Thao tc trong ca s lnh ca matlab

Module by: ThS Nguyn Ch Ngn. E-mail the author

Summary: y l gio trnh v thao tc trong ca s lnh ca Matlab

Mc tiu
Bi th nghim ny gip sinh vin lm quen nhanh vi Matlab 6.5 bng cc thao tc n gin trn ma trn, vect,
biu thc ton hc, cc lnh ha, , thc hin ngay trn ca s lnh (command window) ca Matlab.

Tham kho
[1].Nguyn Ha Duy Khang, Bi ging mn CAD, B mn Vin thng & T ng ha, khoa Cng ngh thng tin, i
hc Cn th, 2001.
[2].The Mathworks Inc., Matlab Notebook Users Guide, 2003.
[3].Nguyn Hoi Sn - Thanh Vit - Bi Xun Lm, ng dng MATLAB trong tnh ton k thut, Tp 1, NXB
HQG Tp. HCM, 2000
[4].Nguyn Hu Tnh - L Tn Hng - Phm Th Ngc Yn - Nguyn Th Lan Hng, C s Matlab & ng dng, NXB
KH v K thut, 1999.
[5].http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/maneval/help211/exercises.html
[6]. http://www.glue.umd.edu/~nsw/ench250/matlab.htm

Thc hnh
T ca s lnh ca Matlab, sinh vin ln lt thc hin cc thao tc sau:

Ma trn
to ma trn trong Matlab ta ch cn lit cc phn t ca ma trn trong cp du ngoc vung ([]). Cc phn t
trn cng hng c phn bit bi du phy (,) hoc khong trng (space). Cc hng ca ma trn, phn cch nhau
bi du chm phy (;). V d, nhp ma trn A c 4 hng, 4 ct nh sau:
>> A=[16 3 2 13; 5 10 11 8; 9 6 7 12; 4 15 14 1]
>> size(A)

 truy xut n tng phn t ca ma trn ta dng ch s phn t tng ng. V d, phn t hng th 2, ct th
3 ca A l A(2,3).
>> A(2,3)
Cho ma trn A=[2 4 1; 6 7 2; 3 5 9], sinh vin dng cc lnh cn thit :

Ly dng u tin ca ma trn A.

To ma trn B bng 2 dng cui cng ca A.

Tnh tng cc phn t trn cc ct ca A. (gi : tnh tng cc phn t trn ct 1: sum(A(:,1))).

Tnh tng cc phn t trn cc dng ca A.

Cho ma trn A=[2 7 9 7; 3 1 5 6; 8 1 2 5], sinh vin gii thch kt qu ca cc lnh sau:
1.

A'

2.

A(:,[1 4])

3.

A([2 3],[3 1])

4.

reshape(A,2,6)

5.

A(:)

6.

[A A(end,:)]

7.

A(1:3,:)

8.

[A ; A(1:2,:)]

9.

sum(A)

10. sum(A')
11. [ [ A ; sum(A) ] [ sum(A,2) ; sum(A(:)) ] ]
Gii h phng Ax=b, vi: A=

123051130 v b= 112. Gi : x=A\b.

Vect
Vect thc cht cng l ma trn c kch thc (n x 1) hay (1 x n), nn ta c th to ra vect nh cch to ra ma
trn. Ngoi ra, c th dng mt s cch sau:

>>x=0:0.1:1
>>y=linspace(1, 10, 20) % vecto 20 phan tu cach deu nhau tu 1 den 10
>>z=rand(10,1)
Cho vect x = [3 1 5 7 9 2 6], gii thch kt qu ca cc lnh sau:

x(3)

x(1:7)

x(1:end)

x(1:end-1)

x(6:-2:1)

x([1 6 2 1 1])

sum(x)

Sinh vin hy to mt vect x c 100 phn t, sao cho:

xn=(1)

(2n1).

n+1

Gi : To vect n c 100 phn t t 1 n 100, dng ton t du chm (.) xc nh x.

Cc a thc
Cc a thc trong Matlab c m t bng cc vect hng vi cc phn t ca vect chnh l cc h s ca a thc,
xp theo th t s m gim dn. V d, a thc m = s4-s3+4s2-5s-1 c biu din l:
>>m=[1 -1 4 5 -1]
xc nh gi tr ca a thc, ta dng lnh polyval. V d, xc nh gi tr ca a thc ti im s=2:
>>polyval(m,2)
xc nh nghim ca a thc, ta dng lnh roots. V d:
>>roots(m)

Cho phng trnh x2-4x+5=0, gii phng trnh theo 2 cch, cch 1 tnh delta theo phng php c in, cch 2
dng hm roots, hy so snh kt qu.

Cch1:

>>a=1;
>>b=-4;
>>c=5
>>x1=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a)
>>x2=(-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a)

Cch 2:

>>m=[a b c];
>>x=roots(m)
Hy thay i cc gi tr khc nhau ca a, b v c tng ng trong 2 cch gii trn. So snh kt qu v nhn xt.
Gii phng trnh x3- 2x2+4x+5=0. Kim chng kt qu thu c bng hm polyval. Sinh vin c nhn xt g v kt
qu kim chng.
cho phng trnh x7-2=0.Lp li cu
Sinh vin th dng hm poly to a thc t cc nghim cho trc.
>>help poly

ha
Matlab h tr ch ha rt mnh, bao gm ha 2D v 3D, vi cc trc ta tuyn tnh v phi tuyn bt k.

ha 2 D
ha 2D ch yu da trn lnh plot. c gip , ta g:
>>help plot

], trn cng h trc ta , ta ln lt thc hin nh sau:V th hm s y1=sinx.cos2x v hm s y2=sinx2

trong [0-2
>>x=0:0.01:2*pi;
>>y1=sin(x).*cos(2*x);%nhan tuong tung tung phan tu
>>plot(x,y1)
>>grid on%hien thi luoi
Sau khi thu c th hm y1, v y2 trn cng th, ta thc hin:
>>hold on%giu hinh, mac nhien la hold off
>>y2=sin(x.^2);%luy thua tung phan tu
>>plot(x,y2,k)%duong ve co mau den
>>axis([0 4*pi 1.25 1.25])%dinh lai toa do hien thi
Ta c th t nhn cho cc trc cng nh tiu cho th:
>>xlabel(Time)
>>ylabel(Amplitude)
>>title(y1=sinx.cos2x and y2=sin(x^2))
>>legend(sinx.cos2x,sinx^2)

Hnh 1

Hnh 1.1 Biu din th cc hm s trn cng h trc ta

Matlab h tr rt nhiu thuc tnh ha, c th kim sot cc thuc tnh ny ta cn dng n th ha. V
d:
>>close all
>>x=[0 1 2 3];
>>y=[0 4 1 5];
>>h=plot(x,y)
h chnh l th ha ca hm plot, thy cc thuc tnh ho, ta dng lnh:
>>set(h)
By gi ta th t mt s thuc tnh ha cho h.
>>set(h,Color, r)%dat lai mau do
>>set(h,'LineWidth',6)%dat do rong duong
>>set(h,'Marker','v','MarkerSize',6)

Hnh 2

Hnh 1.2 Thay i thuc tnh ng biu din

D liu dng v c t trong XData v YData.
>> set(h,'XData',[0 1 1 3])
>>set(h,'YData',[0 3 5 1])
T kt qu ny, ta nhn thy nu d liu trong XData v YData bin thin theo thi gian, th trn ca s ha
(figure) ta s thy hnh nh sinh ng kiu animation.

Hnh 3

Hnh 1.3 - Thay i d liu trong ca s ha

Tng t nh hm plot, sinh vin th dng cc hm semilogx, semilogy v loglog cho trng hp trc ta phi
tuyn.
Ngoi cc lnh biu din ng cong trong ta Descartes, Matlab cng h tr vic v th hm s trong h ta
cc bng hm polar.
>>theta=0:0.05:2*pi;
>>r=sin(5*theta);
>>polar(theta,r)

Hnh 4

Hnh 1.4 Biu din th hm s trong h ta cc

ha 3 D
Matlab cung cp nhiu hm v th 3D, chng hn: plot3 - dng v cc ng trong khng gian 3 chiu; mesh
v surf - dng v vt th 3D (g help mesh v help surf bit thm cc hm 3D c lin quan).
V th 3D bng hm plot3:
>>t=0:pi/50:10*pi;
>>x=sin(t);
>>y=cos(t);

>>z=t;
>>subplot(121), plot3(x,y,z)%ve tren o thu nhat
>>grid on
>>subplot(122), plot3(x,y,t.^2)%ve tren o thu hai
>> grid on

Hnh 5

Hnh 1.5 V th 3D bng hm plot3

V mt paraboloid z=x2+y2 trong khng gian 3 chiu:
>>close all
>>t=-5:0.1:5;
>> [x,y]=meshgrid(t);%dinh luoi ve
>>z=x.^2+y.^2;
>> subplot(2,2,1), mesh(z)%ve mat luoi 3D
>> title('mesh(z)')
>> subplot(2,2,2), meshc(z)%giong mesh nhung co them duong vien
>> title('meshc(z)')
>> subplot(2,2,3), meshz(z)%co them luoi tren mat x,y

>> title('meshz(z)')
>> subplot(2,2,4), waterfall(z)%chi ve luoi theo 1 huong
>> title('waterfall(z)')
***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***
Hnh 1.6 - V mt paraboloid
V mt

z=sin

x2+y2

x2+y2 trong khng gian 3 chiu:

>>x=-8:0.5:8;
>>y=x;
>>[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y);
>>r=sqrt(x.^2+y.^2);
>>z=sin(r)./r;
>>surf(x,y,z)

Hnh 6

Hnh 1.7 Mt biu din th 3D khc

Sinh vin th v mt tr

T chn

z=x4+y2 bng hm mesh v hm surf.

Gii h phng trnh sau:

2x1+4x2+6x3 2x4=0
x1+2x2+ x3 + 2x4=1
2x2+4x3 + 2x4=2
3x1- x2+ 10x4=10.
Chng t rng (A+B)C=AC+BC, vi:
A=

10203246, B= 3100125 v C= [3641].

Sinh vin th v hnh sau (Hnh 1.8):

***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT SUPPORTED.***
(Hnh 1.8)
3D-plots. Chy chng trnh demo ny. Graphics T ca s lnh ca Matlab, nhp: demos. Chn MATLAB