNG NH HNG N SC KHE

BS.CKII. V Trng Thin Ths. ng Ngc Chnh Khoa Sc khe Mi trng Vin v sinh Y t Cng cng Tp.HCM
Arsenic (hay cn gi l thch tn) l mt hp cht v c, nu c ln tp cht th mu hi hng hoc vng. dng tinh khit Arsenic c mu trng khng mi, v hi ngt v rt c, t tan trong nc. 1) Ngun gc nhim Arsenic S tun hon khp ton cu ca Arsenic cho thy thin nhin a vo bu kh quyn 45.000 tn Arsenic/nm, trong khi cc ngun nhn to a thm vo bu kh quyn khong 28.000 tn Arsenic/nm. Arsenic tn ti trong mt chu trnh kn: t cc qu trnh phong ha cc cha Arsenic, t cc hot ng ca con ngi s thi mt lng Arsenic vo trong mi trng t, khng kh v nc. Cc dng Arsenic trm tch trong mi trng nc (dng ha tan, hp th l lng), mt phn tr li mi trng t, khng kh, mt phn i vo cc vi sinh vt thy sinh, i vo c th con ngi. S nhim cc i tng mi trng nh t, khng kh, i dng s dn n s nhim trong mi trng nc. nhim Arsenic do qu trnh t nhin: Qu trnh nhit dch, to qung sulfur, a kim, vng; hot ng ni la; qu trnh phong ha...din ra cc vng ni vi cc bin i nhit dch, qung vng, a kim, v phong ha cng nh t pht trin trn chng. Qu trnh xi mn, phong ha lm giu Arsenic trong qung oxyhydroxit st sau l nhng qu trnh bi p ph sa, trm tch ha dn ti hnh thnh trm tch cha Arsenic trong cc a tng. Ngi ta xc nh ngun gc gy nhim ch yu ca Arsenic i vi mi trng nc l do qu trnh kh ha, ha tan cc khong cht giu Arsenic trong t vo ngun nc ngm. Do , nhng vng c nhiu khong giu Arsenic th kh nng gy nhim ngun nc cng cao.

 nhim Arsenic do hot ng nhn sinh: Trong cng nghip: Arsenic xm nhp vo mi trng qua ngun nc thi cng nghip, kh thi, x l cc khong arsenic, s t chy cc nhin liu ha thch, cc cht thi rn trong cng nghip Cc qu trnh x l qung Arsenic, chit xut Arsenic t cc qung cha n; luyn kim mu Cu, Pb, Zn, Ca, Sb; ch to, sn xut cc ho cht bo v thc vt. Trong k ngh thuc da, lm rng lng da, x l cc con th nhi rm v bo qun cc sn phm thuc da. Trong k ngh thy tinh, mt s hp cht Arsenic c dng ci tin cht lng sn phm.

Trong nng nghip: Arsenic phc hp c dng lm cht dit cn trng, thuc dit c nh trioxid Arsenic; cc hp cht mui ca Arsenic vi Pb, Ca, Na: natri arsenat, canxi arsenat, mononatri metan arsenat, cht lm kh gip cho bng vi c thu hoch d dng hn sau khi rng l. c lng trn th gii khong 8.000 tn Arsenic/nm c dng lm thuc dit c; 12.000 tn Arsenic/nm lm kh bng vi v 16.000 tn/nm bo qun g. T l dng thuc st trng t 2 - 4kg Arsenic/ha, lng demethylarsenic axit dng gp 3 ln. Mt lng nh Arsenic hu c dng lm thc n thm cho gia sc mc 10-50 mg/kg Arsenic, thc y s tng trng ca g ty v heo. Ngi ta pht hin nhiu vng nhim Arsenic trong t, nc, thc vt trn th gii nh: nhim Arsenic trong t Anh chim t l khong 2%, nhim Arsenic trong nc ngm ti M 8mg/l, Chil 800 g/l, Gana 175 mg/l, Ty Bengan 2000g/lHng trm ngn ngi Ty Bengan (n ) v Bangladesh, thuc lu vc sng Hng, b nhim c Arsenic. Theo c tnh c khong hng chc triu ngi trn th gii ang sng trong nhng mi trng giu Arsenic c nguy c e da n sc khe v tnh mng. Qu trnh pht trin cng nghip, nng nghip v th ha cng vi s khai thc nc ngm mt cch khng khoa hc v s ph hy mi trng t nhin l

nhng yu t lm gia tng mc nhim Arsenic trong mi trng. Theo c tnh hin nay hm lng Arsenic trong khng kh trung bnh khong 0,5 ng/m3, vng nhim l 20ng/m3, khu vc Chu u v Bc M 2,4 ng/m3, Nam M 0,9

1,6 ng/m3, Nht Bn 0,3 150 ng/m3. Hm lng Arsenic trong nc ma khu vc Thi Bnh Dng khong 0,6g/l. Hm lng Arsenic trong nc bin 3,7 g/l. Trong nc sng M l 1,5 g/l, c 3,6g/l, Thy in 10g/l, Anh 15 g/l. lin x trc y vic t than lm nhin liu thi vo khng kh khong 5000 tn Arsenic mi nm.
2) Hin trng nhim Arsenic ti Vit Nam

Ti Vit Nam nhim Arsenic cng c pht hin ti khu vc nh ng bng sng Hng: hm lng Arsenic trong nc sng Hng H Ni khong 0,011 - 0,022mg/L, sng Kim Ngu v c bit l sng T Lch c biu hin nhim Arsenic. Theo H Vng Bch (2000), mu bn h Linh m nhim Arsenic ti 1,75 ln gi tr gii hn. Nc di t tng Holocen (qh) c hin tng nhim Arsenic, hm lng trung bnh khong 0,0159mg/L (dao ng 0,0002 - 0,132mg/L), gp ti 29% s lng mu vt gii hn cho php. Nng Arsenic trong nc bin ng theo ma, trong ma kh cao hn ma ma ti 10 ln v c hin tng nm sau cao hn nm trc. Nc di t tng pleistocen cng c biu hin nhim Arsenic. Hm lng Arsenic trung bnh y khong 0,013mg/L, dao ng trong khong 0,0003 - 0,013mg/L, gp khong 6% s mu vt gii hn cho php. Cng pht hin mt s d thng Arsenic trong nc tng Pleistocen - thuc khu vc gia sng Hng v sng ung ( Trng S, 1993). Theo GS. Phm Hng Vit, 2000, t thng 4/1999 - 2/2000 s bin Arsenic trong nc bi ging ca cc nh my nc H Ni cc bi ging Yn Ph, H nh, Php Vn dao ng t 0,02 0,08mg/L, c th l biu hin nhim Arsenic. Nhn chung mc nhim Arsenic trong nc ngm H Ni khng phn b u trn din tch v chiu su cc tng cha nc, thng tp chung mt s khu vc c a hnh thp v trng v c bit l khu cng nghip tp trung. V mt phn vng nhim Arsenic th khu vc Nam H Ni b nhim nng hn so vi cc khu vc khc. ng bng sng Cu long (BSCL) c cu to a tng nh Bangladesh do c nguy c nhim Arsenic. Kt qu kho st ca Vin V sinh Y t Cng cng Tp.HCM (2002 - 2005) cho thy mt s tnh thuc nh hng ca sng Mkng c du hiu nhim Arsenic trong nc ngm: huyn Chu thnh tnh Tin Giang nc ging ti mt s x c hm lng Arsenic 70 - 100 mg/l. Ti mt s huyn nh An Ph, Ph Tn, Tn Chu thuc tnh An Giang v Cao

Lnh, Tam Nng, Thanh Bnh thuc tnh ng Thp, hm lng Arsenic trong nc ngm ca mt s ging t 830 ppb n 1070 ppb, cao hn gp hng trm ln so vi tiu chun cho php l 10 ppb. c bit cc x thuc huyn An Ph tnh An Giang c 97,30% s ging iu tra b nhim Arsenic vi hm lng cao hn 100 ppb (253 mu trn tng s 260 mu kho st). Kt qu nghin cu trng hp nhim c Arsen do s dng nc ngm ti huyn Tri Tn v An Ph cho pht hin mt s trng hp nhim c Arsenic: c hm lng Arsenic trong tc v nc tiu cao hn hn so vi tiu chun quy nh ca B Y t, mt s c cc biu hin ca bnh Arsenic giai on u dy sng lng bn tay, bn chn, tng gim sc t da.
3) nh hng ca nhim c Arsenic n sc khe

Mc d rt c nhng trong ng y Arsenic (thch tn) c s dng vi liu lng nh lm thuc kch thch n ngon, kch thch s trao i cht, tc dng nh thuc tr lc, bi dng (thng s dng trong cc thnh phn thuc b) tr cc bnh bing n, thiu mu, suy mn. Trong ty y ghi nhn thch tn c tc dng lm d th trong hen suyn, do c th bi tit qua da nn thch tn cn c dng lm thnh phn trong mt s thuc bnh da nh: chm kh, vy nn. Khi ngnh ha hu c pht trin th thch tn c a vo cc hp cht hu c nhm loi bt cc tnh c s dng lm thuc iu tr cho ngi, trc khi cc khng sinh c tm thy, cc hp cht hu c cha thch tn c s dng tr bnh giang mai (thuc Arspheamine), bnh amib (thuc Stovrasl hay Carbasone) Vo nhng nm 60 ca th k XX c nhng cng trnh nghin cu dc l hc v thch tn cho thy nhng tc dng ph v lm sng v sinh hc rt
nghim trng C mi lin h gia ung th phi v mt vi dng ung th khc (bng quan, da) vi iu tr bng thch tn. Dc in ca nhiu nc loi tr thch tn trong iu tr.

c tnh ca Arsenic l khi hp th vo c th n lm bt hot cc men (enzyme) c cha nhm chc SH (sulfhydryl) bng cch gn nguyn t Arsenic vo. Khi ung Arsenic vo c th th n c hp thu rt nhanh nhng li thi tr rt chm v khng hon ton, mt phn c tch t ti cc b phn ca c th.

Mt s nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc M, Anh, Trung Quc ch ra rng nhim c Arsenic qua ng h hp v tiu ha c th dn n cc thng tn da
nh tng hoc gim mu ca da, tng sng ha v ung th da v phi, ung th bng quang, ung th thn, ung th mi, ung th rut. Ngoi ra, Arsenic cn c th gy cc bnh: to chng gan, bnh i ng, bnh s gan. Khi c th b nhim c Arsenic, ty theo mc v thi gian tip xc s biu hin nhng triu chng vi nhng tc hi khc nhau, c chia ra lm 2 trng hp nh sau : Nhim c cp tnh Qua ng tiu ha: Khi anhydrit Arsenic hoc ch Arsenat nut vo c th (qu 100 mg) s biu hin cc triu chng nhim c nh ri lon tiu ho (au bng, nn, bng v kh ming, tiu chy nhiu v c th b mt nc). Bnh cng tng t nh bnh t c th dn ti t vong trong vng t 12-18 gi. Trng hp sng st th nn nhn c th b vim da trc vy v vim dy thn kinh ngoi vi. Mt tc ng c trng khi b nhim c Arsenic dng hp cht v c qua ng ming l s xut hin cc vt mu en v sng trn da.

Qua ng h hp: ht th khng kh c bi, khi hoc hi cha Arsenic

Kch ng cc ng h hp vi biu hin ho, au khi ht vo, kh th. Ri lon thn kinh nh nhc u, chng mt, au cc chi. Hin tng xanh tm mt c cho l tc dng gy lit ca Arsenic i vi cc mao mch. Cc tn thng mt nh vim da m mt, vim kt mc. Nhim c mn tnh Nhim c Arsenic mn tnh c th gy ra cc tc dng ton thn v cc b. Cc triu chng nhim c Arsenic mn tnh xy ra sau 2- 8 tun biu hin nh sau: Giai on 1: Tn thng da, vi cc biu hin ban , sn v mn nc, cc tn thng kiu lot nht l cc phn da h, tng sng ho gan bn tay v bn chn, nhim sc (en da do Arsenic), cc vn trng mng (gi l m vn Mees). Giai on 2: Tn thng cc nim mc, nh vim kt-gic mc, kch ng cc ng h hp trn, vim nim mc h hp. C th lm thng vch ngn mi.

Ri lon d dy - rut bao gm bun nn, nn, au bng, tiu chy v to bn lun phin nhau, lot d dy. Ri lon thn kinh c cc biu hin nh vim dy thn kinh ngoi vi cm gicvn ng, c th y l biu hin duy nht ca nhim c asen mn tnh. C th c cc biu hin khc nh t u cc chi, au cc chi, bc i kh khn, suy nhc c (ch yu cc c dui ngn tay v ngn chn). Nut phi hoc ht th Arsenic trong khng kh mt cch thng xuyn, lin tip c th dn ti cc tn thng thoi ha gan, t c th dn ti x gan. Tc ng n tim do Arsenic c th tc ng n c tim (biu hin cc ri lon in tim). Giai on 3: Ung th da c th xy ra khi tip xc vi Arsenic nh thng xuyn nut phi Arsenic trong thi gian di hoc da lin tc tip xc vi Arsenic. Ri lon ton thn ngi tip xc vi Arsenic nh lm gy mn, chn n. Ngoi cc tc dng ton thn ni trn, Arsenic cn gy ra tc dng cc b trn c th ngi tip xc do tnh cht n da ca cc hp cht Arsenic, vi cc triu chng nh lot da gy au n nhng v tr tip xc trong thi gian di vi Arsenic hoc lot nim mc mi, c th dn ti thng vch ngn mi. Trong mi trng sinh thi, cc dng hp cht Arsenic ha tr 3 c c tnh cao hn dng ha tr 5. Tnh c dng Arsenic ph thuc dng tn ti (tc cng thc ha hc ca hp cht), trng thi xy ha v tan ca n trong mi trng sinh hc. Mc c ca Arsenic gim dn theo th t ArsenicH3 > Arsenic (III) v c > Arsenic (III) hu c > Arsenic (V) v c > Arsenic (V) hu c > cc hp cht ArsenicH4. Arsenic (III) c gp 10 ln Arsenic (V). Mi trng kh l iu kin thun li cho nhiu hp cht Arsenic ha tr 5 chuyn sang ha tr 3. Trong nhng hp cht axt Arsenic th hp cht H3AsO3 c hn H3AsO4 di tc dng ca cc yu t oxy ha trong mi trng th H3AsO3 c th chuyn thnh dng H3AsO4. Th oxy ha kh, pH ca mi trng v lng kaloit giu Fe3+l nhng yu t quan trng tc ng n qu trnh oxy ha kh ca cc hp cht hu c trong t nhin. Nhng yu t ny c ngha lm tng hay gim c tnh ca cc hp cht Arsenic trong mi trng sng.