http://nptel.iitm.ac.

in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Review of Last Lecture
Long transmission line
ABCD parameters of long transmission line
Equivalent model for long transmission line
Ferranti Effect
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Long Line Model
Solution.
Therefore
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Long Line Model
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Long Line Model
R
l l
R
l l
C
S
R
l l
C R
l l
S
I
e e
V
e e
Z
I
I
e e
Z V
e e
V
|
|
.
|

\
| +
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=


2 2
1
2 2


Substituting back and

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
R R
C
S
R C R S
I l V l
Z
I
I l Z V l V


cosh sinh
1
sinh cosh
+ =
+ =
Rearranging the terms of V
R
and I
R

x
R C R
x
R C R
x
R C R
x
R C R
e
I Z V
e
I Z V
I e
I Z V
e
I Z V
V

+
=

+
+
=
2 2
and
2 2
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Equivalent Representation of Long
Transmission Line
Compare
Nominal : Medium Transmission Line Equivalent : Long Transmission Line
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Ferranti Effect
In long transmission lines and cables, receiving end
voltage becomes greater than sending end during no-load
or light load conditions. This effect is known as Ferranti
effect .
This occurs due to high charging current.




Thus V
R
will be always less than or equal to unity.
Actual value depends on L, C and l.

( ) ( )
( )
( ) l
V
V
V l V I
I l Z V l V
S
R
R S R
R C R S

cosh
Therefore
cosh 0
sinh cosh
=
= =
+ =
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Lossless Transmission Line
In loss less line, resistance is assumed to be zero
( ) ( )
( )
( )
R R x
R C R x
I x V
Zc
x
I
I x Z V x V

cosh
sinh
sinh cosh
+ =
+ =
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
R R C x
R C R x
I x V x Z j I
I x jZ V x V
| |
| |
cos sin 1
sin cos
+ =
+ =
) sin( ) cosh(
) cos( ) sinh( ) sinh(
) sin( ) sinh(
) cos( ) cosh( ) cosh(
x x j
x x x j x
x x j
x x x j x
| o
| o | o
| o
| o | o
+
= +
+
= +
R=0
C
L
C j
L j
Z
C j
L j R
Z
C C
= =
+
=
e
e
e
e
l
LC
x j x x j x x
e
| | | o = = + =
=0
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Surge Impedance Loading
Characteristic impedance of a line is also called as surge
impedance for the special case of loss less line.


The term surge impedance loading or SIL is often used
to indicate the nominal capacity of the line.
The term SIL or natural power is a measure of power
delivered by a transmission line when terminated by surge
impedance.
It is convenient to express the power transmitted in terms
of per unit of SIL.


C
L
Z
C
=
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Surge Impedance Loading
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
R R C x
R C R x
I x V x Z j I
I x jZ V x V
| |
| |
cos sin 1
sin cos
+ =
+ =
If the line is terminated with surge impedance Z
c
:


R
R
C R C R
I
V
Z I Z V = =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
l j
R S
l j
R S
x j
R R x
x j
R R x
e I I
e V V
e I x j x I I
e V x j x V V
|
|
|
|
| |
| |

=
=
= + =
= + =
sin cos
sin cos
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Comparison of Different Loading
( ) l
V
V
S
NL R
| cos
_
=
S SIL R
V V =
_
FL R
V
_
SC R
V
_
X=0
Receiving End
X=l
Sending End
S
V
SIL
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Surge Impedance Loading
Voltage Level (kV) SIL (MW)
Thermal Limit
(MVA)
132 50 94
220 132 237
400 515 948
765 2200 4261
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Power Transfer Through Transmission
Line
o Z
S
V 0 Z
R
V
R R R
jQ P S + =
S S S
jQ P S + =
Gen Load
B
AV
B
V
I BI AV V
R S
R R R S
= + =
| o Z = Z = B B A A and Let
( ) ( ) | o | o Z Z =
B
V A
B
V
I
R S
R
ABCD
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Power Flow Through Transmission Line
Complex power V
R
I
R
*
at receiving end:
( ) ( ) o | o | Z Z =
B
V A
B
V
I
R S
R
*
( ) ( ) o | o | Z Z = + =
B
V A
B
V V
jQ P I V
R R S
R R R R
2
*
Real Part:
Imaginary Part
( ) ( ) o | o | = cos cos
2
B
V A
B
V V
P
R R S
R
( ) ( ) o | o | = sin sin
2
B
V A
B
V V
Q
R R S
R
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Power Flow Through Transmission Line
Maximum power will get transferred, if =
( ) o | = cos
2
max _
B
V A
B
V V
P
R R S
R
( ) o | = sin
2
max _
B
V A
Q
R
R
Real Part:
Imaginary Part
( ) ( ) o | o | = cos cos
2
B
V A
B
V V
P
R R S
R
( ) ( ) o | o | = sin sin
2
B
V A
B
V V
Q
R R S
R
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Receiving End Circle Diagram
B
V V
R S
B
V A
R
2
R R
I V
o |
o |
o |
R
u
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Maximum Power in Short Line
Approximation
For Short line A=1, B=Z, C=0, D=1
Assuming X/R ratio is high enough to neglect resistance
Z R C Z B D A / cos , 0 , , 0 1 = = Z = Z = = u u
( ) R
Z
V
Z
V V
Z
V
Z
V V
P
R R S R R S
R
2
2 2
max _
cos = = u
( ) o | = cos
2
max _
B
V A
B
V V
P
R R S
R
( ) u sin
2
max _
B
V A
Q
R
R
=
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
With large X/R Ratio
jX Z X R = << then Generally,
o sin
X
V V
P
R S
R
=
( ) ( ) o | o | = cos cos
2
B
V A
B
V V
P
R R S
R
( ) ( ) o | o | = sin sin
2
B
V A
B
V V
Q
R R S
R
, 0 , 90 , 0 1 = Z = Z = = C X B D A
X
V V
P
R S
R
=
max _
( )
X
V
X
V V
Q
R R S
R
2
cos = o
( ) V
X
V
V V
X
V
Q
R
R S
R
R
A = =
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Sending End Power
R R S
DI CV I + =
( )
B
V
B
DV
I
B
BC AD V
V
B
D
V
B
DA
V
B
D
CV I
R S
S
R
S
R S R S
=

=
+ =
B
AV
B
V
I
R S
R
= but
Complex power V
S
I
S
*
at receiving end:
| o Z = Z = = B B A D A and Let
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/power-
system/ui/Course_home-2.htm
Sending End Power
( ) ( ) | o o | + Z Z = + =
B
V V
B
V A
jQ P I V
R S S
S S S S
2
*
Real Part:
Imaginary Part
( ) ( ) | o o | + = cos cos
2
B
V V
B
V A
P
R S S
S
( ) ( ) | o o | + = sin sin
2
B
V V
B
V A
Q
R S S
S