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‫ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻣﱪﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬


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‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ذ‪.‬אאل‬


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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬


‫‪ (1‬ﻧﻘﺬﻑ ﺑﺤﺠﺮ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‬
‫‪Ep (Z) = mgZ‬‬ ‫‪ Ep(0) = 0‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪ C = 0‬ﺇﺫﻥ‬ ‫‪ Ep(Z) = mgZ +C (1‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬
‫‪ Ec = ½.mV2 (2‬ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ Z= 0‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪Ec(o) =1/2.mV02 = 0,5.0,05.202 = 10J‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ Em=Ep +Ec‬ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺣﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺪﺋﻴﺔ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻴﺔ ) ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻴﺔ (‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ Z =0‬ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ‪ Em = Ec(0) = 10J‬ﻷﻥ ‪ z =0‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ :‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ‪ .‬ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺎ ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻧﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎﺀ )‪ (O,Z‬ﺭﺃﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ Ep = Ec‬ﻧﻌﻮﺽ ﻓﻲ ‪ Em‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ )‪ 2Ep = Em = Ec(o‬ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪Em‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫=‪h‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪ Ep =1/2.Em‬ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ Ep =mg.h‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺫﻥ ‪= 10m‬‬
‫‪2.m.g 2.5.10 − 2.10‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Em‬‬
‫= ‪h ' max‬‬ ‫‪= 20 m‬‬ ‫‪ Ep=Ec(0)=Em‬ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ’‪ Ep = mgh‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪mg‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ‪Ep =mgz + c‬‬
‫‪ (1.2‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ‪ Ep(0)= 0‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ‪Ep(Z) = mgz =20.z :‬‬
‫‪ (2.2‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ‪ Ep(2) = 0 :‬ﻧﻌﻮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ )‪Ep(z‬‬
‫‪Ep(z)= 20.z -40‬‬ ‫‪ Ep(2) = 20.2 +c = 0‬ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ‪ c = -40‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫‪ (3.2‬ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ‪ Ep(-3) = 0 :‬ﻧﻌﻮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ)‪Ep(z‬‬
‫‪ Ep(-3) = 20.(-3) +c = 0‬ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ‪ c = 60‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ‪Ep(z)= 20.z+60‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪ :‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ – ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ) ‪ Em ( A ) = Em (C) = Em (B‬ﻣﺜﻼ‬

‫ﻟﻨﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ )‪Em ( A ) = Em (C‬‬


‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ‪ Ep‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫‪ ) Ep = mgz‬ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ (‬
‫‪Ec =1/2.mV2‬‬
‫‪Em(A) = ½.m.V2 A+ mg.zA‬‬
‫‪Em(A)= 0+ 6.m =6m‬‬
‫‪Em(C ) = ½.mVc2 +mg.zc‬‬
‫‪Em(C) = ½.m.4 + m.10.0,4 = 6m‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﻨﺤﻔﻆ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪. B‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ) ‪ Em(B) = Em( C‬ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ )‪ ) Em (B) = EC( B‬ﻷﻥ ‪ Ep(B) = 0‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ (‬
‫‪12m‬‬
‫= ‪V 2B‬‬ ‫‪= 12 ⇔ VB = 3,4m..s −1‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ‪ 1/2.mV 2B = Em =6m‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫‪m‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ) ‪Em = m.g.z +1/2.mV2 (c = o‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ A‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﻌﺪﻣﺔ ‪Em ( A ) = Ep ( A) :‬‬
‫‪ZA = ZB + AB.sinθ = r(1-cos θ) +2sinθ‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﻮﺽ ﺏ ‪AB =2m :‬‬
‫] ‪E m ( A) = m.g .[r (1 − cos θ ) + 2 sin θ‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Em(A) = 10J‬‬
‫‪ (2.1‬ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪B‬‬
‫) ‪Ep(B) = m.g.zB = m.g.r(1-cosθ‬‬
‫‪Ep( B ) = 0,5.10.0,5(1-0.5) =1,25J‬‬ ‫ﺕ‪.‬ﻉ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ec(B) = Em – Ep(B) = 10-1,25= 8,75J‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ‪VC= 5,91m.s-1‬‬
‫‪ (3.1‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ D‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺤﻔﻆ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺮ ) ‪( A,D‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ZA = ZB + AB.sinθ = r(1-cos θ) +2sinθ‬‬
‫‪ZD= 2r‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫) ‪m (V D − V A ) = W A → D ( P ) = m. g ( z A − z D‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫] ‪mV D = m. g [[r (1 − cos θ ) + 2 sin θ ] − 2 r‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫] ) ‪mV D = m. g [2 sin θ − r (1 + cos θ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫] ) ‪V D = m. g [2 sin θ − r (1 + cos θ‬‬
‫‪V D = 2, 21m.s −1‬‬

‫‪(2‬‬
‫‪(1.2‬ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻡ‪.‬ﻁ‪.‬ﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ )‪ (A ;B‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ B‬ﻫﻲ ‪ VB = 4ms-1‬ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻘﺮﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ‪f‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫) ‪.m(VB − V A ) = W ( P) + W ( f‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪W ( f ) = mVB + W ( P ) = mVD − m.g . AB. sin θ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫‪W ( f ) = 0,5.0,5.(4) 2 − 0,5.10.2. sin 60 = −0,33 J‬‬

‫‪ (2.2‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ‪f :‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫) ‪W( f‬‬
‫‪W ( f ) = − f . AB ⇒ f = −‬‬
‫‪AB‬‬
‫‪− 0,33‬‬
‫‪f =−‬‬ ‫‪= 0,165 N‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻧﺺ ﻡ‪.‬ﻁ‪.‬ﺡ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﺤﻈﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺮﻱ ﻷﺷﻐﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫) ‪∆EC = ∑ W ( Fi‬‬

‫‪(2‬ﻣﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ O‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻼﻕ ‪ Ec(o) = 0,45J‬ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ‪ M‬ﺣﻴﺚ‪Ec(M)=0,15J‬‬


‫‪ OM = d =0,6m‬ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪∆E c = Ec ( M ) − Ec (o) = 0,15 − 0,45 = −0,3 J‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫)‪∑Wr = W ( P) + Wr ( R‬‬
‫‪W ( R) = 0 ⇒ W ( P) = ∆E c = −0,3 J‬‬
‫‪(3‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫‪W ( P) = −m.g.d . sin α = −0.3J‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫)‪W ' ( P‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫‪= 0.1Kg‬‬
‫‪− g.d . sin α‬‬

‫‪ (1.4‬ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪EP (Z) = m.g.Z + C‬‬


‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ‪ A‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ EP(A) = 0 J‬ﻭ ﻣﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫‪ . ZA= d.sinα=0,9.0,5=0,45m‬ﻟﻨﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ‪C‬‬
‫‪EP (Z) = Z - 0,45‬‬ ‫‪ C =-mg.ZA= -0,45 J‬ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫‪ EP (A)= m.g.ZA +C =0‬ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‬

‫‪Ep(O) = 0 – 0,45 = -0,45J‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ O‬ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬


‫‪ (2.4‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪E P (O) = −0,45 J‬‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫‪E P ( A) = 0 J‬‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫‪EC (O) = 0,45 J‬‬ ‫‪EC ( A) = 0 J‬‬

‫ﺃ – ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪O‬‬


‫‪E m(O) = Ep (O) +E c(O) = - 0,45 +0,45 = 0 J‬‬
‫ﺏ – ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪A‬‬
‫‪E m(A) = Ep (A) +E c(A) = 0 -0 = 0J‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺤﻔﻆ‬

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