New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

CHAPTER 16
14. ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
15. ∫ 6 x dx = kx
3 4
+C
d
(kx 4 ) = 6x 3
dx
EXERCISE 16.1 Section 16.1 Idea of indefinite integration 4kx3 = 6x 3
(page 182)
3
∴ k=
2
Section A
1 k
1. ∫ 6 x dx = 3x2 + C 16. ∫t 4
dt =
t3
+C

d k 1
 3 = 4
2. ∫ 7 dx = 7x + C dt  t  t
1
k (−3t −4 ) = 4
t
1 4
3.
∫ x 3 dx = 4 x + C ∴ k= −
1
3
1
4. ∫2 x
dx = x +C 17. ∫
12
dx = k x + C
x
d 12
5. ∫ (2 x + 5)dx = x 2 + 5 x + C
dx
(k x ) =
x
1 −
1
 12
 1  1 k  x 2  =

6. ∫  − 2  dx = + C
 x  x
2  x
∴ k = 24

7. ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C 18. ∫ ( 4 y + 5) dy = k y 2

+ 5y + C
d
8. ∫ sec 2 x dx = tan x + C dy
(k y 2 + 5y) = 4y + 5

2ky + 5 = 4y + 5
∴ k=2
9. ∫ 8 dx = 8x + C
∫ (2 x + 1) dx = k (2 x + 1)
3 4
19. +C
x2
10. ∫ x dx =
2
+C
d
[k (2 x + 1) ] = (2 x + 1)
4 3
dx
11. ∫ 3x dx = x
2 3
+C 8k (2 x + 1) 3 = (2 x + 1) 3
1
∴ k=
1 1 8
12. ∫ 2x 2
dx =
∫2x −2
dx

1
= − +C
2x

13. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C

90
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

20. ∫ cos 6 θ dθ = k sin 6 θ + C (b) ∫ (2 x + 3)( x + 3x − 8) dx

2 3

d 1
4 ∫
( k sin 6θ ) = cos 6θ = 4(2 x + 3)( x + 3 x − 8)
2 3
dx
dθ
6k cos 6θ = cos 6θ 1 2
= (x + 3x – 8)4 + C
1 4
∴ k=
6
d
24. (a) ( 6x + 5 )
Section B dx
1 1
= (6x + 5) − 2 (6)
d x3 2
21. (a) ( + x 2 + x) = x 2 + 2 x + 1
dx 3 3
= (x + 1)2 =
6x + 5
3
∴ ( x + 1) 2 dx = x + x2 + x + C1
∫ 1
3 (b) ∫ 6x + 5
dx
d 1  1
( x + 1) 3  = ⋅ 3 (x +1)2 1 3
dx  3  3 =
3 ∫ 6x + 5
dx
= (x +1)2
1 1
6x + 5 + C
∴ ∫
( x + 1) 2 dx = (x +1)3+ C2
3
=
3
1 1 3
(b) (x +1) = 3
(x + 3x2 + 3x + 1) d  5 3

3 3 25. (a) 3( x + 1) 2 − 10( x + 1) 2 
1 1 dx  
= x3 + x 2 + x + 15 3 1
3 3 = (x + 1) 2 – 15 (x + 1) 2
1 2
∴ C1 = C2 + 15
3 = x + 1[ ( x + 1) − 2]
1 2
22. (a) F(x) = (3x + 5)2 15
6 = (x − 1) x + 1
1 2
= (9x2 + 30x + 25)
6
3 25
(b) ∫ ( x − 1) x + 1 dx
= x2 + 5x + 2 15
15 ∫ 2
2 6 = ( x − 1) x + 1 dx
F ′(x) = 3x + 5
2  5 3

3 = 3( x + 1) 2 − 10( x + 1) 2  + C
G(x) = x2 + 5x 15  
2
G ′(x) = 3x + 5 2 5 4 3
= (x + 1) 2 − (x + 1) 2 + C
∴ F(x) and G(x) are the 5 3
primitive functions of
f (x) = 3x + 5. d
26. (a) (sin θ – θ cos θ)
(b) The results in (a) can be written as dθ
1 = cos θ − cos θ + θ sin θ
∫(3 x + 5) dx = (3x + 5)2 + C1
6 = θ sin θ
3 (b) ∫ θ sin θ dθ
and ∫
(3 x + 5) dx = x2 + 5x + C2 .
2 = sin θ − θ cos θ + C
25
(c) F(x) and G(x) differ by a constant .
6
EXERCISE 16.2 Section 16.2 Power rule of integration
(page 188)

23. (a)
d
dx
[
( x 2 + 3 x − 8) 4 ] Section A

= 4(x2 + 3x – 8)3 (2x +3)

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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

∫ 7 dx = 7x + C
3 5
x −
∫x
1. 17. 2
dx =
∫ x 3 dx
2
= −3x
−
2. ∫ 5 dx = 5x+C
2
3 +C

∫ x dx = x + C t3 11
3.
2
18. ∫ 4
t
dt =
∫ t 4 dt
15
4 4
4. ∫ 9x 2
dx = 3x + C 3 =
15
t +C
1
x9
19. ∫ ( x + 1) 6 dx = (x + 1) 7 + C
7
5. ∫ x 8 dx =
9
+C
1 1
20. ∫ (2 x − 3) dx = ⋅ (2x – 3) 9 + C
8

2 9
1 1 1
6. ∫ 4 du = 4
u+C =
18
(2x – 3) 9 + C

1 −2
7. ∫x −3
dx = −
2
x +C 21. ∫ (3x − 4) −7
dx
1 1
= ⋅ (3x − 4) −6 + C
1 3 −6
8. ∫ t −5 dt = − t−4 + C
4 1
=− (3x − 4) −6 + C
18
dy 1 −2
9. ∫y =− y +C
∫ (5x + 6)
3
2 22. −4
dx

dz 1 −6 1 1
10. ∫z 7
=−
6
z +C = ⋅
5 −3
(5x + 6) −3 + C
1
=− (5x + 6) −3 + C
3
4 4
7
15
11.
∫ x 4 dx =
7
x +C

2 3
23. ∫ (1 − 2t ) −5
dt
− 5
12.
∫ = x +C 1 1
5
x 5 dx = ⋅ (1 − 2t) 6 + C
3 −2 6
1
3 =− (1 − 2t) 6 + C
13. ∫ u du = 2 u 2 + C
3
12

7 24. ∫ (3 − 7t ) −9
dt
14. ∫ 6
v dv = 6 v 6 + C
7 =
1
⋅
1
(3 − 7t) −8 + C
−7 −8
dz 1
∫ (3 − 7t) −8 + C
1
15. = 5z 5 + C =
5
z 56

∫
3
16. ∫ x x dx =
∫ x 2 dx 25. (4u + 1) 3 du
5 1 3 5
2 2 = ⋅ (4u + 1) 3 + C
= x +C 4 5
5
3 5
= ( 4u + 1) 3 + C
20

92
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

∫ (x
4
− 3. 3
− 4 x) dx
26.
∫ (8 y − 9) 5 dy
1 x4
1
= − 2x2 + C
= ⋅ 5 (8 y − 9) 5 + C 4
8
5 1
= (8 y − 9) 5 + C
8 4. ∫ (x 4
+ 3 x 2 ) dx
1 5
1 = x + x3 + C
27. ∫ 5 − x dx
3
5

∫ (2 x
3
2 1 5. 2
− 6 x + 1) dx
= (−3) ⋅ (5 − x) 2 + C
3 3 2 3
3 = x – 3x2 + x + C
1 3
= −2 (5 − x) 2 + C
3

28. ∫
dv 6. ∫ (3 − 5x 4
+ 8 x 5 ) dx
v 4 6
3 −1
2 = 3x – x5 + x +C
2
3
3 v
= 2⋅ ( − 1) 3 + C
2 2 1
v 2
7. ∫ (x + x 2
) dx
= 3 ( − 1) 3 + C
2 1 2
= x – x –1 + C
1 2
29.
∫ 7
4
t + 6 dt

=4⋅
7 1 8
( t + 6) 7 + C
8. ∫ (−5x −3
+ 2 x −2 ) dx
8 4 5 –2
8
= x – 2x–1 + C
7 1 2
= ( t + 6) 7 + C
2 4
∫ (3 x 4 + x −6 ) dx
5
(2 y − 3) 2 9.
30. ∫ 4 2y − 3
dy
9
1
5 5
7 = x − x–5 + C
5
=
∫ (2 y − 3) 4 dy 3

1 4 11
−
1
⋅
=
2 11 ( 2 y − 3) 4 + C 10.
∫ (2 5 x − 3x 4) dx
2 11 6
= ( 2 y − 3) 4 + C 5 5 3
11 = x − 4x 4 + C
3
 
 7 
EXERCISE 16.3 ∫
Section 16.3 Properties of indefinite integrals
(page 193) 11.  3
− 2 3
x  dx
x 5

2 4
Section A 35 5 3 3
= x − x +C
2 2
1. ∫ (2 x + 7) dx 2 3
= x2 + 7x + C 12. ∫ (t 3
t2
+− 6) dt

= −t–2 – 3t–1 – 6t + C
2. ∫ (12 x 2
− 5) dx
= 4x3 – 5x + C

93
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

1 1
13. ∫ (4 y −
2 y
) dy
∫
= (x + 2x
−
2 +
1
x2
) dx

8 2
3
x2 1
= y − y +C = + 4 2 − x–1 + C
3 2 x

x 4 − 5x + 1
14. ∫ x (2 − x 3 ) dx 21. ∫ x6
dx

∫
= (2 x − x ) dx
∫
4 −6
= ( x −2 − 5 x −5 + x ) dx
x5 5 –4 1 –5
= x2 − +C = − x–1 + x − x +C
5 4 5

15. ∫ x (2 − x) dx 22. ∫
2t 3 + 6t 2
t
dt
3

∫
= (2 x − x ) dx 2

∫
5
= (2t 2 + 6t 2 ) dt
3

3 5
2 2 2
=2⋅ x − x2 + C 7
4 2 12 2
5

3 5 = t + t +C
3 5 7 5
4 2 2 2
= x − x +C
3 5 (2 x + 1)(3 − x)
23. ∫ x4
dx
16. ∫ (3x + 2)( x − 5) dx − 2x 2 + 5x + 3
= ∫ x4
dx
= ∫ (3x − 13 x − 10) dx
2

= ∫ ( −2 x −2
+ 5 x −3 + 3 x −4 ) dx
13 2
= x3 − x – 10x + C 5 –2 –3
2 = 2x–1 − x –x +C
2
17. ∫ (2 y − 1) 2
dy
 2y +1
2

  dy
=
1 1
⋅ (2y – 1)3 + C
2 3
24. ∫  3 y2 
 
1 1 2
= (2y – 1)3 + C −
6 ∫
= (2 y 3 + y 3 ) 2 dy

2 1 4
− −
18. ∫ u 2 ( u −5 − 3u ) du ∫
= (4 y 3 + 4 y 3 +y 3) dy

∫ (u
5
= −3
− 3u 3 ) du =
12 3 2
−
1
y + 6 y3 – 3 y 3 + C
5
1 –2 3 4
=− u − u +C
2 4
19. ∫ s (3 s − 4 s ) ds
5 3

∫
= ( s 6 − s 4 ) ds

6 116 4 74
= s − s +C
11 7

1
20. ∫( x + ) 2 dx
x

94
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

Section B
30. ∫ (3u + 1)( 3u + 1 + 3u + 1) du 3

∫ ( x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x + 3) dx
3 4
25.
∫
= [(3u + 1) + (3u + 1) ] du
2 3

= ∫ ( x + 6 x + 11x + 6) dx
3 2
1 2 5 1 3 7
= ⋅ (3u +1) 2 + ⋅ (3u +1) 3 + C
3 5 3 7
x4 11 2
= + 2x3 + x + 6x + C 2 5 1 7
4 2 = (3u +1) 2 + (3u +1) 3 + C
15 7

26. ∫ (2 x − 1)( x + 3)(2 x + 1) dx u +1 −1

= ∫ (4 x + 12 x − x − 3) dx
3 2
31. ∫ ( u + 1) 2
du
3

∫
−
x 2 = [(u + 1) 2 − (u + 1) −2 ] du
= x4 + 4x3 − − 3x + C
2 1
= −2 (u + 1) − 2 + (u + 1)–1 + C
( 3x − 1) 3 dx
27.
∫ x5 2 3x + 8 − 5
27 x 3 − 27 x 2 + 9 x − 1
32. ∫ ( 3 x + 8) 4
dx
=∫ x5
dx 7

∫
−
= [2(3 x + 8) 2 − 5(3 x + 8) − 4 ] dx
= ∫ (27 x −2
− 27 x −3 + 9 x −4 − x −5 ) dx
2 2 5
27 –2 1 = (− )(3x + 8) − 2
= −27x + x + 3x–3 + x–4 + C
–1 3 5
2 4 1 5
+ ⋅ (3x + 8)–3 + C
3 3
( 2t − 5) 2 ( t − 4) dt
28. ∫ t = −
4
15
5 5
(3x + 8) − 2 + ( 3x + 8 )–3 + C
9
4t − 36t 2 + 105t − 100
3
= ∫ t
dt
3( 2 y − 5) + 4( 3 y + 1)
2 3

5 3 1
−
1
33. ∫ ( 2 y − 5) 2 ( 3 y + 1) 3
dy

∫
= (4t 2 − 36t 2 + 105t 2 − 100t 2) dt
 3 4 
8
7
72
5 3 1 =  ∫
 ( 3 y + 1)
3
+ 2
( 2 y − 5) 
dy
= t − 2
t + 70t − 200t + C 2 2 2
7 5 3 1 4
= ⋅ (3y + 1)–2 + (−1)
3 −2 2
x −1
29. ∫ 3
x −1
dx (2y − 5)–1 + C
1
= − (3y + 1)–2 – 2(2y – 5)–1 + C
(3 x − 1)(3 x 2 + 3 x + 1) 2
= ∫ 3
x −1
dx
x2 + 2x
2 1 34. ∫ dx
∫ x + 2x + 1
2
= ( x + x + 1) dx
3 3

 1 
=
3 5 3 4
x3+ x3+x+C  ∫
= 1 − 2  dx
x + 2x + 1 
5 4
  1
= ∫ 1 − ( x + 1)
 dx


2

= x + (x + 1)–1 + C

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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

3z 2 − 4 z dy
35. ∫9 z 2 − 12 z + 4
dz 4.
dx
= 3x2 − 4

= 3
1 2
( 9 z − 12 z + 4) − 4 y= ∫ (3x 2
− 4) dx
∫ 9 z 2 − 12 z + 4
3 dz
= x3 – 4x + C
When x = −1, y = 6.
1 4 

∫
=  −
3 3( 3 z − 2 ) 2

dz ∴ 6 = (−1)3 – 4 (−1) + C
∴ C=3
1 4 1 ∴ y = x3 – 4x + 3
= z− ⋅ [− (3z − 2)–1] + C
3 3 3
1 4 dy k
= z+ (3z − 2)–1 + C 5. = 2 +1
3 9 dx x
dy
When x = 1, = 3.
dx
EXERCISE 16.4 Section 16.4 Applications of indefinite integrals k
(page 200) ∴ 3= 2 +1
1
∴ k=2
Section A
dy 2
Thus = 2 +1
dy dx x
1. = 4x – 1  2 
dx
∫
y =  2 + 1 dx
x 
y= ∫ (4 x − 1) dx
2
= 2x2 – x + C =− +x+C
x
When x = 2, y = 3. When x = 1, y = 3.
∴ 3 = 2 (2)2 – 2 + C 2
∴ C = −3 ∴ 3=− +1+C
1
∴ y = 2x2 – x − 3 ∴ C=4
2
dy ∴ y=− +x+4
2. = 4x – 3x2 x
dx 2
When x = 2, y = − + 2 + 4
y= ∫ (4 x − 3x ) dx
2

=5
2
= 2x2 – x3 + C
When x = 3, y = 10.
dy
∴ 10 = 2 (3)2 – 33 + C 6. = kx
∴ C = 19 dx
∴ y = 2x2 – x3 + 19 y= ∫ kx dx
k 2
dy = x +C
3. = x2 (x − 3) 2
dx
When x = 0, y = 0.
∫ x ( x − 3) dx
2
y= k
∴ 0= ×0+C
1 4 3 2
=
x –x +C ∴ C=0
4
When x = 2, y = −5. When x = −1, y = 5.
1 k
∴ −5 = (2)4 – 23 + C ∴ 5 = (− 1)2
4 2
∴ C = −1 ∴ k = 10
Hence, y = 5x2.
1
∴ y = x 4 – x3 – 1
4

96
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

7.
d2y
dx 2
= 6x − 16 (b) s= ∫ 10 dt
= 5t2 + C2
dy
dx ∫
= (6 x − 16) dx = 3x2 – 16x + C1 When t = 3, s = 0.
∴ C2 = −45
y = ∫ (3x 2
− 16 x + C1 ) dx ∴ s = 5t2 − 45
When t = 0, s = 5(0)2 − 45
= x – 8x + C1x + C2
3 2
i.e. the height of the tower = 45 m
When x = −1, y = 0.
∴ C2 – C1 = 9.................................(1) 10. (a) a = −10
When x = 0, y = 3.
∴ C2 = 3..........................................(2) v= ∫ − 10 dt
Solving (1) and (2), C1 = −6 , C2 = 3 = −10t + C1
∴ y = x3 – 8x2 – 6x + 3 When t = 0 , v = 20.
∴ C1 = 20
8. Equation of tangent: y = 5 − x ∴ v = −10t + 20
Slope of tangent = −1 at (1, 4)
d2y
s= ∫ (−10t + 20) dt
= 1 – x2 = −5t2 + 20t + C2
dx 2
dy When t = 0, s = 0.
dx ∫
= (1 − x 2 ) dx ∴ C2 = 0
∴ s = 20t – 5t2
1
= x − x 3 + C1 (b) At maximum height, v = 0.
3 ∴ 0 = −10t + 20
1 3
∴ −1 = 1 − (1) + C1 ∴ t=2
3 ∴ The maximum height
5 = 20(2) – 5(2)2
∴ C1 = −
3 = 20 m
dy 1 5
= x − x3 − 1 2
dx 3 3 11. v=8+ t
 1 3 5 3
 ∫
y =  x − x −  dx
3 3 
∫
1 
s =  8 + t 2  dt
 3 
1 2 1 4 5
= x − x − x + C2 1 3
2 12 3 = 8t + t + C
When x = 1, y = 4. 9
21 When t = 3, s = 27 + C.
∴ C2 = 352
4 When t = 4, s = + C.
1 4 1 2 5 21 9
∴ y=− x + x − x+ 352
12 2 3 4 ∴ Distance required = − 27
9
9. (a) a = 10 109
= m
∫
v = 10 dt = 10t + C1 9

When t = 0, v = 0. 1
12. (a) a=
t
∴ C1 = 0 4
Thus, v = 10t 1
When t = 2, v = 10(2) = 20
v=
4 ∫
t dt
i.e. velocity = 20 m/s 1
= t 2 + C1
8
When t = 0, v = 20.
∴ C1 = 20
1
∴ v = t2 + 20
8

97
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

s=
1
∫  8 t 2 
+ 20  dt

s= ∫ (10t − 2t ) dt
2

2 3
1 3 = 5t2 − t + C2
= t + 20t + C2 3
24
When t = 0, s = 30.
When t = 0, s = 0.
∴ C2 = 30
∴ C2 = 0
2
1 3 ∴ s = 5t2 − t3 + 30
∴ s = t + 20t 3
24
When t = 5,
(b) Distance travelled during the first 6
2
seconds s = 5(5)2 − (5)3 + 30
1 3
= (6)3 + 20(6) 2
24 = 71
= 129 m 3
∴ The required distance from O is
13. (a) v = 3t2 – 4t 2
dv 71 m.
a= = 6t – 4 3
dt
2 Section B
When a = 0, t = .
3
2 2 dy
v = 3 ( )2 – 4 ( ) 15. (a) = ax + b
3 3 dx
4 dy
=− = 2a + b = 0.......................... (1)
3 dx x = 2
4
∴ The required velocity is −
3
m/s. ∫
y = (ax + b) dx
a 2
∴ y= x + bx + c
(b) v = t (3t – 4) 2
4 (2, −3), (0, 1) are on the curve,
∴ Velocity is zero again at t = .
3 ∴ 2a + 2b + c = −3.......................(2)
v = 3t2 – 4t c = 1........................ (3)
∫ (3t Solving (1), (2) and (3),
2
s= − 4t ) dt
a = 2, b = −4, c = 1
= t – 2t + C 3 2
∴ y = x2 – 4x + 1
When t = 0, s = 0.
∴ C=0 (b)
4 4 4
When t = , s = ( )3 − 2 ( )2
3 3 3
32
=−
27
32
∴ The required distance is m.
27

14. (a) a = 10 – 4t
v= ∫ (10 − 4t) dt
= 10t – 2t2 + C1
When t = 0, v = 0.
∴ C1 = 0
∴ v = 10t – 2t2
= 2t (5 – t)
∴ The particle comes to rest again at
t = 5.
(b) v = 10t – 2t2
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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

∫ (6t − 8) dt
dy
(c) = 2x − 4 v=
dx
= 3t2 – 8t + C1
dy
∴ = −4 When t = 0, v = 4.
dx x = 0 ∴ C1 = 4
Equation of the required tangent is ∴ v = 3t2 – 8t + 4
y = −4x + 1. = (3t –2) (t – 2)
∴ The particle first comes to
dy 2
16. (a) = k (x – p) (x – q) instantaneous rest at t = .
dx 3
dy
At x = p and x = q,
dx
=0 s= ∫ (3t 2
− 8t + 4) dt
Also p < q, = t3– 4t2 + 4t + C2
∴ p = 1, q = 2. When t = 0, s = 0.
dy ∴ C2 = 0
(b) = k (x – 1) (x – 2) ∴ s = t3– 4t2 + 4t
dx
2
y= ∫ k(x 2
− 3 x + 2) dx When t = ,
3
1 3 2 2 2
= k ( x 3 − x 2 + 2 x) + C s = ( )3– 4( )2 + 4( )
3 2 3 3 3
(2, 0), (1, 1) are on the curve, 32
= m
2 27
∴ k + C = 0 ………………… (1)
3 (b) s = t3– 4t2 + 4t
5 = t(t – 2)2
k + C = 0 ………………… (2) ∴ s = 0 when t = 0 and 2
6
Solving (1) and (2), ∴ The required time = 2 seconds
k = 6, C = –4. (c) At t = 0, v = 4
(c) From (b), equation of the curve is At t = 2, v = 0
y = 2x3 – 9x2 + 12x – 4. 4
(d) a = 6t – 8 = 0 when t =
3
da
=6>0
dt
4 4
∴ At t = , v = – is a minimum.
3 3
∴ The greatest velocity during the
first 2 seconds = 4 m/s

18. (a) For 0 ≤ t ≤ 4,

a = 18 – 3t
v= ∫ (18 − 3t ) dt
3 2
= 18t – t + C1
2
When t = 4, v = 50.
∴ C1 = 2
3
∴ v = 18t – t2 + 2
2
When t = 0, v = u.
∴ u=2

17. (a) a = 6t – 8

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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

(b) For t ≥ 4,
a = t +2 EXERCISE 16.5 Section 16.5 Integration formulae of
trigonometric functions
(page 206)
v= ∫ (t + 2) dt
1 2 Section A
= t + 2t + C2
2
When t = 4, v = 50.
∴ C2 = 34
1. ∫ (2 cos x + 6 sin x) dx
= 2 sin x – 6 cos x + C
1
∴ v = t2 + 2t + 34
2
When t = 5, 2. ∫ (4 sin x − 9 cos x) dx
v = 56.5 m/s = −4 cos x – 9 sin x + C
(c) For 0 ≤ t ≤ 4,
3
∫
s = (18t − t 2 + 2) dt
2 3. ∫ (1 −
1
4
sin x) dx
1 1
= 9t2 – t3 + 2t + C3 = x + cos x + C
2 4
When t = 0, s = 0.
∴ C3 = 0
∴
1
s = 9t2 – t3 + 2t
4. ∫ (4cos x + x ) dx
2 3
2 2
v > 0 in this interval = 4 sin x + x +C
3
∴ Distance travelled in the first 4
seconds
1
= 9(4)2 – (4)3 + 2(4)
5. ∫ 5 sec 2
x dx
2 = 5 tan x + C
= 120 m
For t ≥ 4, dx
1
6. ∫ − cos x 2

∫
s = ( t 2 + 2t + 34) dt
2 = ∫ − sec x dx 2

1 3 2
= t + t + 34t + C4 = −tan x + C
6
When t = 4, s = 120.
∴ C4 = –
128
3
7. ∫ 7 csc x dx2

= −7 cot x + C
1 3 2 128
∴ s = t + t + 34t –
6 3
When t = 5, 8. ∫ cot x dx
2

1 128
s = (5)3 + (5)2 + 34(5) –
6 3 = ∫ (csc x − 1) dx 2

1039 = −cot x − x + C
=
6
1 1 + 2 cos 3 θ
∴ The required distance = 173 m
6
9. ∫ cos 2 θ
dθ

∫
2
= (sec θ + 2 cos θ ) dθ
= tan θ + 2 sin θ + C

10. ∫ (csc x cot x − 3 sec x) dx 2

= −csc x – 3 tan x + C

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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

∫ sec x (8 sec x − tan x) dx t t

11. 19. ∫ (sin 2 − cos 2 ) dt 2

= ∫ (8 sec x − sec x tan x) dx

2
= ∫ (sin
t t t t
+ cos − 2 sin cos ) dt
2 2
2 2 2 2
= 8 tan x – sec x + C
= ∫ (1 − sin t ) dt
12. ∫ sec θ (tan θ − cos θ ) dθ = t + cos t + C

= ∫ (sec θ tan θ − 1) dθ 5 4
= sec θ − θ + C
20. ∫ ( cos x − sin x ) dx
2 2

= ∫ (5 sec x − 4 csc x) dx
2 2

dθ
13. ∫ sin 2 θ
= 5 tan x + 4 cot x + C

∫ csc
2
= θ dθ 21. ∫ (tan x + 5) cos x dx
= −cot θ + C
= ∫ (tan x cos x + 5 cos x) dx
cos θ
14. ∫ sin θ dθ2 = ∫ (sin x + 5 cos x) dx
= −cos x + 5 sin x + C
= ∫ cot θ csc θ dθ
= −csc θ + C 22. ∫ sin 5x dx
1
15. ∫( 3
θ − csc 2 θ ) dθ =−
5
cos 5x + C
4
3 3
= θ + cot θ + C
4 23. ∫ cos 7 x dx
dy 1
= sin 7x + C
16. ∫ csc y 7

= ∫ sin y dy 24. ∫
sin 6 x
dx
3
= −cos y + C
1 1
= (− cos 6x) + C
sin 2θ 3 6
17. ∫ cosθ dθ =−
1
cos 6x + C
2 sin θ cos θ 18
= ∫ dθ
cos θ
cos (−12 x)
= ∫ 2 sin θ dθ 25. ∫ 4
dx

= −2 cos θ + C cos 12 x
= ∫ 4
dx
θ θ 1 1
18. ∫ sin 2 cos 2 dθ = (
4 12
sin 12x) + C
1 1
= ∫ sinθ dθ = sin 12x + C
2 48
1
=− cos θ + C
2 26. ∫ (3 sin 2 x + 2 cos 9 x) dx
3 2
=− cos 2x − sin 9x + C
2 9

101
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

π π dθ
27. ∫ (sin
3
x + cos
5
x) dx (b) ∫ sin θ cos θ
2 2
=
3 π 5 π 1 1
= − cos x +
π 3 π
sin x + C
5 ∫ ( cos θ + sin
2 2
θ
) dθ

1 = ∫ (sec θ + csc θ ) dθ
2 2

28. ∫ cos ( x + 4) dx
3 = tan θ − cot θ + C
1
= 3 sin ( x + 4) + C
3 d
34. (a) (x sin x)
dx
29. ∫ sin (2 − 5x) dx =x⋅
d
dx
(sin x) + sin x ⋅
d
dx
(x)
1 = x cos x + sin x
= cos (2 – 5x) + C
5 (b) From (a),

∫ ( x cos x + sin x) dx
30. ∫ 5 cos (1 − 10 x) dx
= x sin x + C

∫ x cos x dx + ∫ sin x dx
5
= sin ( 1 – 10x ) + C
− 10
1 = x sin x + C
= − sin ( 1 – 10x ) + C
2 ∫ x cos x dx – cos x = x sin x + C
 π π  ∴ ∫ x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x + C
31. ∫  x − cos  3 − 6 x  dx
1 2 6 π π dv
= x – (− ) sin ( − x ) + C 35. (a) a= = −4 sin t
2 π 3 6 dt
1 2 6
= x +
2 π
π π
sin ( − x ) + C
3 6
∴ v= ∫ − 4 sin t dt
= 4 cos t + C1
When t = 0, v = 4.
1 π ∴ 4 = 4 cos 0 + C1
x 2 + x sin  x − 
32.  4 5
∫ x
dx C1 = 0
∴ v = 4 cos t
 32 π  ds
1 (b) i.e. = 4 cos t
=

∫
 x + sin  x −  dx
4 5  dt

2 5 1 π
= x 2 − 4 cos ( x − ) + C
s= ∫ 4 cos t dt
5 4 5 = 4 sin t + C2
When t = 0, s = 7.
Section B ∴ 7 = 4 sin 0 + C2
C2 = 7
1 1 ∴ s = 4 sin t + 7
33. (a) R.H.S. = +
cos θ sin 2 θ
2 (c) As v = 4cos t
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ and  cos t  ≤ 1,
= ∴ The greatest velocity = 4 × 1 m/s
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
= 4 m/s
1
=
sin θ cos 2 θ
2
d2y
= L.H.S. 36. (a) = x + cos 2x
dx 2
dy
∴
dx ∫
= ( x + cos 2 x) dx

102
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

1 2 1 1
=
2
x + sin 2x + C1
2
= ∫ 2 [sin (θ − 3θ ) + sin (θ + 3θ )] dθ
dy 1 1
At the point (0, 1), = 2. = cos 2θ − cos 4θ + C
dx 2 8

∫ cos 7 θ cos 2 θ dθ
1 1
∴ 2 = (0) 2 + sin 0 + C1 2.
2 2
1
C1 = 2 = ∫ [cos (7 θ − 2 θ ) + cos (7 θ + 2 θ )] dθ
dy 1 1 2
i.e. = x2 + sin 2x + 2
dx 2 2 1 1
= sin 5θ + sin 9θ + C
1 2 1 10 18
∫
y = ( x + sin 2 x + 2) dx
2 2
1 3 1
= x − cos 2x + 2x + C2
6 4
3. ∫ sin 2u sin 6u du
1
(0, 1) is on the curve, = ∫ [cos (2u − 6u ) − cos (2u + 6u )] du
1 1 2
1 = (0)3 + cos 0 + 2(0) + C2 1 1
6 4 = sin 4u − sin 8u + C
5 8 16
C2 =
4
u
∴ The equation of the curve is
1 1 5
4. ∫ cos 2 sin 9u du
y = x3 − cos 2x + 2x + . 1 u u
6 4 4 = ∫ [sin (9u − ) + sin (9u + )] du
2 2 2
π
(b) When x = , 1 17u 1 19u
2 =− cos − cos +C
17 2 19 2
1 π 3 1 π
y = ( ) − cos ( 2 ⋅ )
6 2 4 2 t t
π
+ 2( ) +
5 5. ∫ sin 3 sin 4 dt
2 4
1 t t t t
=
π3
+π +
3 = ∫ 2 [cos ( 3 − 4 ) − cos ( 3 + 4 ) ] dt
48 2
1 t 1 7t
and
dy
π
1 π
= ( )2
= ∫ ( 2 cos 12 − 2 cos 12 ) dt
dx x=
2
2 2 t 6 7t
= 6 sin − sin +C
1 π 12 7 12
+ sin (2 ⋅ ) + 2
2 2
π
=
π2
8
+2 6. ∫ sin z cos ( z + 3 ) dz
1 π π
The required equation of tangent is = ∫ [sin ( z − z − ) + sin ( z + z + ) ] dz
π3 3 π2 π 2 3 3
y–( +π + )=( +2)(x–
2 8 2 1 π 1 π
∫ [ − 2 sin 3 + 2 sin (2 z + 3 )] dz
48 =
)
π2 π3 3 3 1 π
i.e. ( + 2)x – y – + = 0. =− z − cos ( 2z + ) + C
8 24 2 4 4 3

EXERCISE 16.6 Section 16.6 Techniques of integration of

(page 212)
trigonometric functions
7. ∫ cos (2 x + 1) cos ( x − 3) dx
1
Section A = ∫ {cos [(2 x + 1) − ( x − 3)]
2
+ cos [(2x + 1) + (x – 3) ]} dx
1. ∫ sin θ cos 3θ dθ 1 1
2∫
= [ cos ( x + 4) + cos (3 x − 2)] dx
2

103
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

1 1 1
=
2
sin (x + 4) + sin (3x – 2) + C
6 ∫
= 4 ⋅ [1 + cos (18 − v)] dv
2
= 2v – 2 sin (18 – v) + C
x −1 x +1
8. ∫ sin 2 sin 2 dx 15. ∫ sin 2 x cos 2 x dx
2 2

1
1
= ∫ [cos (
x −1 x +1
− ) = ∫ ⋅ (2 sin 2 x cos 2 x) dx 2

2 2 2 4
1
x −1 x +1
− cos (
+ )] dx = ∫ (sin 4 x) dx 2

2 2 4
1 1
1 1 = ∫ ⋅ (1 − cos 8 x) dx
∫
= ( cos 1 − cos x) dx
2 2 4 2
1 1 x 1
= ( cos 1) x − sin x + C = − sin 8x + C
2 2 8 64

9. ∫ cos 2 θ dθ 16. ∫ sin x dx 4

1 = ∫ (sin x) dx 2 2
= ∫
2
(1 + cos 2 θ ) dθ
1
θ 1 = ∫ [ (1 − cos 2 x)] dx 2

= + sin 2θ + C 2
2 4 1
= ∫ (1 − 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 x) dx 2
4
10. ∫ 6 sin x dx 2
x 1 1 1
4 ∫2
= − sin 2x + (1 + cos 4 x) dx
1 4 4
= ∫ 6 ⋅ (1 − cos 2 x) dx x 1 x 1
2 = − sin 2x + + sin 4x + C
3 4 4 8 32
= 3x − sin 2x + C 3 1 1
2 = x − sin 2x + sin 4x + C
8 4 32
11. ∫ cos 4t dt
2
x
1
17. ∫ cos ( 2 ) dx
4

= ∫ (1 + cos 8t ) dt
1
2 = ∫ [ (1 + cos x)] dx 2
t 1 2
= + sin 8t + C
1
2 16 = ∫ (1 + 2 cos x + cos x) dx 2
4
3u 1 1 1
12. ∫ sin ( 2 ) du
2
= ∫ [ + cos x + (1 + cos 2 x)] dx
4 2 8
1 3 1 1
= ∫ (1 − cos 3u ) du = ∫ ( + cos x + cos 2 x) dx
2 8 2 8
u 1 3 1 1
= − sin 3u + C = x + sin x + sin 2x + C
2 6 8 2 16

π
13. ∫ sin (2 − 3 y) dy
2
18. ∫ sin ( 3 x) dx
4

1
= ∫ [1 − cos (4 − 6 y )] dy 1
= ∫ [ (1 − cos
2πx
)] dx 2
2 2 3
y 1 1 2πx 2πx
= + sin (4 − 6y) + C = ∫ [1 − 2 cos + cos ( )] dx 2
2 12 4 3 3
1 2πx 1 4πx
v = ∫ [1 − 2 cos + (1 + cos )] dx
14. ∫ 4 cos (9 − 2 ) dv
2
4 3 2 3

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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

3 1
2πx 1 4πx 1
= ∫ ( 8 − 2 cos
3
+ cos
8 3
) dx =
4 ∫ (sin 3x + sin 7 x − sin x − sin 9 x) dx
3 3 2πx 3 4πx
= x− sin + sin +C
8 4π 3 32π 3
19. ∫ sin θ cos θ dθ
4 4

1
= ∫ (2 sin θ cos θ ) dθ 4
16
1 1
= ∫ [ (1 − cos 4 θ )] dθ 2
16 2
1
= ∫ (1 − 2 cos 4 θ + cos 4 θ ) dθ 2
64
1 1
= ∫ [1 − 2 cos 4 θ + (1 + cos 8 θ )] dθ
64 2
3 1 1
=∫( − cos 4 θ + cos 8 θ ) dθ
128 32 128
3 1 1
= θ– sin 4θ + sin 8θ + C
128 128 1024

20. ∫ sin x cos x dx

2 4

1
= ∫ (2 sin x cos x) cos x dx
2 2
4
1
= ∫ sin 2 x cos x dx
2 2
4
1 1 1
= ∫ [ (1 − cos 4 x) ⋅ (1 + cos 2 x)] dx
4 2 2
1
= ∫ (1 + cos 2 x − cos 4 x
16
− cos 4 x cos 2 x) dx
1 1 1 1
= x+ sin 2x − sin 4x −
16 32 64 16
1
⋅ ∫ 2
cos (4 x − 2 x) + cos(4 x + 2 x)] dx
1 1 1
= x+ sin 2x − sin 4x
16 32 64
1 1 1
− ( sin 2x + sin 6x) + C
16 4 12
1 1 1
= x+ sin 2x − sin 4x
16 64 64
1
− sin 6x + C
192

Section B

21. ∫ sin x sin 3x sin 5x dx

1
= ∫ (cos 2 x − cos 4 x) sin 5 x dx
2

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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

1 1 1 d 1
=− cos 3x − cos 7x + cos x 25. (a) (sin x − sin3 x)
12 28 4 dx 3
1 1
+ cos 9x + C = cos x − ⋅ 3 sin2 x cos x
36 3
1 1 1 = cos x (1 – sin2 x)
= cos x − cos 3x − cos 7x = cos x cos2 x
4 12 28
1 = cos3 x
+ cos 9x + C (b) (i) From (a),
36
∫ cos 3
x dx
22. ∫ cos 2 x cos 3x cos 4 x dx = sin x –
1 3
sin x + C
1 3
= ∫ (cos x + cos 5 x) cos 4 x dx (ii) Similarly,
2
1 d 1
4 ∫
= (cos 3x + cos 5 x + cos x + cos 9 x) dx (sin 2x – sin3 2x)
dx 3
1 1 1 = 2 cos3 2x
= sin 3x + sin 5x + sin x
12 20 4 ∴ ∫ 2 cos 3
2x dx
1
+ sin 9x + C 1 3
36 = sin 2x – sin 2x + C
3
1 1 1
= sin x +
4 12
sin 3x +
20
sin 5x i.e. ∫ cos 2x dx
3

1 1 1
+ sin 9x + C = sin 2x – sin3 2x + C
36 2 6

23. ∫ (cos 3x − cos x) dx

2

EXERCISE 16.7 Section 16.7 Simple reduction formulae

= ∫ (cos 3x + cos x − 2 cos 3 x cos x) dx

2 2 (page 216)

1 1
= ∫ [ (1 + cos 6 x) + (1 + cos 2 x) Section A
2 2
– ( cos 2x + cos 4x ) ] dx n −1
1 1 1. In = In− 2
∫
= (1 + cos 6 x − cos 4 x − cos 2 x) dx
2 2
n
9 −1
1 1 1 I9 = I9− 2
=x+ sin 6x − sin 4x − sin 2x + C 9
12 4 4 8
= I7
9
24. ∫ (sin 2 x − cos 5x) dx2

=
8 7 −1
⋅ I7− 2
9 7
= ∫ (sin 2 x + cos 5 x − 2 sin 2 x cos 5 x) dx
2 2
8 6
= ⋅ I5
1 1
= ∫ (1 − cos 4 x) + (1 + cos 10 x) − 9 7
2 2 16 5 − 1
(– sin 3x + sin 7x ) ] dx = ⋅ I5− 2
21 5
1 1
∫
= (1 − cos 4 x + cos 10 x +
2 2 =
64
105
I3
sin 3x − sin 7x) dx 64 3 −1
1 1 1 = ⋅ I3− 2
=x− sin 4x + sin 10x − cos 3x 105 3
8 20 3 128
1 = I1
+ cos 7x+ C 315
7 128π
=
315

106
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

2. In = In− 1 + In− 2
I5 = I5− 1 + I5− 2
= I4 + I3
= ( I4− 1 + I4− 2 ) + ( I3− 1 + I3− 2 )
= I3 + I2 + I2 + I1
= I3− 1 + I3− 2 + 2I2 + I1
= 3I2 + 2I1
= 3(2) + 2(1)
=8

Section B

d
3. (a) (tan n− 1 x) = (n – 1) tan n− 2 x sec2 x
dx
(b) From (a),

∫ (n − 1) tan
n−2
x sec 2 x dx
= tann− 1 x + C1
∴ ∫ tan n−2
x sec 2 x dx
1
= tann− 1 x + C
n −1
(c) In = ∫ tan x dx n

= ∫ tan x tan x dx
n −2 2

= ∫ tan x(sec x − 1) dx
n −2 2

= ∫ tan x sec x dx − ∫ tan

n−2 2 n −2
x dx
1
∴ In = tann− 1x − In− 2
n −1
(d) ∫ tan 6
x dx
= I6
1
= tan5 x − I4
5
1 1
= tan5 x − ( tan3x − I2 )
5 3
1 1 1
= tan x − tan3x + ( tan x – I0 )
5
5 3 1
1 1
= tan5 x − tan3x + tan x − dx
5 3 ∫
1 1
= tan5 x − tan3x + tan x – x + C
5 3

d
4. (a) (cotn− 1 x)
dx
= (n – 1) cotn− 2 x (−csc2 x)
= − (n – 1) cotn− 2 x csc2 x

107
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

(b) From (a), x( x 2 − a 2 )3 2(3)a 2

= – I2
∫ − (n − 1) cot n− 2
x csc 2 x dx 7 7
= cotn− 1 x + C1 x( x 2 − a 2 ) 3 6a 2
= –
7 7
∫ cot
n−2
∴ x cot 2 x dx
 x( x 2 − a 2 ) 2 2(2)a 2 
−1 ×  − I1 
= cotn− 1 x + C  5 5 
n −1 x ( x 2 − a 2 ) 3 6a 2 x ( x 2 − a 2 ) 2
= –
∫ cot ∫ cot
n n−2 2
(c) x dx = x cot x dx 7 35
24a 4  x( x 2 − a 2 ) 2a 2 
= ∫ cot n− 2
x(csc 2 x − 1) dx + − I0 
35  3 3 
∴ ∫ cot n
x dx = ∫ cot n−2
x csc 2 x dx
=
x ( x 2 − a 2 ) 3 6a 2 x ( x 2 − a 2 ) 2
–
7 35
− ∫ cot
n− 2
x dx
8a 4 x( x 2 − a 2 ) 16a 6 x
+ – +C
(d) From (b) and (c), we have 35 35
∫ cot n
x dx
d 3

−1 6. (a) [ xn (2 x + 1) 2 ]
dx
=
n −1
cotn− 1 x −
∫ cot n− 2
x dx
3 3 1

n −1 = nxn–1 (2 x + 1) 2 + xn ⋅ (2 x + 1) 2 (2)
cot x 2
i.e. In = − − In–2
n −1 = nxn–1 (2x + 1) (2 x + 1) 2 + 3xn (2 x + 1) 2
1 1

(e) ∫ cot 4
x dx 1
= (2n + 3)xn (2 x + 1) 2 + nxn–1 (2 x + 1) 2
1

= I4
cot 3 x (b) From (a), integrating,
=− − I2 3
3 xn (2 x + 1) 2
cot 3 x cot x
=− − (− − I0 ) 1
3 1
1
=
∫ (2n + 3) x n (2 x + 1) 2 dx
= − cot3 x + cot x + dx
∫ 1

∫
3 + nx n−1 (2 x + 1) 2 dx
1 3
= − cot x + cot x + x + C = (2n + 3) In + nIn–1
3 3
d n
∴ In = x (2 x + 1) 2 −
n
5. (a) [ x (x2 – a2)n ] In–1
dx 2n + 3 2n + 3
= (x2 – a2)n + x [n(x2 – a2)n–1 (2x)]
= (x2 – a2)n + 2nx2 (x2 – a2)n–1
= (x2 – a2)n + 2n [(x2 – a2) n
(c) (i) ∫ 2 x + 1 dx
1
+ a2 ⋅ (x2 – a2) n–1]
= (2n + 1) (x2 – a2)n
=
∫ (2 x + 1) 2 dx
+ 2na2 (x2 – a2)n–1 1
1

(b) From (a), integrating,

=
∫
(2 x + 1) 2 ⋅ d (2 x + 1)
2
x (x2 – a2)n 1 2 3
= ⋅ (2x + 1) 2 + C
= ∫ (2n + 1)( x − a ) 2 2 n
dx 2 3
1 3
+ ∫ 2na ( x − a )
2 2 2 n −1
dx = (2x + 1) 2 + C
3
= (2n + 1) In a In–1 2

∫x
2
x( x 2 − a 2 ) n 2na 2 (ii) 2 x + 1 dx = I2
∴ In = + In–1
2n + 1 2n + 1
(c) ∫ (x 2
− a 2 ) 3 dx = I3

108
New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

2
3 x −1
= x (2 x + 1) 2 − I1
2
=
7 ( 2 x − x 2 ) n−2
7
3 x −1
∴ In =
= x (2 x + 1) 2
2
(n − 2)( 2 x − x 2 ) n − 2
7 n−3
 3
 + In–2
2  x(2 x + 1) 2 1  n−2
−  − I
5 
0
7 5 dx

3

3
(c) ∫ (2 x − x ) 2 2

= x (2 x + 1) − 2 x(2 x + 1)
2 dx
∫(
2 2
=
7 35 2x + x 2 )4
2 1 3
= I4
+ ⋅ 2 + C
35 3 (2 x + 1) x −1 1
3 3 = + I2
= x
2
(2 x + 1) 2 – 2 x(2 x + 1) 2 2( 2 x + x 2 ) 2 2
7 35 x −1 1 dx
3 =
2( 2 x + x ) 2 2 +2 ∫( 2x + x 2 )2
+ 2(2 x + 1) 2
+C
dx
105
∴ ∫( 2x + x 2 )2
d  x −1  x −1
7. (a)   = +
dx  ( 2 x − x 2 ) n−2  2( 2 x + x 2 ) 2
1 dx
∫
d d
( 2 x − x 2 )n − 2 ⋅ ( x − 1) − ( x − 1) ⋅ [( 2 x − x 2 ) n − 2 ]
= dx dx 2 ( 2x + x 2 )2
( 2 x − x 2 ) 2n − 4
n−2
( 2 x − x 2 ) n − 2 − ( x − 1) ⋅ ( 2 x − x 2 ) n − 4 (2 − 2 x ) d (nx n−1 sin x − x n cos x)
= 2 8. (a)
( 2 x − x 2 ) 2n − 4 dx
= n [(n – 1) xn–2sin x + xn–1cos x]
( 2 x − x 2 ) n − 4 [(2 x − x 2 ) + ( n − 2)( x 2 − 2 x + 1)] – (nxn–1cos x – xn sin x)
=
( 2 x − x 2 ) 2n − 4 = xn sin x + n(n – 1) xn–2 sin x
( n − 2) − (n − 3)(2 x − x 2 )
= (b) From (a), integrating,
( 2 x − x 2 )n nxn–1 sin x – xn cos x

∫x ∫ n(n − 1) x
n−2 n−3 n n−2
= − = sin x dx + sin x dx
( 2 x − x 2 )n ( 2 x − x 2 )n − 2
= In + n(n – 1) In–2
(b) From (a), ∴ In = nxn–1 sin x – xn cos x
 n−2 n−3  – n(n – 1) In–2
∫ −  dx
 ( 2 x − x 2 ) n ( 2 x − x 2 ) n−2 
x −1
(c) ∫x 4
sin x dx

= = I4
( 2 x − x 2 ) n−2 = 4x3 sin x – x4 cos x – 4(3)I2
dx = 4x3 sin x – x4 cos x
∴ (n − 2) ∫( 2x − x2 )n
– 12 [2x sin x – x2 cos x – 2(1)I0]
= 4x3 sin x – x4 cos x – 24x sin x
dx + 12x2 cos x + 24 ∫ sin x dx
− (n – 3) ∫( 2 x − x 2 ) n −2 = 4x3 sin x – x4 cos x – 24x sin x
+ 12x2 cos x – 24 cos x + C
x −1
=
( 2 x − x 2 )n − 2 d  x +1 
i.e. (n – 2) In – (n – 3) In–2 9. (a)  2 
dx  ( x + 2 x + 5) n 

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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

1 x −1
=
( x 2 + 2 x + 5) 2 n
[(x2 + 2x +5)n ∴ ∫ (1 + x ) 2 2
dx =
2(1 + x 2 )
+C
– (x + 1)n(x2 + 2x +5)n–1 (2x + 2)] d  x m−1 
1 2n( x 2 + 2 x + 5) (c) (i)  
= 2 – dx  (1 + x 2 ) n−1 
( x + 2 x + 5) n ( x 2 + 2 x + 5) n+1
(m − 1) x m−2 (1 + x 2 ) n −1
1 [
2n ( x 2 + 2 x + 5) − 4 ] =
= 2
( x + 2 x + 5) n
– (1 + x 2 ) 2 n−2
( x 2 + 2 x + 5) n+1
1 2n x m−1[(n − 1)(1 + x 2 ) n−2 (2 x)]
= 2 – 2 –
( x + 2 x + 5) n ( x + 2 x + 5) n (1 + x 2 ) 2 n−2
8n (m − 1) x m−2 2(n − 1) x m
+ 2 = −
( x + 2 x + 5) n+1 (1 + x 2 ) n−1 (1 + x 2 ) n
1 − 2n 8n (ii) From (i), integrating,
= 2 n + x m−1
( x + 2 x + 5) ( x + 2 x + 5) n+1
2

(b) From (a), integrating, (1 + x 2 ) n−1

x +1 (m − 1) x m−2
( x 2 + 2 x + 5) n = ∫(1 + x 2 ) n−1
dx –
1 − 2n
= ∫ (x + 2 x + 5) n
2
dx 2(n − 1) x m
∫(1 + x 2 ) n
dx
8n
+ ∫
( x 2 + 2 x + 5) n +1
dx = (m – 1) Im–2, n–1 – 2(n –1) Im,n
− x m−1
= (1 – 2n) In + 8n In+1 ∴ Im,n =
2(n − 1)(1 + x 2 ) n−1
x +1
∴ 8n In+1 = m −1
( x 2 + 2 x + 5) n + Im–2, n–1
2(n − 1)
+ (2n – 1) In
(c) From (b), x5
1  x +1 
(iii) ∫(1 + x 2 ) 4
dx = I5, 4
In+1 =  + (2n − 1)I n 
8n  ( x 2 + 2 x + 5) n  − x4 4
= 2 3 + I3, 3
dx 2(3)(1 + x ) 2(3)
∫ (x 2
+ 2 x + 5)3
= I3
− x4
=
1  x +1  6(1 + x 2 ) 3
=  2 + 3I 2 
16  ( x + 2 x + 5) n
 2  − x2 2 
+  + I1, 2 
x +1 3  2(2)(1 + x )2 2
2(2)
= 
16( x + 2 x + 5) 2
2
−x 4
x 2

3 1 x +1  = –
+ ⋅  + I1  6(1 + x 2 ) 3 6(1 + x 2 ) 2
16 8  x 2 + 2 x + 5  x
1
=
x +1
+
3( x + 1) + ∫
3 (1 + x 2 ) 2
dx
16( x 2 + 2 x + 5) 2 128( x 2 + 2 x + 5)
− x4 x2
3 x +1 = –
+ tan–1 ( )+C 6(1 + x 2 ) 3 6(1 + x 2 ) 2
256 2
1 1 1
10. (a)
d
(
1
)
+ ∫
3 (1 + x 2 ) 2 2
⋅ d (1 + x 2 )
dx 1 + x 2
d (1 + x 2 ) −1 d (1 + x 2 ) − x4 x2
= ⋅ = –
d (1 + x 2 ) dx 6(1 + x 2 ) 3 6(1 + x 2 ) 2
−2 x 1
= –(1 + x2)–2 ⋅ 2x = – +C
(1 + x 2 ) 2 6(1 + x 2 )
(b) From (a), d
11. (a) (sinm+1 θ cosn–1θ )
−2 x 1 dx
∫ (1 + x 2 ) 2
dx =
1+ x2
+ C1 = [(m + 1) sinmθ cos θ ]cosn–1θ

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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

+ sinm+1 θ [(n – 1) cosn–2θ (–sin θ)]

= (m + 1) sinmθ cosnθ REVISION Revision exercise 16
(page 221)

– (n – 1) sinm+2θ cosn–2θ EXERCISE 16

= (m + 1) sinmθ cosnθ
– (n – 1) sinmθ (1 – cos2θ) cosn–2θ Section A
= (m + n) sinmθ cosnθ
– (n – 1) sinmθ cosn–2θ
(b) From (a), integrating,
1. ∫ (1 + x)(1 − x) dx
sinm+1θ cosn–1θ = ∫ (1 − x ) dx 2

= ∫ (m + n) sin θ cos θ dθ
m n
=x–
1 3
x +C
3
– ∫ (n − 1) sin θ cos θ dθ
m n−2

= (m + n) Im, n – (n – 1)Im, n–2 2. ∫( x − 2 sin x) dx

sin m +1 θ cos n −1 θ 2 3
∴ Im ,n = = x 2 + 2 cos x + C
m+n 3
n −1
+ Im, n–2
m+n 2x − 3
3. ∫ 3
x
dx
(c) ∫ sin 2 4
θ cos θ dθ 2
−
1

= I2, 4 =
∫ (2 x 3 − 3x 3) dx
sin 3 θ cos 3 θ 3 6 5 9 2
= + I2, 2 = x3– x3+C
6 6 5 2
sin 3 θ cos 3 θ
= + 1
6
1 sin 3 θ cos θ 1
4. ∫ ( x + x ) dx2
3

( + I2, 0) 3 1
2 4 4 = ∫ (x + 3 +
3
+ ) dx 3 6
x x
sin θ cos θ sin 3 θ cos θ
3 3
= + 1 4 3 1
6 8 = x + 3x – x–2 – x–5 + C
4 2 5
1
+ ∫
sin 2 θ dθ
∫ (3 − 5x)
8 4
dx
5.
sin 3 θ cos 3 θ sin 3 θ cos θ
= + 1 1
6 8 = ⋅ (3 – 5x)5 + C
1 1 −5 5
+
8 2 ∫(1 − cos 2 θ ) dθ
=–
1
(3 – 5x)5 + C
sin 3 θ cos 3 θ sin 3 θ cos θ 1 25
= + + θ
6 8 16
–
1
sin 2θ + C
6. ∫ 3t − 1 dt
32 1 2 3
= ⋅ (3t – 1) 2 + C
3 3
2 3
= (3t – 1) 2 + C
9

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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

∫ sec x (sec x − tan x) dx t

7. 14. ∫ sin 2t sin 3 dt
= ∫ (sec x − sec x tan x) dx
2 1 5t 7t
= ∫ (cos − cos ) dt
2 3 3
= tan x – sec x + C
3 5t 3 7t
= sin – sin +C
4 10 3 14 3
8. ∫ 1 − sin t dt2
π π
= ∫
4
cos t2
dt 15. ∫ sin (θ + 4 ) cos (2 θ − 4 ) dθ
1 π
= ∫ 4 sec t dt 2 = ∫ [sin 3 θ + sin ( − θ ) dθ
2 2
= 4 tan t + C 1
= ∫ (sin 3 θ + cos θ ) dθ
2
cos 2 θ
∫ cos θ sin θ dθ
9. 1 1
2 2 =– cos 3θ + sin θ + C
6 2
cos θ − sin θ
2 2
=∫ dθ
1
∫ cos
2 2
cos θ sin θ
∫ 2 (1 + cos 10x) dx
2
16. 5 x dx =
1 1
= ∫( − ) dθ
2
sin θ cos θ 2 x 1
= + sin 10x + C
= ∫ (csc θ − sec θ ) dθ
2 2 2 20

= –cot θ – tan θ + C 3θ
∫ 4 sin ( 2 − 1) dθ
2
17.
1 1
10. ∫ (1 − cos θ − 1 + cos θ ) dθ = ∫ 2[1 − cos (3 θ − 2) dθ
(1 + cosθ ) − (1 − cosθ ) 2
= ∫ dθ = 2θ – sin (3θ – 2) + C
(1 − cosθ )(1 + cosθ ) 3
2 cosθ
= ∫ 1 − cos θ dθ 2 18. ∫ sin 3t cos 3t dt
2 4

2 cosθ
= ∫ 2
dθ 1
= ∫ (2 sin 3t cos 3t ) cos 3t dt 2 2
sin θ 4
= ∫ 2 cot θ csc θ dθ 1
= ∫ sin 6t cos 3t dt
2 2
4
= –2 csc θ + C
1 1 1
= ∫ ⋅ (1 − cos 12t ) ⋅ (1 + cos 6t ) dt
4 2 2
11. ∫ (2 sin 3x cos 4 x) dx 1
16 ∫
= (1 + cos 6t − cos 12t − cos 12cos 6t ) dt
2 1
=– cos 3x + sin 4x + C
3 4 1 1 1
= t+ sin 6t − sin 12t
16 96 192
π 1 1
12. ∫ cos (7 − 3 θ ) dθ −
16 2 ∫
(cos 18t + cos 6t ) dt
3 π 1 1 1
=– sin (7 – θ ) + C = t+ sin 6t − sin 12t
π 3 16 96 192
1 1
− sin 18t − sin 6t + C
13. ∫ cos 3x cos x dx 1
576
1
192
1
1 = t+ sin 6t − sin 12t
= ∫ (cos 4 x + cos 2 x) dx 16 192 192
2 1
1 1 − sin 18t + C
= sin 4x + sin 2x + C 576
8 4 19. (a) (2x – 3)3

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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

= (2x)3 + 3(2x)2(–3) d
+ 3(2x)(–3)2 + (–3)3 21. (a) (xcos x)
dx
= 8x3 – 36x2 + 54x – 27 d d
=x⋅ (cos x) + cos x ⋅ (x)
∴ ∫ (2 x − 3) dx 3
dx dx
= –x sin x + cos x
= ∫ (8 x − 36 x
3 2
+ 54 x − 27) dx (b) From (a),

(b)
= 2x – 12x + 27x – 27x + C1
4

By the general power rule,

3 2
∫ (− x sin x + cos x) dx = x cos x
– ∫ x sin x dx + ∫ cos x dx = x cos x
∫ (2 x − 3) 3
dx

=
1 1
⋅ (2x –3)4 + C2
∴ ∫ x sin x dx = sin x – x cos x + C
2 4
1 dy 1
= (2x –3)4 + C2 22. = 3x − 2
8 dx x
(c) The result in (b) can be expressed as
1
∫ (2 x − 3)3 dx y=
∫ ( 3x – x2
) dx

1 3 2
= [(2x)4 + 4(2x)3(–3) + 6(2x)2(–3)2 =x + x–1 + C
8 2
+ 4(2x)(–3)3 + (–3)4 ] + C2 (1, 4) is on the curve,
1 3
= (16x4 – 96x3 + 216x2 – 216x + 81) 4 = (1) + (1)–1 + C
8 2
+ C2 3
81 C=
= 2x4 – 12x3 + 27x2 – 27x + + C2 2
8 ∴ The equation of the curve is
Comparing this with the result in (a), 3 1 3
81 y = x2 + + .
C1 = + C2 2 x 2
8
It means the primitive functions in (a) dy
and (b) differ by a constant. 23. = (2x – 1)3
dx
20. (a) y = sin (x2 + 2x)
dy d sin( x 2 + 2 x) d ( x 2 + 2 x)
∴ y= ∫ (2 x − 1) 3
dx
= ⋅ 1 1
dx d ( x 2 + 2 x) dx = ⋅ (2x – 1)4 + C1
2 4
= cos (x2 + 2x) ⋅ (2x + 2) 1
= 2 (x + 1) cos (x2 + 2x) = (2x – 1)4 + C1
(b) From (a), 8
(0, 3) is on the curve,
∫ 2( x + 1) cos ( x 2
+ 2 x) dx
∴
1
3 = [2(0) – 1]4 + C1
= sin ( x + 2x ) + C1
2 8
23
∴ ∫ ( x + 1 ) cos ( x 2
+ 2x ) dx C1 =
8
1 ∴ The equation of the curve C is
= sin (x2 + 2x) + C
2 1 23
y = (2x – 1)4 + .
8 8

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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

24. (a) Let the coordinates of A be (x1, y1). dy x

The slope of the tangent y = x + 2 is 1. 27. = 4 cos2 + 1
dx 2
dy 1
∴ = –2x1 + 1 = 4 × (1 + cos x) + 1
dx x = x1 2
=1 = 3 + 2 cos x
x1 = 0
(x1, y1) is on the tangent
∴ y= ∫ (3 + 2 cos x) dx
y = x + 2. = 3x + 2 sin x + C
∴ y1 = x1 + 2 (0, 4) is on the graph.
y1 = 0 + 2 ∴ 4 = 3(0) + 2 sin 0 + C
∴ y1 = 2 ∴ C=4
i.e. The coordinates of A are (0, 2). ∴ The equation of the curve is
y = 3x + 2 sin x + 4.
dy
(b) From dx = –2x + 1 Section B
y= ∫ (−2 x + 1) dx d2y
= –x + x + C 2 32. (a) = 6x – 4
dx 2
A(0, 2) is on the curve,
dy
2 = –02 + 0 + C
C=2 dx ∫
= (6 x − 4) dx

∴ The equation of the curve is = 3x2 – 4x + C1

y = –x2 + x + 2. dy
When x = 1, = 0.
dx
d 2s ∴ C1 = 1
25. = 2t – 7
dt 2 dy
∴ = 3x2 – 4x + 1
ds
∫ dx
= (2t − 7) dt
dt
= t2 – 7t + C1
y= ∫ (3x 2
− 4 x + 1) dx
ds = x3 – 2x2 + x + C2
When t = 0, = 6. When x = 1, y = 5.
dt
∴ 6 = 02 – 7(0) + C1 ∴ C2 = 5
∴ C1 = 6 ∴ y = x3 − 2x2 + x + 5
ds 2 dy 1
∴ = t – 7t + 6 (b) = 0 when x = 1,
dt dx 3

∫ (t
2 2
s= − 7t + 6) dt d y 1
1 3 7 2 dx 2 x = 1 = 6( 3 ) – 4 = −2 < 0
=
t – t + 6t + C2 3
3 2 1
When t = 0, s = 3. ∴ y is maximum at x = .
3
∴ C2 = 3
1 1 1
1 7 max. y = ( )3 – 2( )2 + ( ) + 5
∴ s = t3 – t2 + 6t + 3 3 3 3
3 2 4
=5
27
dy
26. = sin x + cos x
dx
y= ∫ (sin x + cos x) dx
= – cos x + sin x + C
When x = 0, y = 0.
∴ C= 1
i.e. y = sin x – cos x + 1

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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

(c) (d)

34. (a) v = 12t − 3t2

dv
= 12t − 6t
dt
d 2v
= −6 < 0
dt 2
d2y dv
33. (a) = kx − 18 = 0 when t = 2
dx 2 dt
dy At t = 2, v = 12(2) – 3(2)2 = 12
dx ∫
= (kx − 18) dx
∴ max. velocity = 12 m/s
k (b) v = 3t (4 – t)
= x2 − 18x + C1
2 ∴ The particle travels from
dy k t = 0 to t = 4.
= − 18 + C1 = 9 ……… (1)
dx x =1 2 s= ∫ (12t − 3t ) dt
2

k
∫
y = ( x 2 − 18 + C1 ) dx
2
= 6t2 − t3 + C
When t = 0, s = 0.
k 3 ∴ C=0
= x − 9x2 + C1 x + C2
6 ∴ s = 6t2 − t3
When x = 0, y = 0. When t = 4,
∴ C2 = 0 s = 6(4)2 − 43 = 32
When x = 1, y = 16. ∴ The required distance = 32 m
k dv
∴ − 9 + C1 = 16 …………… (c) a = = 12 − 6t
6 dt
(2) Hence a is greatest when t = 0 and the
Solving (1) and (2), greatest acceleration = 12 m/s2.
k = 6 , C1 = 24
d n
(b) From (a), 35. (a) (x sin x)
dx
y = x3 – 9x2 + 24x = xn cos x + nxn–1 sin x.........................(1)
dy d n
(c) = 3x2 – 18x + 24 (x cos x)
dx dx
= 3 (x – 2) (x – 4) = −xn sin x + nxn–1 cos x.......................(2)
dy (b) From (1),
= 0 when x = 2, 4
dx ∫ (x n
cos x + nx n−1 sin x) dx
d2y = xn sin x
= 6x – 18
dx 2
d2y d2y
∴ ∫x n
cos x dx
<0, >0
dx 2 x=2
dx 2 x=4
n −1
∫
= xn sin x − n x sin x dx
∴ The curve has ∴ In = xn sin x – nJn−1.........................(3)
maximum point (2, 20), From (2),
minimum point (4, 16).
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New Way Additional Mathematics 3 — Solution Guide (Chapter 16)

(b) From (a),

∫ (− x n
sin x + nx n−1 cos x) dx n
n

∫ [(n + 1)( x 2 − a 2 ) 2 + a n (x − a ) 2 −1 ] dx
2 2 2
= xn cos x
∴ ∫x n
sin x dx n

∫
= x( x 2 − a 2 )n (n + 1) ( x 2 − a 2 ) 2 dx
n −1
= −xn cos x + n x cos x dx ∫ n−2

∴ Jn = −xn cos x + n In–1 ……… (4) ∫

+ a2n ( x 2 − a ) 2 2
dx

(c) ∫x 2
cos x dx = x( x 2 − a 2 ) n (n + 1) In + a2n In−2
= I2 = x( x 2 − a 2 ) n
= x2 sin x − 2J1 (From (3)) Hence ,
= x2 sin x − 2(−xcos x + I0) (From (4)) 2 2 n
na 2
In = x ( x − a ) − In − 2
= x sin x + 2xcos x − 2 cos x dx
2
∫ n +1 n +1
= x sin x + 2xcos x − 2sin x + C
∫(
2
(c) x 2 − a 2 ) 4 dx

d = I4
36. (a) [ x( x 2 − a 2 ) n ] 4a 2
= x( x − a ) −
2 2 4
dx I2
d n 5 5
=x⋅ [(x2 − a2) 2 ]
dx x( x 2 − a 2 ) 2
=
n d 5
+ (x2 − a2) 2 ⋅ (x)
dx
4a 2  x ( x − a ) − 2a I 
2 2 2 2
n n n −  0
= x ⋅ (x2 − a2) 2 −1 (2x) + (x2 − a2) 2 5  3 3 
2
n
= nx2 (x2 − a2) 2 −1 + (x2 − a2) 2
n x( x − a )
2 2 2
4a x ( x − a )
2 2 2
= −
n
5 15
= n(x2 − a2 + a2) (x2 − a2) 2 −1 8a 4
− x+C
+ (x2 − a2) 2
n 15
n
= n(x2 − a2) (x2 − a2) 2 −1 +
n n
na2(x2 − a2) 2
−1 + (x2 − a2) 2
n n
= n(x2 − a2) 2 + na2(x2 − a2) 2 −1
n
+ (x2 − a2) 2
n
= (n + 1) (x2 − a2) 2
n
+ a2n (x2 − a2) 2 −1

116