Review of Last Lecture: Distributed and Lumped Parameters ABCD Parameters Transmission Line Model

http://nptel.iitm.ac.
in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Review of Last Lecture
Distributed and lumped parameters
ABCD parameters
Transmission line model
Short transmission line
Medium transmission line
Long transmission line

http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
Distributed and Lumped Parameter
Models
Transmission line with
uniformly distributed line
parameters (R, L, C, G)
Small section x
I(x)
z x
y x
V(x) V(x+
x)
I(x+
x)
V
s
I
s
V
r
I
r
z = Series impedance /unit

length/phase
y = Shunt admittance / unit

length/phase
l = Length of transmission line
Z = Total series impedance/

phase
Y = Total shunt impedance/

phase
Transmission Line Models
Short line : Length less than 80 km.
Shunt admittance is neglected
Lumped parameter model
Medium line: Length between 80 km to 250 km.
Shunt admittance needs to be considered
Lumped parameter model
Nominal model
Nominal T model
Long line: Length longer than 250 km.
Distributed parameter model
Shunt admittance effect is important
Equivalent or T equivalent can be derived

Short Transmission Line
1
]
1
1
]
1
1
]
1
R
R
S
S
I
V Z
I
V
1 0
1
Matrix Format
A=1, B=Z, C=0, D=1
Medium Line: Nominal
Representation
Therefore A, B, C, D parameters
Medium Line: Nominal T
Representation
I
M
Therefore A, B, C, D parameters
Long Line Model
x 0
x 0
Long Line Model
And
Again differentiating with respect to x
Solution of the
differential Eqn.
Long Line Model
Differentiating with respect to x
We know that
Therefore
Long Line Model
Long Line Model
At x = 0. V = V
R
and I = I
R

And
Solving for A
1
and A
2
x
R C R
x
R C R
x
R C R
x
R C R
e
I Z V
e
I Z V
I e
I Z V
e
I Z V
V

+
+
2 2
and
2 2
Substituting back
Long Line Model
R
l l
R
l l
C
S
R
l l
C R
l l
S
I
e e
V
e e
Z
I
I
e e
Z V
e e
V
,
_
+
+
,
_
,
_
,
_

2 2
1
2 2

We are interested in terminal conditions: x = l we have V = V
s

and I = I
S

Rearranging the terms of V
R
and I
R
Long Line Model
R
l l
R
l l
C
S
R
l l
C R
l l
S
I
e e
V
e e
Z
I
I
e e
Z V
e e
V
,
_
+
+
,
_
,
_
,
_

2 2
1
2 2

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
R R
C
S
R C R S
I l V l
Z
I
I l Z V l V

cosh sinh
1
sinh cosh
+
+
ABCD Parameters of Long Transmission
Line
( ) ( )
( )
( )
R R
C
S
R C R S
I l V
Z
l
I
I l Z V l V

cosh
sinh
sinh cosh
+
+
The ABCD parameters of the long transmission line
Method to Evaluate Hyperbolic
Functions of Complex Number
1
2
3
) sin( ) cosh( ) cos( ) sinh( ) sinh(
) sin( ) sinh( ) cos( ) cosh( ) cosh(
l l j l l l j l
l l j l l l j l

+ +
+ +
l j l l +
( )
( )

,
_
+ + + +
,
_
+ + + +
6
1 ....
! 5 ! 3
sinh
2
1 ....
! 2 ! 2
1 cosh
5 5 3 3
4 4 2 2
YZ
YZ
l l
l l
YZ l l
l

( )
( ) l e l e
e e e e
l j l
l e l e
e e e e
l j l
l l
l j l l j l
l l
l j l l j l

+
+
+
+

2
1
2
) sinh(
2
1
2
) cosh(
Equivalent Representation of Long
Transmission Line
Comparing the ABCD
parameters compute Z
and Y/2
Transmission Line
Compare
R e
Rearranging for Y/2
Transmission Line
Length
(km)
Lumped Parameters Distributed Parameters
Z() Y(mho) Z() Y(mho)
100 52.41 < 79
o
3.17 X 10
-4
< 90
o
52.27 < 79
o
3.17 X 10
-4
< 89.98
o
250 131.032 < 79
o
7.93 X 10
-4
< 90
o
128.81 < 79.2
o
8.0 X 10
-4
< 89.9
o
500 262.064 < 79
o
1.58 X 10
-3
< 90
o
244.61 < 79.8
o
1.64 X 10
-3
< 89.6
o
For impedance (z) = 0.1 + j 0.51 /km and admittance (y) = j 3.17 x 10
-6
mho/km
Ferranti Effect
In long transmission lines and cables, receiving end

voltage becomes greater than sending end during no-load
or light load conditions. This effect is known as Ferranti
effect .
This occurs due to high charging current.
Thus V
R
will be always greater than zero (during no load).
Actual value depends on L, C and l.

( ) ( )
( )
( ) l
V
V
V l V I
I l Z V l V
S
R
R S R
R C R S

cosh
Therefore
cosh 0
sinh cosh

+
Lossless Transmission Line
In loss less line, resistance is assumed to be zero
( ) ( )
R C R x
I x Z V x V sinh cosh +
x j x x j x x
C
L
C j
L j
Z R
C j
L j R
Z
C
C

+

+
0
( ) ( )
R C R x
I x jZ V x V sin cos +
) sin( ) cosh(
) cos( ) sinh( ) sinh(
) sin( ) sinh(
) cos( ) cosh( ) cosh(
l l j
l l l j l
l l j
l l l j l

+
+
+
+

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Distributed and lumped parameters

Transmission line model

Short transmission line

Medium transmission line

Long transmission line

z = Series impedance /unit

y = Shunt admittance / unit

l = Length of transmission line

Z = Total series impedance/

Y = Total shunt impedance/

Short line : Length less than 80 km.

Shunt admittance is neglected

Lumped parameter model

Medium line: Length between 80 km to 250 km.

Shunt admittance needs to be considered

Lumped parameter model

Long line: Length longer than 250 km.

Distributed parameter model

Shunt admittance effect is important

Equivalent or T equivalent can be derived

In long transmission lines and cables, receiving end

This occurs due to high charging current.

Actual value depends on L, C and l.

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