Eb = 52 x !

i
No N fb
The E,jNo ratio is the product of the carrier-to-noise ratio (GIN) and the noise band-
width-to-bit rate ratio (B/fb).Expressed as a log,

Eb (dB) = G (dB) +!i (dB) (7-6)

No N fb
The energy per bit (Eb) will remain constant as long as the total wideband carrier
power (C) and the transmission rate (bps) remain unchanged. Also, the noise density (No)
will remain constant as long as the noise temperature remains constant. The following
conclusion can be made: For a given carrier power, bit rate, and noise temperature, the
E,jNo ratio will ~main constant regardless of the encoding technique, modulation scheme,
or bandwidth used.
Figure 7-17 graphically illustrates the relationship between an expected probability
of error P(e) and the minimum GIN ratio required to achieve the P(e). The GIN specified is
for the minimum double-sided Nyquist bandwidth. Figure 7-18 graphically illustrates the
relationship between an expected P(e) and the minimum E,jNo ratio required to achieve
that P(e).
A P(e) of 10-5 (1/105) indicates a probability that 1 bit will be in error for every
100,000 bits transmitted. P(e) is analogous to the bit error rate (BER).

EXAMPLE7-6
A coherent binary phase-shift-keyed (BPSK) transmitter operates at a bit rate of 20 Mbps. For
a probability of error P(e) of 10-4:
(a) Determine the minimum theoretical CIN and EJNo ratios for a receiver bandwidth equal
to the minimum double-sided Nyquist bandwidth.
(b) Determine the CIN if the noise is measured at a point prior to the bandpass filter, where
the bandwidth is equal to twice the Nyquist bandwidth.
(c) Determine the CIN if the noise is measured at a point prior to the bandpass filter where
the bandwidth is equal to three times the Nyquist bandwidth.

Solution (a) With BPSK, the minimum bandwidth is equal to the bit rate, 20 MHz. From
Figure 7-17, the minimum ClNis 8.8 dB. Substituting into Equation 7-6 gives us

Eb (dB) = C (dB) + !i (dB)

No N fb

20 X 106
= 8.8 dB + 10 log 2 XI 6
0 0
= 8.8 dB + 0 dB = 8.8 dB
Note: The minimum E~o equals the minimum CIN when the receiver noise bandwidth
equals the minimum Nyquist bandwidth. The minimum E~o of 8.8 can be verified from Fig-
ure 7-18.
What effect does increasing the noise bandwidth have on the minimum CIN and E~o
ratios? The wideband carrier power is totally independent of the noise bandwidth. Similarly,
an increase in the bandwidth causes a corresponding increase in the noise power. Conse-
quently, a decrease in CIN is realized that is directly proportional to the increase in the noise
bandwidth. Eb is dependent on the wideband carrier power and the bit rate only. Therefore, Eb
is unaffected by an increase in the noise bandwidth. No is the noise power normalized to a
I-Hz bandwidth and, consequently, is also unaffected by an increase in the noise bandwidth.

Satellite System Parameters 287

 P(e)

~ ~
~ ~ ~ C- !/)
!/) !/) !/) <{ C-
C- C- C- cb cb
eo ~ oo ~

10-3
I I\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
10-4 \
\
\
\
\
\
\
10-6 \
\
\
\
,
,,
\
10-6
8-PSK
,\ 16-PSK
," I
i
10-7 v
,,
,,
160AM

:
I
II
I

,, : II
I

,, : I

10-6 ,~ ::
I, :
:'
I

:,
" I
:
: ,, :
:, :
I I
10-9

":' [:
:, :
:' :
:'I, " :I
10-10 C/N (dB)
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Figure 7-17 Pre) performance of M-ary PSK, GAM, QPR, and M-ary APK coherent
systems. The rms cm is specified in the double-sided Nyquist bandwidth.

(b) Since Ei/No is independent of bandwidth, measuring the C/N at a point in the receiver
where the bandwidth is equal to twice the minimum Nyquist bandwidth has absolutely no
effect on Ei/No. Therefore, Ei/No becomes the constant in Equation 7-6 and is used to
solve for the new value of C/N. Rearranging Equation 7-6 and using the calculated Ei/No
ratio, we have

288 Chap. 7 Satellite Communications

 ,
I,:
10-1

I:

10-2
II

II

10-3
I'

~ II~

e 10-4
~
.....
0
i.l
,£ IIl
:0
co : I~

"2 10-5
c...
I I

1111"

10-<3

'II

10-7
'II

II,

~II

10-<3
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

EbiNo (dB) III

Figure 7 -18 Probability of error P(e) versus Ebl No ratio for various digital
modulation schemes.
Iii

C (dB) = Eb (dB) - !i (dB)

N No fb

40 X 106 II

= 8.8dB - 10 log 20 X 106

= 8.8 dB - 10 log 2 II

= 8.8 dB - 3 dB = 5.8 dB

(c) Measuring the CIN ratio at a point in the receiver where the bandwidth equals three times
the minimum bandwidth yields the following results for CIN.

£ = Eb - 10 1 60 X 106
N No og 20 X 106
= 8.8dB - 10 log 3
= 4.03 dB
The CIN ratios of 8.8, 5.8, and 4.03 dB indicate the CIN ratios that would be measured
at the three specified points in the receiver to achieve the desired minimum E~o and Pee).

Satellite System Parameters 289

 Because Et/No cannot be directly measured to determine the Et/No ratio, the wideband
carrier-to-noise ratio is measured and then substituted into Equation 7-6. Consequently, to
accurately determine the Et/No ratio, the noise bandwidth of the receiver must be known.

EXAMPLE 7-7
A coherent 8-PSK transmitter operates at a bit rate of 90 Mbps. For a probability of error of
10-5:
(a) Determine the minimum theoretical CIN and Et/No ratios for a receiver bandwidth equal
to the minimum double-sided Nyquist bandwidth.
(b) Determine the CIN if the noise is measured at a point prior to the bandpass filter where
the bandwidth is equal to twice the Nyquist bandwidth.
(c) Determi~e the CIN if the noise is measured at a point prior to the bandpass filter where
the bandwidth is equal to three times the Nyquist bandwidth.

Solution (a) 8-PSK has a bandwidth efficiency of 3 bps/Hz and, consequently, requires a
minimum bandwidth of one-third the bit rate or 30 MHz. Froin Figure 7-17, the minimum
CIN is 18.5 dB. Substituting into Equation 7-6, we obtain

Eb (dB) = 18.5 dB + 10 log 30 MHz

No 90 Mbps
= 18.5 dB + (-4.8 dB) = 13.7 dB
(b) Rearranging Equation 7-6 and substituting for Et/No yields

C (dB) = 13 7 (dB) - 10 1 60 MHz

N . og 90 Mbps
= 13.7dB - (- 1.77 dB) = 15.47dB
(c) Again, rearranging Equation 7-6 and substituting for E,jNo gives us

52(dB = 13.7 (dB) - 10 1 90 MHz

N og 90 Mbps
= 13.7 dB - 0 dB = 13.7 dB
It should be evident from Examples 7-6 and 7-7 that the Et/No and CIN ratios are equal
only when the noise bandwidth is equal to the bit rate. Also, as the bandwidth at the point of
measurement increases, the CIN decreases.
When the modulation scheme, bit rate, bandwidth, and CIN ratios of two digital radio
systems are different it is often difficult to determine which system has the lower probability
of error. Because Et/No is independent of bit rate, bandwidth, and modulation scheme; it is a
convenient common denominator to use for comparing the probability of error performance
of two digital radio systems.

EXAMPLE 7-8
Compare the performance characteristics of the two digital systems listed below, and deter-
mine which system has the lower probability of error.

QPSK 8-PSK

Bit rate 4DMbps 60 Mbps

Bandwidth 1.5 X minimum 2 X minimum
CIN 10.75 dB 13.76 dB

Solution Substituting into Equation 7-6 for the QPSK system gives us

290 Chap. 7 Satellite Communications

 E C B
-1L
No (dB) = -N (dB) + 10 log Jb
7

= 10.75 dB + 10 log 1.5 X 20 MHz

40 Mbps
= 10.75 dB + (-1.25 dB)
= 9.5 dB

From Figure 7-18, the Pee) is 10-4.

Substituting into Equation 7-6 for the 8-PSK system gives us

~ Eb (dB) = 13.76 dB + 10 10 2 X 20 MHz

No g 60 Mbps
= 13.76dB + (-1.76 dB)
= 12dB
From Figure 7-18, the Pee) is 10-3.
Although the QPSK system has a lower C/N and E~o ratio, the Pee) of the QPSK sys-
tem is 10 times lower (better) than the 8-PSK system.

Gain-to-Equivalent Noise Temperature Ratio

Essentially, gain-to-equivalent noise temperature ratio (GITe) is a figure of merit used to

represent the quality of a satellite or an earth station receiver. The GITeof a receiver is the
ratio of the receive antenna gain to the equivalent noise temperature (Te) of the receiver.
Because of the extremely small receive carrier powers typically experienced with satellite
systems, very often an LNA is physically located at the feedpoint of the antenna. When
this is the case, GITe is a ratio of the gain of the receiving antenna plus the gain of the
LNA to the equivalent noise temperature. Mathematically, gain-to-equivalent noise tem-
perature ratio is
Q = Ar + A(LNA) (7-7)
Te Te
Expressed in logs, we have

Q (dBK-1) = Ar (dB) + A(LNA)(dB) - Te (dBK) (7-8)

Te
GITeis a very useful parameter for determining the EtfNo and C/N ratios at the satel-
lite transponder and earth station receivers. GITeis essentially the only parameter required
at a satellite or an earth station receiver when completing a link budget.

EXAMPLE7-9
For a satellite transponder with a receiver antenna gain of 22 dB, an LNA gain of 10 dB, and
an equivalent noise temperature of 22 dBK; determine the GlTe figure of merit.

Solution Substituting into Equation 7-8 yields

Q (dBK-1) = 22 dB + 10 dB - 22 dBK
Te

= 10 dBK-1

Satellite System Parameters 291

SATELLITE SYSTEM LINK EQQAnONS

The error performance of a digital satellite system is quite predictable. Figure 7-19 shows
a simplified block diagram of a digital satellite system and identifies the various gains and
losses that may affect the system performance. When evaluating the performance of a dig-
ital satellite system, the uplink and downlink parameters are first considered separately,
then the overall performance is determined by combining them in the appropriate manner.
Keep in mind, a digital microwave or satellite radio simply means the original and demod-
ulated baseband signals are digital in nature. The RF portion of the radio is analog; that is,
FSK, PSK, QAM, or some other higher-level modulation riding on an analog microwave
carner.
~
Ar Lf I Lb Lb I Lf At
Grre
LNA Lbo HPA
I
C'1
Satellite
transponder

C'
Ar
At, Pr

Lf Lf
Pt Pr Et/No
HPA Lp
Lbo
Lb LNA C/N
Grre

Earth station Earth station

transmitter receiver

Figure 7-19 Overall satellite system showing the gains and losses incurred in both the
uplink and downlink sections. HPA, High-power amplifier; Pto HPA output power; Lbo,
back-off loss; Lf, feeder loss; Lb, branching loss; At, transmit antenna gain; Prototal
radiated power = Pt - Lbo - Lb - L,; EIRP, effective isotropic radiated power = PrAt;
Lu, additional uplink losses due to atmosphere; Lp, path loss; An receive antenna gain;
GITe, gain-to-equivalent noise ratio; Ld, additional downlink losses due to atmosphere;
LNA, low-noise amplifier; CITe, carrier-to-equivalent noise ratio; CINo, carrier-to-noise
density ratio; EblNo, energy of bit-to-noise density ratio; CIN, carrier-to-noise ratio.

LINK EQQATIONS

The following link equations are used to separately analyze the uplink and the downlink
sections of a single radio-frequency carrier satellite system. These equations consider only
the ideal gains and losses and effects of thermal noise associated with the earth station
transmitter, earth station receiver, and the satellite transponder. The nonideal aspects of
the system are discussed later in this chapter.

QpIink Equation

--C AtPrCLpLu)Ar- AtPr(LpLu) x- G

No - KTe K Te

292 Chap. 7 Satellite Communications

 where Ld and Lu are the additional uplink and downlink atmospheric losses, respectively.
The uplink and downlink signals must pass through Earth's atmosphere, where they are
partially absorbed by the moisture, oxygen, and particulates in the air. Depending on the
elevation angle, the distance the RF signal travels through the atmosphere varies from one
earth station to another. Because Lp, Lw and Ld represent losses, they are decimal values
less than 1. Grre is the receive antenna gain plus the gain of the LNA divided by the
equivalent input noise temperature.
Expressed as a log,
C 41TD G
-
~
= 10 log At? r
~~~~~
- 20 log
(-
A )
+ 10 log
(~ ) -
- 10 log Lu - 10 log K

~- EIRP
earth
station
free-space
path loss
+ satellite
G/Te
- additional - Boltzmann's
atmospheric
losses
constant

= EIRP (dBW) - Lp (dB) + Q (dBK-1) - Lu (dB) - K(dBWK)

Te

Downlink Equation

f.. = At? r(LpLd)Ar = At? r(LvLd) x Q

No KTe K Te
Expressed as a log
C 41TD G
-
~
= 10 log At?r
~~~~~
- 20 log -
( A )
+ 10 log -
(~ ) - 10 log Ld - 10 log K

EIRP free-space + satellite - additional - Boltzmann's

satellite path loss G/Te atmospheric constant
losses

= EIRP (dEW) - Lp (dB) + Q (dBK-1) - Ld (dB) - K (dBWK)

Te

LINK BUDGET

Table 7-4 lists the system parameters for three typical satellite communication systems.
The systems and their parameters are not necessarily for an existing or future system; they
are hypothetical examples only. The system parameters are used to construct a link bud-
get. A link budget identifies the system parameters and is used to determine the projected
C/N and Ei/No ratios at both the satellite and earth station receivers for a given modulation
scheme and desired Pee).

EXAMPLE 7 -1 0
,I,
Complete the link budget for a satellite system with the following parameters.
"
I,
Uplink

1. Earth station transmitter output power 33 dBW

at saturation, 2000 W

Link Budget 293

r
111__""., " ",,_~ILill':II~::"~"'fi' 1'1!::::,~~Ii'I'::iii:::ij:I:':f ~ ,'f_1 III,::,. " :"" """~lII,:I::IIIII~:liil:'IIIII;I:'FI;I!11 i::I:Hl:ll>lllm:lliIIilliliilllli I .i
 TABLE 7-4 SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR THREE HYPOTHETICAL
SATELLITE SYSTEMS
'"
"
'"
0-
" '"
0- ~2'
01).<:;
~~ ~::E
....
"0
~::E
>0 "0
>N
.. >'0
0 - 00\
.. <.) - 0- -
oo <.)
~ u c ~-",c u-"'c
S -'" .8
" 'g .. S 'g .g
B ,,~
S
" 'g
" .g,.
~>. ""5
-"0 '"
>.N"O- '" ~ -"5
>.N"O
CI) N 0 CI)::CO CI)::Co
::c s 0 S 0 s
O~ N~
::tCl) -CI) 8~
'0 A..
CI
~A..
-"" -, 00
<TA..

~ Uplink
Transmitter output power (saturation, dBW) 35 25 33
Earth station back-off loss (dB) 2 2 3
Earth station branching and feeder loss (dB) 3 3 4
Additional atmospheric (dB) 0.6 0.4 0.6
Earth station antenna gain (dB) 55 45 64
Free-space path loss (dB) 200 208 206.5
Satellite receive antenna gain (dB) 20 45 23.7
Satellite branching and feeder loss (dB) 1 1 0
Satellite equivalent noise temperature (K) 1000 800 800
Satellite GlTe (dBK-1) -10 16 -5.3
Downlink

Transmitter output power (saturation, dBW) 18 20 10

Satellite back -off loss (dB) 0.5 0.2 0.1
Satellite branching and feeder loss (dB) 1 1 0.5
Additional atmospheric loss (dB) 0.8 1.4 0.4
Satellite antenna gain (dB) 16 44 30.8
Free-space path loss (dB) 197 206 205.6
Earth station receive antenna gain (dB) 51 44 62
Earth station branching and feeder loss (dB) 3 3 0
Earth station equivalent noise temperature (K) 250 1000 270
Earth station GlTe (dBK-1) 27 14 37.7

2. Earth station back-off loss 3 dB

3. Earth station branching and feeder losses 4dB
4. Earth station transmit antenna gain (from 64 dB
Figure 7-20, 15 mat 14 GHz)
5. Additional uplink atmospheric losses 0.6 dB
6. Free-space path loss (from Figure 7-21, 206.5 dB
at 14 GHz)
7. Satellite receiver GtTeratio -5.3 dBK-1
8. Satellite branching and feeder losses OdB
9. Bit rate 120 Mbps
10. Modulation scheme 8-PSK
Downlink

1. Satellite transmitter output power at 10 dBW

saturation 10 W
2. Satellite back-off loss 0.1 dB
3. Satellite branching and feeder losses 0.5 dB

294 Chap. 7 Satellite Communications

 60

50

~c:
40
.~
C>
.,c:
c:
2
~ 30

Figure 7-20 Antenna gain based on

the gain equation for a parabolic
10 antenna:

A (db) = 10 log 1'] ('IT 0/'11.)2

where 0 is the antenna diameter, '11.=
the wavelength, and 1']= the antenna
0 efficiency. Here 1']= 0.55. To correct
0.5 2 3 4 5 10 15
for a 100% efficient antenna, add
Antenna diameter (m) 2.66 dB to the value.

4. Satellite transmit antenna gain (from 30.8 dB

Figure 7-20, 0.37 mat 12 GHz)
5. Additional downlink atmospheric losses 0.4 dB
6. Free-space path loss (from Figure 7-21, 205.6 dB
at 12 GHz)
7. Earth station receive antenna gain (15 m, 62 dB
12 GHz)
8. Earth station branching and feeder losses OdB
9. Earth station equivalent noise temperature 270K
10. Earth station GlTe ratio 37.7 dBK-1
II. Bit rate 120 Mbps
12. Modulation scheme 8-PSK

Solution Uplink budget: Expressed as a log,

EIRP(earthstation)= Pt + At - Lbo - Lbf

= 33 dBW + 64 dB - 3 dB - 4 dB = 90 dBW
Carrier power density at the satellite antenna:

Link Budget 295

1

210

208

206

204
i:D
~
'"
.2 202 Elevation angle
.;;
co
correction:
Co
Angle +dB
~ 200
co 90° 0
'"
Co
45° 0.44
., 0° 1.33
~ 198
u.

196

194

192

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Frequency (GHz)

Figure 7-21 Free-space path 1055 (Lp) determined from Lp = 183.5 + 20 log
f(GHz}, elevation angle = 90°, and distance = 35,930 km.

C' = EIRP (earth station) - Lp - Lu

= 90 dBw - 206.5 dB - 0.6 dB = -117.1 dBW

C/No at the satellite:

C G
~=~=~XJ... where - = C' X -
No KIe Te K Te Te
Thus

C G 1
-=C'x-x-
No Te K
Expressed as a log,

~No (dB) = C' (dBW) + Q (dBK-1) - 10 log (1.38 X 10-23)

Te

~ = -117.1 dBW + (-5.3 dBK-1) - (-228.6dBWK) = 106.2dB

No
Thus

Eb (dB) = C/fb (dB) =~ (dB) - 10 logfb

No No No

Eb
No
= 106.2 dB - 10 (log 120 X 106) = 25.4 dB

296 Chap. 7 Satellite Communications

 and for a minimum bandwidth system,

C = Eb - .!i = 25.4 - 10 10 40 X 106 = 30.2 dB

N No fb g 120 X 106

Downlink budget: Expressed as a log,

EIRP (satellite transponder) = Pt + At - Lbo - Lbf

= 10 dBW + 30.8 dB - 0.1 dB - 0.5 dB

= 40.2 dBW

Carrier power density at earth station antenna:

C' = EIRP (dBW) - Lp (dB) - Ld (dB)

~
= 40.2 dBW - 205.6 dB - 0.4 dB = -165.8 dBW

C/No at the earth station receiver:

C G i
~=-.£=~X~ where - = C' X -
No KTe Te K Te Te I

Thus
!
~=C'X.QX~
No Te K
Expressed as a log, t
r
~No (dB) = C' (dBW) + .Q (dBK-1) - 10 log (1.38 X 10-23)
Te

= -165.8 dBW + (37.7 dBK-1) - (-228.6 dBWK) = 100.5 dB I

I.
An alternative method of solving for C/No is I!I
I

ii
~No (dB) = C' (dBW)+ Ar (dB) - Te(dBK-1) - K (dBWK) II
l

= -165.8 dBW + 62 dB - 10 log 270 - (-228.6 dBWK)

I~

~ = -165.8 dBW + 62 dB - 24.3 dBK-1 + 228.6 dBWK = 100.5 dB

No
E C
!L (dB) = - (dB) - 10logfb
No No

= 100.5 dB - 10 log (120 X 106) ~

= 100.5dB - 80.8dB = 19.7dB

and for a minimum bandwidth system,

C = Eb - .!i = 19.7 - 10 1 40 X 106 = 24.5 dB

N No fb og 120 X 106

With careful analysis and a little algebra, it can be shown that the overall energy of bit-
to-noise density ratio (Et/No), which includes the combined effects of the uplink ratio (Et/No)u
and the downlink ratio (E,/No)d, is a standard product over the sum relationship and is
expressed mathematically as
Eb (Et/NoL (Et/NO)d
(7-9)
No (overall) = (Et/NoL + (Et/NO)d

Link Budget 297

J
 where all E,jNo ratios are in absolute values. For Example 7-10, the overall E,jNo ratio is

Eb (overall)
No
= (346.7)(93.3)
346.7+ 93.3
= 73.5

= 10 log 73.5 = 18.7 dB

As with all product-over-sum relationships, the smaller of the two numbers domi-
nates. If one number is substantially smaller than the other, the overall result is approxi-
mately equal to the smaller of the two numbers.
The system parameters used for Example 7-10 were taken from system C in Table
7-4. A complete link budget for the system is shown in Table 7-5.
1

TABLE 7-5 LINK BUDGET FOR EXAMPLE7-10

Uplink
1. Earth station transmitter output power at 33 dBW
saturation, 2000 W
2. Earth station back -offloss 3dB
3. Earth station branching and feeder losses 4dB
4. Earth station transmit antenna gain 64 dB
5. Earth station EIRP 90 dBW
6. Additional uplink atmospheric losses 0.6 dB
7. Free-space path loss 206.5 dB
8. Carrier power density at satellite -117.1 dBW
9. Satellite branching and feeder losses OdB
10. Satellite Glfe ratio -5.3 dBK-1
11. Satellite Clfe ratio -122.4 dBWK-1
12. Satellite C/No ratio 106.2 dB
13. Satellite C/N ratio 30.2 dB
14. Satellite Ei/No ratio 25.4 dB
15. Bit rate 120 Mbps
16. Modulation scheme 8-PSK

Downlink

1. Satellite transmitter output power at 10 dBW

saturation, 10 W
2. Satellite back-off loss 0.1 dB
3. Satellite branching and feeder losses 0.5 dB
4. Satellite transmit antenna gain 30.8 dB
5. Satellite EIRP 40.2 dBW
6. Additional downlink atmospheric losses 0.4 dB
7. Free-space path loss 205.6 dB
8. Earth station receive antenna gain 62 dB
9. Earth station equivalent noise temperature 270 K
10. Earth station branching and feeder losses OdB
11. Earth station G/Te ratio 37.7 dBK-1
12. Carrier power density at earth station -165.8 dBW .
13. Earth station C/Te ratio -128.1 dBWK-1
14. Earth station C/No ratio 100.5 dB
15. Earth station C/N ratio 24.5 dB
16. Earth station Ei/No ratio 19.7 dB
17. Bit rate 120 Mbps
18. Modulation scheme 8-PSK

298 Chap. 7 Satellite Communications

NONIDEAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS

Additional nonideal parameters include the following impairments: AMlAM conversion

and AMIPM conversion, which result from nonlinear amplification in HPAs and limiters;
pointing error, which occurs when the earth station and satellite antennas are not exactly
aligned; phase jitter, which results from imperfect carrier recovery in receivers; nonideal
filtering, due to the imperfections introduced in bandpass filters; timing error, due to
imperfect clock recovery in receivers; andfrequency translation errors introduced in the
satellite transponders. The degradation caused by the preceding impairments effectively
reduces the Ei/No ratios determined in the link budget calculations. Consequently, they
have to be included in the link budget as equivalent losses. An in-depth coverage of the
nonideal par~eters is beyond the intent of this text.

QUESTIONS

7-1. Briefly describe a satellite.

7-2. What is a passive satellite? An active satellite?
7-3. Contrast nonsynchronous and synchronous satellites.
7-4. Define prograde and retrograde.
7-5. Define apogee and perigee.
7-6. Briefly explain the characteristics of low-, medium-, and high-altitude satellite orbits.
7-7. Explain equatorial, polar, and inclined orbits.
7-8. Contrast the advantages and disadvantages of geosynchronous satellites.
7-9. Define look angles, angle of elevation, and azimuth.
7-10. Define satellite spatial separation and list its restrictions.
7-11. Describe a "footprint."
7-12. Describe spot, zonal, and earth coverage radiation patterns.
7-13. Explain reuse.
7-14. Briefly describe the functional characteristics of an uplink, a transponder, and a downlink
model for a satellite system.
7-15. Define back-off loss and its relationship to saturated and transmit power.
7-16. Define bit energy.
7-17. Define effective isotropic radiated power.
7-18. Define equivalent noise temperature.
7-19. Define noise density.
7-20. Define carrier-to-noise density ratio and energy of bit-to-noise density ratio.
7-21. Define gain-to-equivalent noise temperature ratio.
7-22. Describe what a satellite link budget is and how it is used.

PROBLEMS

7-1. An earth station is located at Houston, Texas, which has a longitude of99.5° and a latitude of
29.5° north. The satellite of interest is Satcom 2. Determine the look angles for the earth sta-
tion antenna.

Problems 299

._-~ ., ",- !I:' ~",":i"''',''''"''''" ""'" -..- "'-- - ._-""" , - ".",,,""

 7-2. A satellite system operates at l4-GHz uplink and ll-GHz downlink and has a projected P(e)
of 10-7. The modulation scheme is 8-PSK, and the system will carry 120 Mbps. The equiva-
lent noise temperature of the receiver is 400 K, and the receiver noise bandwidth is equal to
the minimum Nyquist frequency. Determine the following parameters: minimum theoretical
C/N ratio, minimum theoretical Ei/No ratio, noise density, total receiver input noise, mini-
mum receive carrier power, and the minimum energy per bit at the receiver input.
7-3. A satellite system operates at 6-GHz uplink and 4-GHz downlink and has a projected P(e) of
10-6. The modulation scheme is QPSK and the system will carry 100 Mbps. The equivalent
receiver noise temperature is 290 K, and the receiver noise bandwidth is equal to the mini-
mum Nyquist frequency. Determine the C/N ratio that would be measured at a point in the
receiver prior to the BPF where the bandwidth is equal to (a) It times the minimum Nyquist
frequency, and (b) 3 times the minimum Nyquist frequency.
7-4. Which systlm has the best projected BER?
(a) 8-QAM, C/N = 15 dB, B = 2fN'fb = 60 Mbps.
(b) QPSK, C/N = 16 dB, B = fN,fb = 40 Mbps.
7-5. An earth station satellite transmitter has an HPA with a rated saturated output power of
10,000 W. The back-off ratio is 6 dB, the branching loss is 2 dB, the feeder loss is 4 dB, and
the antenna gain is 40 dB. Determine the actual radiated power and the EIRP.
7-6. Determine the total noise power for a receiver with an input bandwidth of 20 MHz and an
equivalent noise temperature of 600 K.
7-7. Determine the noise density for Problem 7-6.
7-8. Determine the minimum C/N ratio required to achieve a P(e) of 10-5 for an 8-PSK receiver
with a bandwidth equal tofN.
7-9. Determine the energy per bit-to-noise density ratio when the receiver input carrier power is
-100 dBW, the receiver input noise temperature is 290 K, and a 60-Mbps transmission rate
is used.
7-10. Determine the carrier-to-noise density ratio for a receiver with a -70-dBW input carrier
power, an equivalent noise temperature of 180 K, and a bandwidth of 20 MHz.
7-11. Determine the minimum C/N ratio for an 8-PSK system when the transmission rate is
60 Mbps, the minimum energy of bit-to-noise density ratio is 15 dB, and the receiver band-
width is equal to the minimum Nyquist frequency.
7-12. For an earth station receiver with an equivalent input temperature of 200 K, a noise band-
width of 20 MHz, a receive antenna gain of 50 dB, and a carrier frequency of 12 GHz, deter-
mine the following: G/Te,No, and N.
7-13. For a satellite with an uplink Ei/No of 14 dB and a downlink Ei/No of 18 dB, determine the
overall Ei/No ratio.
7-14. Complete the following link budget:

Uplink Parameters
1. Earth station transmitter output power at saturation, 1 kW
2. Earth station back-off loss, 3 dB
3. Earth station total branching and feeder losses, 3 dB
4. Earth station transmit antenna gain for a lO-m parabolic dish at 14 GHz
5. Free-space path loss for 14 GHz
6. Additional uplink losses due to the earth's atmosphere, 0.8 dB
t: sateIilte transponc!ercTl1e, -4.0 dBK-~
8. Transmission bit rate, 90 Mbps, 8-PSK

300 Chap. 7 Satellite Communications

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 Downlink Parameters

1. Satellite transmitter output power at saturation, lOW

2. Satellite transmit antenna gain for a 0.5-m parabolic dish at 12 GHz
3. Satellite modulation back-off loss, 0.8 dB
4. Free-space path loss for 12 GHz
5. Additional downlink losses due to earth's atmosphere, 0.6 dB
6. Earth station receive antenna gainJor a lO-m parabolic dish at 12 GHz
7. Earth station equivalent noise temperature, 200 K
8. Earth station branching and feeder losses, 0 dB
9. Transmission bit rate, 90 Mbps, 8-PSK
~

Problems 301

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