Cell cycle

Mr.B.CHAKRAPANI M.pharm (ph.D) ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF TECNOLOGY

MANGALAPALLY,IBRAHIMPATNAM(M), R.R Dist.

CELL

Cells Tissues Organs

Systems Organism

Check points and the cell cycle

Cell Cycle
G2 3-4 h M 1h

G1

6-8 h

6-12 h

Cell Cycle
RNA, Protein Lamin H1 Abl Cyc B/A CDK1

Mitosis, Cytokinesis

G2 3-4 h S

M 1h G1

Cyc Ds CDK4,6

G0

DNA, RNA, Protein

6-12 h
6-8 h

RNA, Protein p53 pRb

Cyc A CDK2

Cyc E CDK2
Eric Niederhoffer SIU-SOM

Necrosis vs. Apoptosis

Principle Sites of Damage in Cell Injury

Direct Physical Action

Major problems are hemorrhage & ischemia

Ionizing Radiation
Ionizes H2O into H+ & OH OH- attaches to DNA & prevents cell reproduction

DNA mutations

Toxic Molecular Injury

Dose related

Microbes
Toxins can interfere with protein synthesis or utilization of O2

Inflammatory & Immune Reactions

Due to cell injury & then in turn causes injury

Stages in cellular response to stress and injurious stimuli

Cell reaction to stimuli

CELL CYCLE

G1 PHASE
G1 Phase This is the phase in which the cell spends almost all of its time. It is the normal phase of the cell. The cell is doing what ever that cell was designed to do. For example: a skin cell would function as a skin cell during G1 and a liver cell would function as a liver cell during G1.

S PHASE
S phase the s phase is the phase during which dna replication is occurring. Out of sight of most peoples ability to see, the dna is undergoing replication so, at the end of the s phase, there would be two complete sets of dna in the nucleus of that cell. In the s phase the cell has copied the contents of its nucleus

G2 PHASE
G2 Phase- In this phase, the cell makes copies of the important organelles found in the cytoplasm. If a cell is going to divided, it needs enough mitochondria, (power plants) endoplasmic reticulum, (highways) and so on to support itself after cell division. If there are not enough mitochondria in one of the new cells, that cell will die and the main purpose of cell division, to make two cells out of one cell, will be for nothing. In G2 phase, the important organelles in the cytoplasm are copied to ensure that the two new cells will have enough organelles each to survive.

M-PHASE
M Phase- This phase is the phase during which the nucleus divides into two nuclei. There are four parts to this phase; 1) PROPHASE, 2) METAPHASE, 3) ANAPHASE , 4) TELOPHASE. At the end of the M Phase, there will temporarily be a single cell with two nuclei.

PROPHASE
Prophase Spindle fibers form, Chromosomes shorten, thicken and become visible (under a microscope) and the nuclear membrane begins to dissolve.

PROPHASE

METAPHASE
Spindle fibers move the chromosomes, which have their copies wrapped around themselves, to the middle of the nucleus and line them up.

ANAPHASE
Spindle fibers shorten and pull the identical chromosomes away from each other to the opposite side of the nucleus.

TELOPHASE
Spindle fibers dissolve, chromosomes lengthen out and become invisible again, nuclear membrane reforms around both sets of separated chromosomes.

CYTOKINESIS
The cytoplasm divides leaving you with two identical cells, each with one nucleus.

M E I O S I S F O R M A T I O N

ETIOLOGY of Cell Injury

GENETIC CAUSES
ACQUIRED CAUSES

GENETIC CAUSES
THE GENETIC CAUSES OF VARIOUS DISEASES: 1. Developmental defects 2. Cytogenetic defects: chromosomal abnormalities 3. Single gene defects:Mendelian disorders 4. Multifactorial inheritance disorders 5. Other pediatric diseases

ACQUIRED CAUSES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. HYPOXIA AND ISCHAEMIA PHYSICAL AGENTS CHEMICAL AGENTS AND DRUGS MICROBIAL AGENTS IMMUNOLOGIC AGENTS NUTRITIONAL DERANGEMENTS PHYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

HYPOXIA AND ISCHAEMIA

Cells of different tissues essentially require oxygen to generate energy and perform metabolic functions.

Deficiency of oxygen or hypoxia results in failure to carry out these activates by the cells. Hypoxia is the most common cause of cell injury.

HYPOXIA AND ISCHAEMIA

THE CAUSES OF HYPOXIA ARE AS UNDER: The most common mechanism of hypoxic cell injury is by reduced supply of blood to cells .i.e. ischemia. How ever , oxygen deprivation of tissues may result from other causes as well e.g: In anemia , carbon monoxide poisoning, cardio respiratory in sufficiency, and increased demand of tissues.

All disease occurs because of cell injury

Either because of the injury itself or the repair process that follows

Mechanisms of Cell Injury

Ischemic injury

Principle Sites of Damage in Cell Injury

NECROSIS