New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 13)

x2 + 5 − 3
17. lim Section A
x →2 x2 − 4
x2 + 5 − 3 x2 + 5 + 3 1.
= lim ( ⋅ )
x →2 x2 − 4 x2 + 5 + 3 θ −0.1 −0.01 −0.001

1 sin 2θ
= lim 0.662 231 0.666 622 0.666 666
x →2
x +5 +3
2 3θ
1
=
6 θ 0.001 0.01 0.1

sin 2θ
x + 2 − 3x − 2 0.666 666 0.666 622 0.662 231
18. lim 3θ
x→2
5x − 1 − 4 x + 1
sin 2θ 2
x + 2 − 3x − 2 ∴ lim =
= lim ( θ →0 3θ 3
x →2 5x −1 − 4x + 1
5x − 1 + 4x + 1 2.
⋅
5x − 1 + 4x + 1 θ −0.05 −0.005 −0.000 5

x + 2 + 3x − 2 1 − cos 5θ
⋅ ) 12.435 0 12.499 3 12.5
x + 2 + 3x − 2 θ2

(−2 x + 4)( 5 x − 1 + 4 x + 1)
= lim θ 0.000 5 0.005 0.05
x →2 ( x − 2)( x + 2 + 3 x − 2 )
− 2( 5 x − 1 + 4 x + 1) 1 − cos 5θ
12.5 12.499 3 12.435 0
= lim θ2
x →2
x + 2 + 3x − 2
= −3 1 − cos 5θ
∴ lim = 12.5
θ →0 θ2
3
1+ h −1
19. lim
h →0 h sin 3θ
3. lim
1 θ →0 2θ
lim
= h →0 2 1 sin 3θ 3θ
(1 + h) + (1 + h) 3 + 1
3 = lim ⋅
θ → 0 3θ 2θ
1 3 sin 3θ
= lim
3 =
2 θ →0 3θ
3
3
x −1 =
20. lim 2
x →1
x −1
  tan θ
 x −1 x +1 4. lim
= lim  2 ⋅ θ →0 θ
x →1
 3
1
x − 1 
 x + x3 +1  sin θ
= lim
θ → 0 θ cosθ
x +1
= lim
x →1 2 1 sin θ 1
= lim ⋅ lim
x + x3 +1
3
θ →0 θ θ → 0 cosθ
2 =1
=
3
x
sin
5. lim 2
x→0 x
sin
EXERCISE 13.4 Section 13.4 Limits of trigonometric
functions
3
(page 29)

9
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 13)

x x θ
sin 2 sin 2
2 ⋅ lim 3 3 = 2
= lim ⋅ lim lim
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 2 θ →0 sin θ
sin
2 3  
3  sin 2 θ 
= 2 ⋅ θ ⋅θ 
2 = lim 
θ →0 2
sin θ 2 
  
θ

sin 2 x
2
  2  
= lim 
sin x 
6. lim 
x→0 x2 x →0
 x  =0
sin x sin x
= lim ⋅ lim sin 2 8θ  sin 2 8θ 
x →0 x x → 0 x 13. lim = lim  ⋅ 64 = 64
 ( 8θ )
2
=1 θ →0 θ 2 θ → 0 

sin 4 x  sin 4 x  lim θ sin θ 2 = 0

7. lim = lim  ⋅ 4 14. θ →0
x →0 x x →0
 4x 
=4
1 − cos 2 x 2 sin 2 x
15. lim = lim
x →0 5 x 2 + x 3 x →0 x 2 ( 5 + x )
 x 
x  sin 
8.
sin
= lim  5 ⋅ 1  sin 2 x 2 
lim 5 x →0  x 5 = lim  2 ⋅ 
x →0 x   x →0
 x 5 + x 
 5 
2
1 =
= 5
5

x 1 − cos 2 x  sin 2 x 1  1
lim 16. lim = lim  2 ⋅  =
9. =0 2 x →0  x 2 2
x →0 cos x x →0 2x  

sin 7 x  sin 7 x 11x 7  Section B

10. lim = lim  ⋅ ⋅ 
x →0 sin 11x x →0  7 x sin11x 11 
3
7 3x lim
= 17. lim = x→0 sin x
11 x →0 sin x − x −1
x
This limit does not exist.
tan 9θ
11. lim
θ →0tan 6θ 1 − cos mx
18. lim
 sin 9θ cos 6θ  x →0 x2
= lim  ⋅ 
θ → 0  sin 6θ cos 9θ  mx
2 sin 2
 sin 9θ 6θ 9 cos 6θ  = 2
= lim  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  lim
θ → 0  9θ sin 6θ 6 cos 9θ 
x→0 x2
3  2  mx  
=  sin   2
2  2 ⋅m 
= lim 
x →0 2
2 
 
mx 
 
  2  
m2
=
2
1 − cosθ
12. lim
θ →0 sin θ

10
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 13)

sin 4 x
19. lim
x →0
x+2 − 2 4
1+ 2
lim x 2
+ 4 x
 sin 4 x x + 2 + 2  3. = lim
= lim  4
x →∞ x →∞
⋅ x2 − 4 1− 2
x →0
 x+2 − 2 x + 2 + 2  x
 sin 4 x  =1
= lim  ⋅ ( x + 2 + 2 )(4)
x →0  4 x 
3
= 8 2 2+
lim 2 x 2
+ 3 x x
4. x →∞
= lim
x →∞ 5
sin ( x + h ) − sin ( x − h ) 5 − x2 −1
20. lim x2
h →0 h
2 cos x sin h = −2
= lim
h →0 h
= 2 cos x 3 1
+ 1−
x x2
lim x − 3x + 1 = lim
2
5.
( x + 1) 2
2
21. lim[( x − 1) 2 sin( x − 1)] x →∞ x →∞
 1
x →1 1 + 
 x
= lim ( x − 1) 2 ⋅ lim sin( x − 1)
x →1 x →1 =1
=0×0
=0 1
lim x2
6. = lim 3 8
π x →∞
3x + 8
x →∞ + 2
22. Let t = x − . x x
2
= ∞ (no finite limit)
lim [(2 x − π ) 2 (tan 2 x + 1)]
π
x→
2 5 6 2
+ 2 − 3
(2 x − π ) 2 lim 5 x 2
+ 6 x − 2 x x x
= limπ 7. = lim
cos 2 x
x →∞
10 x 3 − 7
x →∞ 7
x→
2 10 − 3
x
(2t ) 2 =0
lim
= t →0 π 
cos 2  + t 
2  2
lim 1 + 1   3 − 1  = 9
8. x →∞
 t2   x x2 
= lim  2 ⋅ 4 
t →0 sin t
 
=4 9. lim ( x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x + 3)
x →∞
5x3
 1 2 3
EXERCISE 13.5 Section 13.5 Limits at infinity
(page 34)
lim 1 +  1 +  1 + 
= x →∞  x   x   x
5
Section A 1
=
5
1
lim x lim 4
1. = x →∞ 1 =1 1+ 2
x →∞
x +1 1+ t 2 + 4 = lim t
x 10. lim
t →∞ t →∞
t+4 4
2 1+
5+ t
lim 5 x + 2 x
2. = lim =1
x →∞
3x + 1 x →∞ 1
3+
x
5
=
3

11
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 13)

1 7 −2 x
+ = lim
lim x 2
+ 7 x lim x x2 x →∞
4 x + 2 x + 1 + (2 x + 1)
2
11. = x →−∞
x →−∞
x3 − 6 6 1
1− 3
x =−
2
=0
18. lim
x →∞
( 3 x 3 + x − 3 x 3 +3 )
lim y2 + 4 x2 + 4
12. y →−∞ = lim
x →∞ ( x 3 + x) − ( x 3 + 3)
y+4 −x+4 = lim
x →∞
2 1 2
where y = − x ( x 3 + x) + ( x 3 + x)( x 3 + x) 3 + ( x 3 + x) 3
3

4 =0
1+
= lim x2
x →∞
4 EXERCISE 13.6 Section 13.6 Small increments
−1+ (page 38)
x
= −1
Section A
Section B
1. ∆y = [3( x1 + Δ x ) + 4] − (3x1 + 4 )

lim 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = lim  n( n + 1) ⋅ 1 

= 3Δx
13. n →∞  = 3 × 0.1
n →∞
n2  2 n 2 
= 0.3
1
=
2 2. ∆y = [( x1 + Δ x) 2 + 7] − ( x12 + 7)
n +1 = 2 x1 ⋅ Δ x + (Δx) 2
1
1−   = 2 × 5 × (−0.01) + (−0.01) 2
 1 1 1 
lim 1 + + + ... +  = lim 2
14. n →∞
 2 4 2 n  n →∞ 1 = −0.099 9
1−
2 2
=2 3. ∆y = [2( x1 + Δ x) − ( x1 + Δ x) 2 ] − (2 x1 − x1 )
= 2 Δ x − 2x1 Δ x − (Δx) 2
1 = 0.05 (2 − 2 × 4 − 0.05)
4+
lim 4x 2 + x x
15. x →∞
= lim
x →∞
= −0.302 5
x2 − 9 9
1− 2
x 1 1
4. Δ y = ( x + Δ x) 3 − x 3
= lim
x →∞ 4
=2 ( x + ∆x ) − x
= 2 1 2
( x + ∆x ) + [ x( x + ∆x )] 3 + x 3
3
16. lim
x →∞
( x2 + 2x − x )
Δx
lim ( x 2 + 2 x) − x 2 = 2 1 2
= x →∞ ( x + Δ x) 3 + [ x( x + Δ x)] 3 + x3
x2 + 2x + x
2x 0.001
= lim
x →∞
= 2 1 2
x + 2x + x
2
( −1 + 0.001) 3 + [( −1)( −1 + 0.001)] 3 + ( −1) 3
=1
= 0.000 333
17. lim ( 4x 2 + 2x + 1 − 2x −1 )
x →∞
5. Δ y = [1 − 2( t + Δt ) ] − (1 − 2t )
(4 x 2 + 2 x + 1) − (2 x + 1) 2 = −2Δt
= lim
x →∞
4 x 2 + 2 x + 1 + (2 x + 1) Δy
∴ = −2
Δt
1 + ( t + Δt ) −
2
6. Δy = 1+ t2

12
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 13)

[1 + (t + Δ t ) 2 ] − (1 + t 2 ) − (20t – 5t2)
= = 20(Δ t ) − 5[2t (Δ t ) + (Δ t ) 2 ]
1 + (t + Δ t ) 2 + 1 + t 2
Δs
2t ⋅ Δt + (Δt ) 2 = 20 – 5(2t + Δ t )
= Δt
1 + (t + Δt ) 2 + 1 + t 2 When t = 1.5, Δt = 0.2 ,
Δy 2t + Δ t the required average speed
∴ = = 20 – 5 [2(1.5) + 0.2]
Δt 1 + (t + Δ t ) 2 + 1 + t 2
=4
2 × 0 + (−0.2)
= (b) Instantaneous velocity
1 + (0 − 0.2) 2 + 1 + (0) 2 Δs
= lim
= −0.099 0 Δt →0 Δt

= 20 − 10t
3 3 3t − 3(t + Δt ) When t = 1.5,
7. Δy = − = the required velocity
t + Δt t t (t + Δt )
−3 −3 = 20 − 10(1.5)
Δy
∴ = = =5
Δt t (t + Δt ) 9(9 − 0.005)
= −0.037 1
 1 
11. (a) ∆Q = 2(t + Δ t ) − (t + Δ t ) 2 
2 + (t + Δt ) 2+t  100 
8. Δy= −
2 − (t + Δt ) 2−t  1 2
−  2t − t 
(2 + t + Δt )(2 − t ) − (2 + t )(2 − t − Δt )  100 
=
(2 − t − Δt )(2 − t ) 1
= 2Δ t − [2tΔ t + (Δ t ) 2 ]
Δy 4 100
∴ =
Δt (2 − t − Δt )(2 − t ) ΔQ 1
=2– (2t + Δ t )
4 Δt 100
= When t = 6, ∆t = 1,
[2 − (−3) − 0.001][2 − (−3)]
= 0.160 0 ΔQ 1
=2– (2 × 6 + 1)
Δt 100
Section B = 1.87

1 1 ΔQ
9. (a) ∆y = ( x + Δx) 2 − x 2 (b) is the average current flowing
2 2 Δt
1 2 through the wire in the interval ∆t.
= x(∆x) + (Δx)
2 ΔQ 1
(c) lim =2– (2t )
Δy  1  Δt → 0 Δt 100
∴ lim = Δlim x + (Δx)
x →0  2
Δx →0 Δx   At t = 6,
=x 1
Thus, at x = 3, the limit = 2 − (6)
50
Δy = 1.88
lim =3
Δx →0 Δx The limit is the instantaneous current
1 9 flowing through the wire at t = 6.
(b) When x = 3 , y = (3) 2 =
2 2
∴ Equation of the required tangent
is
9
y− = 3 (x − 3)
2
i.e. 6x – 2y – 9 = 0.

10. (a) ∆s = [20(t + Δ t ) − 5(t + Δ t ) 2 ]

13
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 13)

dy Δy
= lim
EXERCISE 13.7 Section 13.7 Derivatives
(page 42)
dx Δ x → 0 Δx
3
= Δlim
x→0
3( x + Δx) + 3x
Section A
3
=
1. ∆y = [ 3( x + Δx) + 4] − (3x + 4) 2 3x
= 3 (∆x)
1 1
Δy 6. ∆y = −
=3 x + Δx + 4 x + 4
Δx
( x + 4) − ( x + Δx + 4)
dy Δy =
= lim =3 ( x + Δx + 4)( x + 4)
dx Δ x → 0 Δx
Δy −1
=
2. ∆y = (x + ∆x)2 − x2 Δx ( x + Δx + 4)( x + 4)
= 2x (∆x) + (∆x) 2 dy Δy
Δy = lim
= 2x + ∆x dx Δ x → 0 Δx
Δx −1
dy Δy = Δlim
x → 0 ( x + Δx + 4)( x + 4)
= lim
dx Δx →0 Δx 1
= lim (2x + ∆x) =−
Δx → 0 ( x + 4) 2
= 2x
x + Δx + 1 x + 1
7. ∆y = −
3. ∆y = (x + ∆x) − x3 3
x + Δx x
= 3x2 (∆x) + 3x (∆x)2 + (∆x) 3 x( x + Δx + 1) − ( x + 1)( x + Δx)
Δy =
= 3x3 + 3x (∆x) + (∆x)2 x( x + Δx)
Δx −1
Δy
dy Δy =
= lim Δx x( x + Δx)
dx Δ x → 0 Δx
dy Δy
= Δlim [3 x 2 + 3 x(Δ x) + (Δ x) 2 ] = lim
x→0 dx Δx →0 Δx
= 3x2 −1
= Δlim
x → 0 x ( x + Δx )

1 1 1
4. ∆y = −
x + Δx x =− 2
x
−Δx
=
x( x + Δx) 8. ∆y = ( x + Δx) 2 + 1 − x 2 + 1
Δy −1 [( x + Δ x) 2 + 1] − ( x 2 + 1)
= =
Δx x ( x + Δ x)
( x + Δ x) 2 + 1 − x 2 + 1
dy −1 1
= Δlim =− 2 Δy 2 x + Δx
dx x → 0 x( x + Δx) x =
Δx ( x + Δx) 2 + 1 − x 2 + 1
5. ∆y = 3( x + Δx) − 3 x dy Δy
= lim
3( x + Δx) − 3x dx Δ x → 0 Δx
= 2 x + Δx
3( x + Δx) + 3x = Δlim
x→0
( x + Δx) 2 + 1 − x 2 + 1
Δy 3
= 3( x + Δ x) + 3 x x
Δx =
x +1
2

14
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 13)

9. f ( x + Δx) − f (x) 6
=
2
= [ 1 − ( x + Δ x) ] − (1 − x ) 2 (t + 3) 2
= −2x(∆x) − (∆x)2 6
f ′(−2) = =6
f ( x + Δ x) − f ( x) (−2 + 3) 2
f ′(x) = lim
Δ x →0 Δx
 − 2 x(Δ x) − (Δ x) 2  f (u + Δu ) − f (u )
13. f ' (u ) = lim
= lim  
 Δu →0 Δu
Δ x→0
 Δx 
1
= −2x lim
= Δ u→0 2 1 2
f ′ (2) = −2(2) = −4 (u + Δ u ) 3 + u[(u + Δ u )] 3 + u 3
2
10. f ( x + Δ x) − f ( x) 1 −
= u 3
3
= [( x + Δ x) 2 − ( x + Δ x) + 5] − ( x 2 − x + 5) 2
f ′ (0) = 1 (0) 3 is undefined.
−
= 2 x(Δx) + (Δx) 2 − Δx
3
f ( x + Δx) − f ( x)
f ′(x) = lim
Δx → 0 Δx 14. f (u + Δu ) − f (u )
2 x(Δ x) + (Δ x) 2 − Δ x 7 7
= lim = −
Δ x→0 Δx 2(u + Δu ) − 1 2u − 1
= 2x − 1
7( 2u − 1 − 2(u + Δ u ) − 1)
f ′(1) = 2(1) − 1 = 1 =
[2(u + Δ u ) − 1](2u − 1)
11. f (t + ∆t) − f (t)
2u − 1 − [2(u + Δ u ) − 1]
 1   1 = 7×
= (t + Δt ) + − t +  [ [2(u + Δ u ) − 1](2u − 1)
 t + Δt   t 
Δt × ( 2u − 1 + 2(u + Δ u ) − 1 )]
= Δt −
t (t + Δt ) −14(Δ u )
f (t + Δ t ) − f (t )
f ′(t ) = lim = { [2(u + Δ u ) − 1](2u − 1)
Δ t →0 Δt
Δt × ( 2u − 1 + 2(u + Δ u ) − 1 )}
Δt −
= t (t + Δ t ) f (u + Δu ) − f (u )
lim f ′(u ) = lim
Δ x→0 Δt Δu →0 Δu
1 −14
=1− 2
t = Δlim { [2(u + Δ u ) − 1](2u − 1)
u →0
1
f ′(−1) = 1 − =0 × ( 2u − 1 + 2(u + Δ u ) − 1)}
(−1) 2
−7
12. f (t + ∆t) − f (t) = 3
2

(t + Δt ) − 3 t − 3 (2u − 1)
= − −7
(t + Δt ) + 3 t + 3 7
f ′(5) = 3 =−
6(Δt ) (2 × 5 − 1) 2 27
=
(t + 3)(t + 3 + Δt )
f (t + Δ t ) − f (t ) Section B
f ′(t ) = lim
Δ t →0 Δt
15. (a) f ( x + Δ x) − f ( x)
6(Δ t )
= (t + 3)(t + 3 + Δ t ) = [ ( x + Δx) 2 − 2( x + Δx) − 3 ]
lim
Δ t →0 Δt − ( x 2 − 2 x − 3)
= 2 x(Δ x) + (Δ x) 2 − 2(Δ x)

15
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 13)

∴ f ′(x) = Δlim ( 2x + Δ x − 2 ) ∴ t=3

x→0

= 2x − 2 ds
(c) = 30 − 10t < 0
(b) dt
∴ t>3

18. (a) By definition of derivative,

d
(sin x)
dx
sin( x + Δ x) − sin x
= lim
Δ x →0 Δx

 Δx  Δx
2 cos x +  sin
=  2  2
lim
Δ x→0 Δx

Δx
sin
(c) y = f (x) is minimum at x = 1.  Δx  2
= lim cos  x +  ⋅ lim
f ′(1) = 2(1) − 2 Δ x →0  2  Δ x→0 Δ x
=0 2
= cos x × 1
(d) f ′(x) = 2x – 2 > 0
d
∴ x >1 ∴ (sin x) = cos x.
dx
16. (a) ∆y = [ 8 − ( x + Δ x) 3 ] − (8 − x 3 ) (b) When sin x = 1 or −1,
= − 3 x (Δx) − 3 x(Δx) − (Δx)
2 2 3
dy
= cos x
dy Δy dx
= lim
dx Δx →0 Δx = 1− sin 2 x
2 2
= lim [−3 x − 3x(Δ x) − (Δ x) ]
Δ x→0
=0
= −3x2
dy
(b) = −3x2 = −12 REVISION Revision exercise 13
(page 44)
dx
EXERCISE 13
x=±2
(c) When x = 2, y = 0;
when x = −2, y = 16. Section A
Equations of the required tangents are
x
y − 0 = −12 (x − 2) 1. lim
x →0
and y −16 = −12 (x + 2) 1 + 4x − 1
i.e. 12x + y − 24 = 0 = lim 1 + 4x + 1
x →0
and 12x + y + 8 = 0. 4
1
17. 2 =
(a) ∆s = [ 30(t + Δ t ) − 5(t + Δ t ) ] 2
− (30t − 5t 2)
= 30(∆t) − 10t(∆t) − 5(∆t)2 2. lim  1 + 4 
 x+2 x −4
x → −2 2
ds
∴ = 30 − 10t
dt = lim x − 2 + 4
x → −2
(b) At instantaneous rest, x2 − 4
ds 1
= 30 − 10t = 0 =−
dt 4

16
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 13)

2
x3 + 1 =
3. lim (3 − x) 2
x → −1
sin ( x + 1)
 1   1
( x + 1) 2 − 3( x + 1) + 3 9. ∆y =  4 −  − 4 − 
 x + Δx   x
lim
= x →−1 sin ( x + 1)
Δx
x +1 =
x( x + Δx)
t 2 − 3t + 3
= lim , where t = x +1 Δy 1
t →0 sin t =
t Δx x( x + Δx)
=3 dy Δy
= Δlim
x →0
x dx Δx
lim cos 1
4. x→π 2 = Δlim
x −π
x →0
x( x + Δx)
π +t 1
cos =
= lim
t →0 2 , where t = x − π x2
t
 t  10. ∆y = 3( x + Δx) 2 − 8 − 3x 2 − 8
 sin 2 1 
= lim
t →0 
× (− ) [3( x + Δ x) 2 − 8] − (3 x 2 − 8)
 t 2  =
 2  3( x + Δ x) 2 − 8 + 3 x 2 − 8
1 3[2 x(Δ x) + (Δ x) 2 ]
=− =
2
3( x + Δ x) 2 − 8 + 3 x 2 − 8
lim x − 2 x + 8 = − 1
3
5. Δy 3(2 x + Δx)
x →∞
1 − 5x 3 5 =
Δx 3( x + Δx) 2 − 8 + 3 x 2 − 8
dy Δy
lim (x − x 2 − a 2 ) = lim
x2 − (x2 − a2 ) = Δlim
x →0
6. x →∞ x →∞
dx Δx
x + x2 − a2 3(2 x + Δx)
=0 = Δlim
x →0
3( x + Δx) 2 − 8 + 3 x 2 − 8
7. ∆y = (x + ∆x − 1)2 − (x − 1)2 3x
= 2x ( ∆x) − 2(∆x) =
3x 2 − 8
Δy
= 2x − 2
Δx 11. ∆y = [9 − ( x + Δ x) 2 ] − (9 − x 2 )
dy Δy
= Δlim
x →0
= 2x − 2 = −2x (Δx) − (Δ x) 2
dx Δx
Δy
2 2 = −2x − Δx
8. ∆y = − Δx
3 − ( x + Δx) 3− x dy Δy
= Δlim
x →0
2(3 − x) − 2(3 − x − Δx) dx Δx
= lim
(3 − x − Δx)(3 − x) = Δx →0 (−2x − Δx )
Δy 2 = −2x
=
Δx (3 − x − Δ x) (3 − x) dy 1
dy Δy dx 1 = −2   = −1
= Δlim x=
2
2
x →0
dx Δx
2
= Δlim
x →0
(3 − x − Δ x) (3 − x)

17
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 13)

12. ∆y = (x + Δx +1) (x + Δx − 2) dy 2
∴ = Δlim
− (x +1) (x − 2) dx x →0
( x + Δ x − 1)( x − 1)
= 2x (Δx) + (Δ x) 2 − Δx 2
=
Δy ( x − 1) 2
= 2x + Δx −1
Δx dy 2 1
dy Δy = =
= Δlimx →0
dx x = −1 (−1 − 1) 2 2
dx Δx
= Δlim
x →0
(2x + Δx − 1)
= 2x − 1 16 (a) f (x) = x3 − 3x
dy f ′(x) = 3x2 − 3
1
dx 1 = 2  − 1 = 0 (b)
x=
2
2

x −1
15. (a) y = f (x) =
x −1
lim f (x) = lim − x − 1
x → −∞ x → −∞
− x −1
1
−1−
= xlim x
→ −∞ 1
1−
x
= −1
lim f (x) = lim x − 1
x →1 x →1
x −1
=1
(b)

(c) f ′(x) = 3x2 − 3 =0

∴ x=±1

(d) f ′(x) = 3x2 − 3 < 0

x2 − 1 < 0
∴ −1 < x < 1

−x − 1
(c) For x < 0, f (x) =
x −1
f ( x + Δ x) − f (x)
−( x + Δx) − 1 −x − 1
= −
( x + Δx) − 1 x −1
2Δ x
=
( x + Δ x − 1)( x − 1)

18