Sng kin kinh nghim: Gii bi ton in mt chiu bng phng php chp mch in

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SNG KIN KINH NGHIM

Tn ti:

GII BI TON IN MT CHIU BNG

PHNG PHP CHP MCH IN

TC GI: HONG TH LOAN

Gio vin vt l Trng THPT Lu nh Cht

A. PHN M U
I. L DO CHN TI:
Dng in khng i l mt phn trong chng trnh SGK vt l 11
hin nay, tuy trong chng trnh vt l lp 9 hc sinh c bit cc cng thc
v ghp cc in tr song song v ni tip nhng cc em mi ch tip cn cc
mch in n gin, hn na trong mt khong thi gian di cc em khng s
dng n cc cng thc ny m trong chng trnh SGK vt l 11 khng nhc li
cc cng thc v trong SGK khng c cc dng bi tp v cc mch in phc
tp nhng trong sch bi tp li c cc bi tp v cc mch in hn hp m nu
khng v li mch in th hc sinh s gp kh khn khi xc nh s mc cc
in tr. Trong ni dung ca ti
GII BI TON IN MT CHIU BNG PHNG PHP CHP MCH IN

ti a ra phng php tng qut chp cc mch in phc tp thnh n gin

t hc sinh c th d dng xc nh s mc cc mch in ngoi.
II. NHIM V NGHIN CU:
thc hin tt ti nghin cu, ngi thc hin ti ny cn phi thc
hin cc nhim v sau:
1. Nghin cu cc ti liu chuyn mn, sch gio khoa, sch bi tp, ti liu

tham kho.
2. Thao ging, dy th nghim.
3. D gi ng nghip, trao i, rt kinh nghim.

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Sng kin kinh nghim: Gii bi ton in mt chiu bng phng php chp mch in

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4. Kim tra, nh gi kt qu thc hin ti da vo kt qu hc tp ca hc

sinh t c s iu chnh, b sung hp l.

III. PHM VI NGHIN CU:
ti tp trung nghin cu mn vt l lp 11, phn dng in khng i,
dng ton v mch in khng i c nhiu in tr mc hn hp m mun xc
nh s mc th cn phi v li s mch in .
IV. MC CH NGHIN CU:
Vi vic nghin cu thnh cng ti, sng kin kinh nghim s gip gio
vin v hc sinh c mt phng php tng qut gip v li s mch ngoi ca
nhng mch in khng i c nhiu in tr mc hn hp, t xc nh s
mc cc in tr l cng vic u tin khi hc sinh gp cc bi tp yu cu tnh
in tr mch ngoi hay xc nh hiu in th v cng dng in trn tng
in tr.
V. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU:
1. Phng php quan st: Ngi thc hin ti t tm ti, nghin cu,
c rt kinh nghim t thc tin ging dy .
2. Phng php trao i, tho lun: T kt qu nghin cu, ngi thc
hin ti tin hnh trao i, tho lun vi ng nghip, rt kinh nghim hon
thin ti.
3. Phng php thc nghim: Gio vin tin hnh dy th nghim theo
phng php nghin cu trong ti.
4. Phng php iu tra: Gio vin ra cc bi tp p dng kim tra nh
gi kt qu s dng phng php mi.

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Sng kin kinh nghim: Gii bi ton in mt chiu bng phng php chp mch in

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B. PHN NI DUNG
I. Ni dung bi tp v cch gii:
1. Ni dung:
V d : ( Bi 2.22 trang 23 sch bi tp vt l 11 nng cao )
Cho mch in nh hnh v 1.
Cho bit:R1 = R2 = 2 ; R3 = R4 = R5 = R6 = 4 . in tr ca cc ampe k nh
khng ng k.
a. Tnh RAB
b. Cho UAB = 12 V. Tm cng dng in qua cc in tr v s ch cc

ampe k .

A1

A2 E
R5

R4

A3
R6

.
B

R1 F

R2 H

R3

Hnh 1

2. Phng php gii tng qut:

i vi dng bi tp in mt chiu, trong s mch ngoi gm c
nhiu in tr ghp hn hp trong c nhng im c cng in th nh s
trn th nhn vo hnh v ta cha th vit c s mc in tr ngay m i
hi phi v li mch in bng cch chp cc im c cng in th th gio vin
c th thc hin cc hot ng sau:
HOT NG 1: Nhc li cc c im ca on mch in tr ghp song

song v ghp ni tip:

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Sng kin kinh nghim: Gii bi ton in mt chiu bng phng php chp mch in

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a. Ghp ni tip

b. Ghp song song

Ib = I1 = I2 = ... = In

Ib = I1 + I2 + ... + In

Ub = U1 + U2 + ... + Un

Ub = U1 = U2 = ... = Un

Rb = R1 + R2 + ... + Rn

1
1
1
1
=
+
+ ... +
Rb
R1 R2
Rn

HOT NG 2: V li s mch in. Tin hnh ln lt theo cc bc

sau:
Bc 1: t tn cho cc im nt trong mch in.
Bc 2: Xc nh cc im c cng in th: do dy dn v ampe k c
in tr nh khng ng k nn hiu in th gia hai u ampe k coi nh bng
khng, suy ra in th hai u ampe k l bng nhau.
Bc 3: Xc nh im u v im cui ca mch in.
Bc 4: Lit k cc im nt ca mch in theo hng ngang theo th t
cc nt trong mch in ban u, im u v im cui ca mch in hai
u ca dy hng ngang, mi im nt c thay th bng mt du chm, nhng
im nt c cng in th th ch dng mt chm im chung v di chm im
c ghi tn cc nt trng nhau.
Bc 5: Ln lt tng in tr nm gia hai im no th t cc in tr
vo gia hai im .
HOT NG 3: p dng cc cng thc c im ca on mch ni tip

v song song gii bi ton theo cc yu cu ca bi.

3. p dng gii v d:
Bc 1: t tn cho cc im nt A, B, C, D, E, F, H nh hnh v 1.
Bc 2: Xc nh cc im c cng in th : VC = VD = VE = VB
Bc 3: Xc nh im u mch in:A; v im cui ca mch in
(B,C,D,E)
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Sng kin kinh nghim: Gii bi ton in mt chiu bng phng php chp mch in

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Bc 4: Lit k cc im nt ca mch in theo hng ngang nh hnh 2

.
B
C,D,E

Hnh 2
Bc 5: Ln lt tng in tr nm gia hai im no th t cc in tr
vo gia hai im ( Hnh 3 ). C th:
in tr R1 nm gia hai im A v F
in tr R2 nm gia hai im F v H
in tr R3 nm gia hai im H v B
in tr R4 nm gia hai im A v C ( cng l nm gia A v B )
in tr R5 nm gia hai im F v D ( cng l nm gia F v B )
in tr R6 nm gia hai im H v E ( cng l nm gia H v B )
R5

.
A

R1

.
F

R2

.
H

R6

R3

.
B
C,D,E

R4

Hnh 3
T s mch in v li nh hnh 3, ta d dng xc nh c s
mc :

{ [ ( R3 // R6 ) ntR2 ] // R5 } ntR1

// R4

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Sng kin kinh nghim: Gii bi ton in mt chiu bng phng php chp mch in

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Bc 6: p dng cc cng thc c im ca on mch song song v ni

tip, ta d dng tnh ton c cc i lng theo yu cu ca bi. (Trong ni
dung gii hn ca ti, ti ch tp trung v vic v li mch in, cn vic gii
bi ton khi c s mc ti khng cp n y v vn tun theo cch
gii thng thng)

II. Bi tp vn dng:
Bi tp : ( Bi 2.27 trang 24 sch bi tp vt l 11 nng cao )
Cho mch in nh hnh v 1.
Cho bit:UAB = 6 V; R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = 2 ; R5 = R6 = 1 ; R7 = 4 . in tr
ca vn k rt ln, in tr ca cc ampe k nh khng ng k. Tnh RAB, cng
dng in qua cc in tr, s ch cc ampe k v vn k.

A1
M
A

R2

R1
R7

P
A2

F
V

R3

R6

R4
Q
R5

Hnh 4

Hng dn gii: y l mt bi tp v mch cu, nhng mi nhn vo s

ny, hc sinh s khng xc nh c s mc cc in tr, do vy, cng vic
u tin gii bi ton l v li s mc cc in tr bng cch chp cc im
c cng in th vi nhau.
Bc 1: t tn cho cc im nt A, M, N, P, Q, F, H, K, B nh hnh v 4.
Bc 2: Xc nh cc im c cng in th : VA = VP; VN = VF = VQ;
VH = VK = VB;
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Sng kin kinh nghim: Gii bi ton in mt chiu bng phng php chp mch in

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Do vn k c in tr rt ln nn c th tm b on mch FH khi v
li s
Bc 3: Xc nh im u mch in:A; v im cui ca mch in
(B,K,H)
Bc 4: Lit k cc im nt ca mch in theo hng ngang nh hnh 5

A
///
P

.
N
///
F
///
Q

.
B
///
K
///
H

Hnh 5

Bc 5: Ln lt tng in tr nm gia hai im no th t cc

in tr vo gia hai im ( Hnh 6 ). C th:
in tr R1 nm gia hai im A v M
in tr R2 nm gia hai im M v N
in tr R3 nm gia hai im N v P
in tr R4 nm gia hai im P v Q
in tr (R5 ni tip R6) nm gia hai im Q v H ( cng l nm gia Q
v B )
in tr R7 nm gia hai im M v K ( cng l nm gia M v B )

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Sng kin kinh nghim: Gii bi ton in mt chiu bng phng php chp mch in

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R7
R1

.
A
///
P

.
R3

R2

R6

R5

B
///
K
///
H

N
///
F
///
Q

R4

Hnh 6
T hnh 6, ta thy on mch MN ( cha in tr R2 ) chung cho c on
mch AMN v on mch MNB, do on mch MN l cu. T ta v li
theo s mch cu c hnh 7.

R1

.
A
///
P

R3
R4

R2

R5

.
R6

R7

B(K,H)

N(F,Q)

Hnh 7
n y ta c s mch cu quen thuc, da vo s liu u bi ta c t
R

5
1
s: R = R . Vy y l mt mch cu cn bng, suy ra VM = VN, chp hai
34
67

im M v N ta c s mc: [ R1 // R3 // R4 ] nt[ R5 // ( R6 ntR7 ) ]

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Sng kin kinh nghim: Gii bi ton in mt chiu bng phng php chp mch in

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C. PHN KT LUN
I. KT QU NGHIN CU V P DNG:
Ti p dng sng kin kinh nghim ny cho hc sinh trong nhng nm
gn y v thu c nhng kt qu kh quan. Trc ht nhng kinh nghim ny
rt ph hp vi chng trnh SGK vt l lp 9 v lp 11. Hc sinh c hng th
hc tp hn, tch cc hot ng trong cc gi hc, ng thi cng rt linh hot
trong tng bi tp c th. Khng kh hc tp si ni, nh nhng. Hc sinh c c
hi khng nh mnh, khng cn lng tng, lo ngi khi gp dng bi tp ny v
ni dung sng kin kinh nghim c th p dng cho tt c cc bi ton v v li
mch in. khng nh c th kt qu ti, nm hc 2009 2010 ti p
dng ti ny trong ging dy lp 11 C 1 (lp thc nghim) v lp 11 C2 (lp
i chng), kt qu c ti 95% hc sinh lp 11C1 gii c thnh tho cc bi tp
v v li mch in cn lp 11C2 hc sinh thng lng tng khi gp cc dng
mch in ny v ch t c 20% cc em xc nh c bi ton.
II.BI HC KINH NGHIM:
Sau khi p dng thnh cng ti ny, bn thn ti thu c nhng kt
qu ng k v nhng kinh nghim qu bu cho bn thn nh sau:
1. i vi tt c cc mn hc ni chung v mn vt l ni ring u c nhng

kh khn nht nh i vi hc sinh, song trong qu trnh ging dy,

gip hc sinh gii quyt nhng kh khn th gio vin cn phi trn tr,
tm ti nhng kinh nghim qu bu truyn t cho hc sinh, t to c
hng th hc tp tt cho hc sinh.
2. Gio vin cn to mi trng hc tp m trong hc sinh l i tng

hot ng chnh, rn luyn cho cc em tnh t gic, ch ng sng to linh

hot trong hc tp, rn luyn k nng gii bi tp mt cch thnh tho.

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Sng kin kinh nghim: Gii bi ton in mt chiu bng phng php chp mch in

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III. NHNG KIN NGH:

Xut pht t c s l lun, thc tin, mc ch dy hc cng nh nhng
thnh cng v hn ch trong khi thc hin ti, gp phn vo vic ging dy
b mn t kt qu tt, ti c nhng kin ngh sau:
* V pha c s:
i vi cc t chuyn mn cn tng cng hn na hot ng trao i,
tho lun ni dung chuyn mn trong cc bui sinh hot t, cn chun b v a
nhng ni dung mi v kh tho lun, bn phng php gii quyt trc khi
truyn t vn cho hc sinh.
* V pha lnh o cp trn:
Cn to iu kin cho gio vin c c hi giao lu, hc hi v rt kinh
nghim qua cc hi tho chuyn .
IV. KT LUN:
Trn y l mt s suy ngh, tm ti ca gio vin khi ging dy cho hc
sinh v phn ny v thu nhn c nhng kt qu kh quan, gy hng th cho
hc sinh trong hc tp v nhn c nhng phn ng tch cc ca hc sinh.
Tuy nhin do iu kin v nng lc v thi gian nn vn a ra s c nhng
ch cn hn ch.
Rt mong c s quan tm c gp v vn dng ca cc ng nghip.

Xin chn thnh cm n !

Hong Ho, ngy 10 thng 05 nm 2010
NGI THC HIN

HONG TH LOAN

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Sng kin kinh nghim: Gii bi ton in mt chiu bng phng php chp mch in

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CC TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Gio dc hc i cng NXB H Ni 1995
2. Sch gio khoa, sch gio vin, sch bi tp vt l lp 11
3. Ti liu tp hun i mi phng php ging dy b mn Vt l THPT.

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