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Unsteady Parallel Flows (Plate Suddenly Set in Motion) Consider that special case of a viscous fluid near a wall that is set suddenly in motion as shown in Figure 1. The unsteady Navier-Stokes reduces to u 2u = 2 t y (1)
y
Viscous Fluid
x Uo
Figure 1. Schematics of flow near a wall suddenly set in motion. The boundary conditions are: At y = 0
u = U0
u=0
(2)
at y = ,
(3)
The corresponding initial condition for the fluid that starts from rest is given as at t = 0
u = 0.
(4)
y ~ ta ,
(5)
a=
1 , 2
1
(6)
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Thus,
1
y ~ t2
(7)
y 2 t
u = f () , U0
(8)
(10)
(11)
or f + 2f = 0 (12)
Boundary and initial conditions (2)-(4) in terms of the similarity variables become f (0) = 1 , f ( ) = 0 . (13)
or
ln f = ln c 2
(14)
and
f = c e 1 d1 + 1 ,
2
(15)
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G. Ahmadi
where the first boundary condition in (13) is used. The second boundary condition implies that
f ( ) = 0 = 1 + c e 1 d1
2
or c =
2 1
d1
(16)
e 1 d1 = 1 erf ()
2
(17)
Time variations of the velocity profile as predicted by Equation (18) are shown in Figure 2.
1.0
0.8
t=4 t=1 t =0.25
u/Uo
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
t=0.062 t=0.0025
Transform Method
0.5
1.5
2.5
y
Figure 2. Time variations of velocity profile.
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An alternative is to use the transform method. Taking Laplace transform of Equation (1), it follows that
2u su = 2 y
(19)
s y
(20)
+ Be
s y
(21)
(22)
(23)
Oscillating Plate
Consider that case of a viscous fluid near an oscillating wall as shown in Figure 3. The unsteady Navier-Stokes reduces to u 2u = 2 t y (25)
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G. Ahmadi
y
Viscous Fluid
x Uo cost
Figure 2. Schematics of flow near an oscillating wall. The boundary conditions are: u = U 0 cos t
u=0
at y = 0 at y =
(26) (27)
Let
u = U 0 e ky cos(t ay ) . Then (28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
Substituting (29)-(31) into Equation (25) it follows that sin = ((k 2 a 2 )cos 2ak sin ) or (32)
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G. Ahmadi
a2 = k2
= 2ak = 2k 2
k= =a 2
u = U 0 e ky cos(t ky ) ,
k=
. 2
(36)
Consider flow in a circular tube subject to a step change in pressure as shown in Figure 4. The Navier-Stokes equation reduces to v z 1 dP 1 v z = + r t dz r r r Introducing dimensionless variables, = we find 1 . = 4+ (39) r t t , = = 2, 2 R R R vz = 1 dP 2 R ( ) , 4 dz (38) (37)
z
R
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Let = 1 2 , Equation (39) reduces to 1 = The boundary and initial conditions (40) and (41) now become At = 1 , At = 0 , = 0. = 1 2 . (44) (45) (43) (42)
To find the solution the method of separation of variable is used. That is let
= F( )T( )
(46)
(47)
(48)
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G. Ahmadi
d 2F dF + + 22F = 0 . 2 d d
(49)
(50) (51)
where J 0 () and Y0 () are Bessel function of first and second kind of zeroth order. The boundary conditions are
F(0 ) ~ finite B = 0
since Y0 (0) .
(52)
(54)
(55)
(55)
then
An
(1 )J ( )d = 4J ( ) / = 0.5J ( ) J ( )d
1 2 0 0 n 1 1 0 2 0 n n 2 1 n
3 n
(56)
or An = Hence,
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J ( n )
3 n 1
(57)
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e n J 0 ( n ) , = 8 3 J 1 ( n ) n n
2
(58)
and
= 1 2 8
n
J 0 ( n ) n e 3 J 1 ( n ) n
(59)
Consider steady state viscous flows in a pipe with arbitrary cross section under a constant pressure gradient as shown in Figure 6. The Navier-Stokes equation is given as 1 dP = const . dz
2W =
(60)
on
S.
(61)
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Elliptical Pipes
Consider an elliptical cross-section pipe shown in Figure 7 with its boundary given as
2 2
(62)
y x z
(63)
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2 2A (a 2 + b 2 ) 1 dP 2 2 w = A 2 + 2 = = b a 2 b2 dz a
(64)
Hence
A= 1 dP a 2 b 2 2 dz a 2 + b 2 x 2 y2 1 2 2 a b
(65)
(66)
(67)
Triangular Pipes
Consider a pipe as shown in Figure 8 whose cross section is an equilateral triangle. The equation of the section is given as f (x, y ) = (x a ) x 3y + 2a x + 3y + 2a = 0 . Assuming
w = Af (x , y )
)(
(68)
(69)
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y
x 3y + 2a = 0
a
x + 3y + 2 a = 0
2a
Figure 8. A triangular pipe subject to a constant pressure gradient.
)(
(72)
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