Mat Lab Programs

1.
Program to generate impulse function

function[n,x]=imp(n0,n1,n2)
n=[n1:n2]
x=[(n-n0)==0]
stem(n,x)
xlabel ( Time )
ylabel ( Amplitude )
title ( Impulse signal )
% n0=value at which impulse present
% n1=lower limit
% n2=upper limit
% x=sequence
% n=range
Output :
>> imp(2,0,4)
n=
0 1 2
x=
0 0 1
ans =
0 1 2
4
impulsesignal
1
0.9
0.8
amplitude
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.5
1.5
2
time
2.5
3.5
2. Program to generate step sequence

function[n,x]=stepf(n0,n1,n2)
n=[n1:n2]
x=[(n-n0)>=0]
stem(n,x)
xlabel ('time ')
ylabel ('amplitude ')
title ('step signal ')
%
%
%
%
%
n0=value at which impulse present

n1=lower limit
n2=upper limit
x=sequence
n=range
Output
>>stepf(2,-2,4)
n=
-2 -1
x=
0
0
ans =
-2 -1
4
step signal
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
amplitude
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
time
3.Program to generate sine sequence

function[]=sinege(n,w)
y=sin(w*n);
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(n,y)
xlabel ('time ')
ylabel ('amplitude ')
title ('sine signal ')
% n= range
%w=period in pi units
Output:
sinege(0:100,0.1*pi)
sine signal
1
amplitude
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
10
20
30
40
50
time
60
70
80
90
100
4.Program to generate periodic sequence

function[y]=periodseq(x,N)
m=ones(1,N)
x1=x'
y1=x1*m
y2=y1(:)
y=y2'
stem(y)
xlabel ('n.................. ')
ylabel ('y(n) ')
title ('periodic signal ')
Output:
periodseq([1 2 3 4],4)
m=
1 1 1 1
x1 =
1
2
3
4
y1 =
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
y2 =
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
y=
Columns 1 through 14
1 2 3 4 1 2
3 4
ans =
1 2 3 4 1 2
3 4
periodic signal
4
y(n)
3
2
1
0
8
n..................
10
12
14
16
5.Program to add two discrete signals

5
function[y3]=addseq(n1,n2,n3,n4,x1,x2)
no=n1:n2
nn=n3:n4
minn=min(min(no),min(nn))
maxn=max(max(no),max(nn))
n=minn:maxn
y1=zeros(1,length(n))
y2=y1
a=((n>=min(no))&(n<=max(no)))
b=((n>=min(nn))&(n<=max(nn)))
y1(find(a))=x1
y2(find(b))=x2
y3=y1+y2
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y1)
title(Sequence y1)
xlabel(Range)
ylabel(y1)
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,y2)
title(Sequence y2)
xlabel(Range)
ylabel(y2)
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,y3)
title(Addition of two sequences)
xlabel(Range)
ylabel(y3)
Output:
addseq(0,2,2,6,[1 4 2],[0 3 4 5 5])
no =
0
nn =
2
minn =
0
maxn =
6
n=
0
y1 =
0
y2 =
0
a=
1
b=
0
y1 =
1
y2 =
0
y3 =
1
ans =
1
6
4
2
0
6
4
2
0
6.Program to subtract two discrete signals

no=n1:n2
nn=n3:n4
n=minn:maxn
y2=y1
y1(find(a))=x1
y2(find(b))=x2
y3=y1-y2
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y1)
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,y2)
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,y3)
Output:
subseq(0,2,2,6,[1 4 2],[0 3 4 5 5])
no =
0
nn =
2
minn =
0
maxn =
6
n=
0
y1 =
-3
-4
-5
-5
-3
-4
-5
-5
y2 =
0
a=
1
b=
0
y1 =
1
y2 =
0
y3 =
1
ans =
1
10
6
4
2
0
5
-5
11
7. Program to multiply the signal

no=n1:n2
nn=n3:n4
n=minn:maxn
y2=y1
y1(find(a))=x1
y2(find(b))=x2
y3=y1.*y2
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y1)
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,y2)
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,y3)
Output:
mulseq(0,2,2,6,[1 4 2],[0 3 4 5 5])
no =
0
nn =
2
minn =
0
maxn =
6
n=
0
y1 =
12
y2 =
0
a=
1
b=
0
y1 =
1
y2 =
0
y3 =
0
ans =
0
13
6
4
2
0
1
-1
14
8.Program to fold a sequence

function[]=seqfold(n1,n2,x)
n0=n1:n2
subplot(2,1,1)
stem(n0,x)
title('original sequence')
xlabel('time')
ylabel('amplitude')
y=fliplr(x)
n=-fliplr(n0)
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(n,y)
title('folded sequence')
xlabel('time')
ylabel('amplitude')
Output:
seqfold(-3,4,[0 1
n0 =
-3 -2 -1
y=
8
5
4
n=
-4 -3 -2
2 5 3 4 5 8])
0
-1
original sequence
8
amplitude
6
4
2
0
-3
-2
-1
-3
-2
1
time
folded sequence
amplitude
6
4
2
0
-4
-1
0
time
15
9.Program to shift the sequence

function[m,y]=shift(n0,n,x)
m=n+n0
y=x
subplot(2,1,1)
stem(n,x)
title('original sequence')
xlabel('range')
ylabel('sequence')
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(m,y)
xlabel('range')
ylabel('sequence')
title('shifted sequence')
%n=range
%x=seq
%n0=value of shift
Output:
shiftf1(-2,-3:2,[0 2 5 6 5 8])
m=
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
y=
0 2 5 6 5 8
ans =
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
original sequence
8
sequence
6
4
2
0
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
range
shifted sequence
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
0.5
1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
sequence
6
4
2
0
-5
-2.5
range
-2
16
10 . Program to find even and odd part of the

signal
function[]=evenodd(n,x)
n1=-fliplr(n)
x1=fliplr(x)
subplot(2,2,1)
stem(n,x)
title('original signal')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('amp')
n2=min(min(n),min(n1)):max(max(n),max(n1))
y1=zeros(1,length(n2))
y2=y1
a=(n2>=min(n) & n2<=max(n))
b=(n2>=min(n1) & n2<=max(n1))
y1(find(a))=x
y2(find(b))=x1
xe=(y1+y2)./2
x0=(y1-y2)./2
subplot(2,2,2)
stem(n2,xe)
title('even signal')
xlabel('n2')
ylabel('amp')
subplot(2,2,3)
stem(n2,x0)
title('odd signal')
xlabel('n2')
ylabel('amp')
z=xe+x0
subplot(2,2,4)
stem(n2,z)
title('result')
xlabel('n2')
ylabel('amp')
Output:
evenodd(0:6,[0 1 2 3 4 5 5])
n1 =
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
x1 =
5
n2 =
17
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
y1 =
0
y2 =
0
a=
0
b=
1
y1 =
0
y2 =
5
xe =
Columns 1 through 8
2.5000
2.5000
2.0000
1.5000
1.0000
2.5000
2.5000
0.5000
0.5000
1.0000
1.5000
2.0000
x0 =
Columns 1 through 8
-2.5000 -2.5000 -2.0000 -1.5000 -1.0000 -0.5000
0.5000
1.0000
1.5000
2.0000
2.5000
2.5000
18
z=
0
original s ignal
even s ignal
2
amp
amp
0
-10
-5
0
n2
res ult
10
-5
0
n2
10
n
odd s ignal
4
4
amp
amp
2
-2
-4
-10
-5
0
n2
10
0
-10
19
11.Program to find convolution of two

sequences
function[]=convol(x1,x2,n1,n2)
y=conv(x1,x2)
n=(min(n1)+min(n2)):(max(n1)+max(n2))
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n1,x1)
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n2,x2)
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,y)
Output:
convol([1 2 3 4 5],[2 3 4 ],0:4,0:2)
y=
2
7 16 25 34 31 20
n=
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
20
o rig in a l 1 s ig n a l
am p
0 .5
1 .5
2
2 .5
n
3 .5
am p
4
2
0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
1 .2 1 .4
n
c o n vo lve d s ig n a l
1 .6
1 .8
am p
40
20
0
3
n
12.Program to cross correlation of two

sequences
function[n,y]=correl(x1,x2,n1,n2)
n2=fliplr(-n2)
c= abs(length(n1)-length(n2))
y=xcorr(x1,x2)
n=(min(n1)+min(n2)):(max(n1)+max(n2))+c
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n1,x1)
title('original 1 signal')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('amp')
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n2,x2)
xlabel('n')
ylabel('amp')
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,y)
title('correlated signal')
xlabel('n')
21
ylabel('amp')
Output:
correlation([1 2 3 4 1],[4 6 7 0 3 4 5 ],0:4,-6:0)
n2 =
0
c=
2
y=
Columns 1 through 8
5.0000 14.0000 26.0000 38.0000 37.0000 36.0000 40.0000 54.0000
43.0000 22.0000
4.0000
n=
0
10
11
12
10
11
12
ans =
0
22
am p
4
2
0
0 .5
1 .5
2
2 .5
3
n
3 .5
am p
10
5
0
3
4
n
c o rre la t e d s ig n a l
10
12
am p
100
50
0
6
n
13.Program to find DTFT of finite sequence

function[X,w]=dtft(x,n)
k=[-100:100]
w=k*pi/100
X=x*exp(-j*pi/100).^(n'*k)
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(X))
title('magnitude plot')
xlabel('frequency in pi units')
ylabel('amplitude')
23
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,angle(X))
title('phase')
ylabel('angle')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,real(X))
title('real plot')
ylabel('real')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,imag(X))
title('imaginary plot')
ylabel('imaginary mag')
Output:
dtft([0 3 5 4 6 8],-2:3)
24
m agnitude plot
phas e
30
0
-1
real
angle
10
0
-2
-0.5
0
0.5
frequenc y in pi units
real plot
-4
-1
30
20
20
10
imaginary mag
amplitude
2
20
10
0
-10
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
-0.5
0
0.5
im aginary plot
-0.5
0
0.5
0
-10
-20
-1
14. Program to compute DTFT of infinite

sequence of
(0.5 ^n)*u(n)
25
function[]=dtfti()
w=[-500:1:500]*pi/500
X=exp(j*w)./(exp(j*w)-0.5*ones(1,1001))
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(X))
ylabel('magnitude')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,angle(X))
title('phase plot')
xlabel('angle in radians')
ylabel('phase')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,real(X))
title('real part')
ylabel('real part')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,imag(X))
title('imaginary part')
ylabel('imaginary part')
Output:
26
dtfti()
m agnitude plot
phas e plot
1
0.5
1.5
phase
magnitude
0.5
-1
-0.5
-0.5
0
0.5
real part
-1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
angle in radians
im aginary part
-0.5
0
0.5
1
imaginary part
real part
1.5
0.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1
15. Program to prove symmetric property of

DTFT using
27
even or odd sequences

%x(n)=sin(n*pi/2) -5<=n<=10
%dtft(xe)=real(X)
%dtft(xo)=j*imag(X)
function[]=dtftsymm(x,n)
k=-100:100
w=pi*k/100
X=x*(exp(-j*pi./100)).^(n'*k)
[xe,xo,n2]=evenodd(x,n)
XE=xe*(exp(-j*pi/100)).^(n2'*k)
XO=xo*(exp(-j*pi/100)).^(n2'*k)
err=max(abs(XE-real(X)))
err1=max(abs(XO-j*imag(X)))
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,real(XE))
title('Transform of even part ')
xlabel('Frequency in pi units')
ylabel('XE')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,real(X))
title(' Real part of X ')
xlabel('Frequency in pi units')
ylabel('XE')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,imag(XO))
title('transform of odd part ')
ylabel('XO')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,imag(X))
title('imaginary part of X ')
ylabel('XO')
Output:
symmetry([1 2 3 4],0:3)
err =
3.0642e-014
err1 =
3.0642e-014
28
29
16. Program to prove conjugate property of

DTFT using
even or odd sequences
%conj(x)=conj(X(-w))
function[]=dtftconj(x,n)
k=-100:100
w=pi*k/100
X=x*(exp(-j*pi./100)).^(n'*k)
y=conj(x)
Y1=y*(exp(-j*pi./100)).^(n'*k)
Y2=conj(fliplr(X))
err=max(abs(Y1-Y2))
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(X))
title('magnitude part ')
ylabel('mag of X')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,angle(X))
title(' phase part ')
ylabel('angle in radian')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,abs(Y2))
ylabel('magnitude of Y')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,angle(Y2))
title('angle of Y ')
ylabel('angle in radians')
Output:
conjugate([1 2 3 4],0:3)
err = 6.1284e-014
30
m a g n it u d e p a rt
p h a s e p a rt
4
angle in radian
mag of X
10
0
-1
-2
-0 . 5
0
0.5
1
fre q u e n c y in p i u n it s
a n g le o f Y
4
angle in radians
magnitude of Y
-4
-1
-0 . 5
0
0.5
1
10
0
-1
-0 . 5
0
0.5
1
2
0
-2
-4
-1
-0 . 5
0
0.5
1
31
17. Program to verify the linearity property of

DTFT
function[]=linprop(x1,x2,a,b,n)
[X1,w]=dtft(x1,n)
[X2,w]=dtft(x2,n)
x3=a*x1+b*x2
[X3,w]=dtft(x3,n)
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(w,abs(X3))
title('dtft of a*x1+b*x2')
xlabel(' frequency in pi units')
ylabel(' magnitude part')
X4=a*[X1]+b*[X2]
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(w,abs(X4))
title('dtft of a*[X1]+b*[X2]')
xlabel(' frequency in pi units')
ylabel(' magnitude part')
32
Output:
linprop([1 3 5 7],[2 4 6 8],2,3,0:3)
d t ft o f a * x 1 + b * x 2
m agnitude part
100
50
0
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
fr e q u e n c y in p i u n i t s
d t ft o f a * [ X 1 ] + b * [ X 2 ]
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
fr e q u e n c y in p i u n i t s
m agnitude part
100
50
0
-4
33
18. Program to verify frequency shift property of DTFT

%X(n)=cos(n*pi/2) 0<=n<=100
function[err]=freqsh(x,n)
k=-100:100
w=pi*k/100
X=x*(exp(-j*pi/100)).^(n'*k)
y=x.*(exp(j*pi*n./2))
Y1=y*(exp(-j*pi/100)).^(n'*k)
Y2=x*(exp(-j*pi/100)).^(n'*(k-50))
err=max(abs(Y1-Y2))
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(X))
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(w/pi,abs(Y1))
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(X))
ylabel('magnitude of x')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,angle(X))
title('phase part ')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,abs(Y2))
title('magnitude part of x')
ylabel('magnitude of Y')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,angle(Y2))
title('angle of Y ')
Output:
freqsh1([1 0 -1 0],0:3)
4.1851e-015
34
p h a s e p a rt
2
angle in radians
magnitude of x
0
-1
-0 . 5
0
0.5
1
a n g le o f Y
angle in radians
magnitude of Y
-2
-4
-1
-0 . 5
0
0 .5
1
m a g n it u d e p a rt o f x
0
-1
-0 . 5
0
0 .5
1
1
0
-1
-2
-1
-0 . 5
0
0.5
1
35
19. Program to verify periodicity property of

DTFT
function[]=period()
k=-100:100
w=pi*k/100
n=0:10
x=0.9*(exp(j*pi/3)).^n
X=x*(exp(-j*pi/100)).^(n'*k)
magx=abs(X)
phasex=angle(X)
realx=real(X)
imagx=imag(X)
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,magx)
ylabel('magnitude')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,phasex)
title('phase part ')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,realx)
title('real part ')
ylabel('real')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,imagx)
title('imaginary part ')
ylabel('imaginary')
Output:
Period
36
p h a s e p a rt
10
0
-1
angle in radians
m agnitude
-0 .5
0
0 .5
1
fr e q u e n c y in p i u n it s
re a l p a rt
10
-4
-1
-0 .5
0
0 .5
1
fr e q u e n c y i n p i u n it s
im a g in a ry p a rt
5
im aginary
real
-5
-1
-2
10
-0 .5
0
0 .5
1
fr e q u e n c y in p i u n it s
0
-5
-1 0
-1
-0 .5
0
0 .5
1
fr e q u e n c y i n p i u n it s
37
20.Program to verify time shifting property of

DTFT
function[] = dtftshift()
n = -10:10;
x = (-0.9) .^ n
k = 0:500;
w = (pi/500)*k
n1=-2
m = shift(n,x,n1)
X = x*(exp(-j*pi/500) .^ (n'*k))
x1 = exp(-j*2) .^ w
X1 = X .* x1
X2 = x*(exp(-j*pi/500) .^ (m'*k))
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(X1))
grid
title('Magnitude Part')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,angle(X1))
grid
title('Phase Part')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,abs(X2))
grid
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,angle(X2))
grid
title('Phase Part')
38
Output:
dtftshift()
39
21. Program to find DFS of finite sequence

function[xk]=dfs(xn,N)
n=0:N-1
k=0:N-1
wn=exp(-j*2*pi/N)
nk=n'*k
wnk=wn.^nk
xk=(xn*wnk)*(1./N)
magx=abs(xk)
phasex=angle(xk)
realx=real(xk)
imagx=imag(xk)
subplot(2,2,1)
stem(n,magx)
ylabel('magnitude')
subplot(2,2,2)
stem(n,phasex)
title('phase part')
ylabel('angle in rad')
subplot(2,2,3)
stem(n,realx)
title('real plot')
ylabel('real part')
subplot(2,2,4)
stem(n,imagx)
Output:
dfs([1 2 3 4],4)
n=
0
k=
0
wn =
40
0.0000 - 1.0000i
nk =
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
0
2
4
6
0
3
6
9
wnk =
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000 - 1.0000i -1.0000 - 0.0000i -0.0000 + 1.0000i
-1.0000 - 0.0000i 1.0000 + 0.0000i -1.0000 - 0.0000i
-0.0000 + 1.0000i -1.0000 - 0.0000i 0.0000 - 1.0000i
xk =
2.5000
-0.5000 + 0.5000i -0.5000 - 0.0000i -0.5000 - 0.5000i
magx =
2.5000
0.7071
0.5000
0.7071
phasex =
0
2.3562 -3.1416 -2.3562
realx =
2.5000 -0.5000 -0.5000 -0.5000
imagx =
0
0.5000 -0.0000 -0.5000
ans =
2.5000
-0.5000 + 0.5000i -0.5000 - 0.0000i -0.5000 - 0.5000i
41
magnitude plot
phase part
2.5
4
2
angle in rad
magnitude
2
1.5
1
-2
0.5
0
1
2
frequency in pi units
-4
real plot
1
2
imaginary plot
0.6
0.4
imaginary part
real part
1
0
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-1
1
2
-0.6
1
2
42
22. Program to find IDFS of finite sequence

function[y]=idfs(xn,N)
n=0:N-1
k=0:N-1
wn=exp(j*2*pi/N)
nk=(n'*k)
wnk=wn.^nk
y=(xn*wnk)
magx=abs(y)
phasex=angle(y)
realx=real(y)
imagx=imag(y)
subplot(2,2,1)
stem(n,magx)
ylabel('magnitude')
subplot(2,2,2)
stem(n,phasex)
title('phase part')
ylabel('angle in rad')
subplot(2,2,3)
stem(n,realx)
title('real plot')
ylabel('real part')
subplot(2,2,4)
stem(n,imagx)
Output
idfs([2.5000 -0.5000 + 0.5000i -0.5000 - 0.0000i -0.5000 - 0.5000i],4)
n=
0
k=
0
wn =
43
0.0000 + 1.0000i
nk =
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
0
2
4
6
0
3
6
9
wnk =
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000 + 1.0000i -1.0000 + 0.0000i -0.0000 - 1.0000i
-1.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 - 0.0000i -1.0000 + 0.0000i
-0.0000 - 1.0000i -1.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0000 + 1.0000i
y=
1.0000
2.0000 + 0.0000i 3.0000 - 0.0000i 4.0000 - 0.0000i
magx =
1
phasex =
1.0e-015 *
0
0.0306 -0.0408 -0.1378
realx =
1
imagx =
1.0e-015 *
0
0.0612 -0.1225 -0.5511
ans =
1.0000
2.0000 + 0.0000i 3.0000 - 0.0000i 4.0000 - 0.0000i
44
-17
0
angle in rad
magnitude
magnitude plot
2
1
0
1
2
-10
imaginary part
real part
1
0
1
2
1
2
-16
real plot
phase part
-5
-15
x 10
x 10
imaginary plot
-2
-4
-6
1
2
23.Program to do upsampling
function[n1,y]=upsam(n,x,I)
45
mn=min(n)
mx=max(n)
n1=mn*I:(mx*I+I-1)
x1=x'
x1=[x1,zeros(length(x),I-1)]
x1=x1'
y=(x1(:))'
subplot(2,1,1)
stem(n,x)
xlabel('range')
ylabel('sequence')
title('original')
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(n1,y)
xlabel('range')
ylabel('sequence')
title('upsampling')
Output:
ups(0:4,[1 2 3 4 5],3)
mn =
0
mx =
4
n1 =
0
10
11
12
13
Column 15
14
x1 =
1
2
3
4
5
x1 =
1
2
0
0
0
0
46
3
4
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
x1 =
1
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
y=
1
10
Column 15
0
ans =
0
11
12
13
Column 15
14
47
original
5
sequence
4
3
2
1
0
0.5
1.5
2
range
2.5
3.5
upsampling
5
sequence
4
3
2
1
0
10
12
14
range
48
24. Program to do down sampling

function[]=downsamp(x,n,D)
subplot(2,1,1)
stem(n,x)
title('original')
xlabel('n-- range')
ylabel('amp--sequence')
n1=n/D
n2=round(n1)
for k=(1:1:length(n1))
if(n1(k)==n2(k))
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(n1(k),x(k))
hold on
end
end
title('result')
xlabel('n--range')
ylabel('amp--sequence')
Output:
downsamp(0:4,[1 2 3 4 4 ],0.5)
n1 =
2
n2 =
2
49
original
amp--sequence
4
3
2
1
0
1.5
2.5
n-- range
result
3.5
amp--sequence
4
3
2
1
0
n--range
50
25.Program to find Z transformation

function[y]=ztr()
b=input(' Enter numerator co-efficient')
a=input('Enter denomenator co-efficient')
subplot(2,1,1)
zplane(b,a)
title('pole-zero plot')
xlabel('Real part')
ylabel('Imaginary part')
n=0:10
x=[(n-0)==0]
y=filter(b,a,x)
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(n,y)
title('Impulse response')
xlabel('n----------->')
ylabel('y----------->')
Output:
ztr1
Enter numerator co-efficient[0 0.25]
b=
0
0.2500
Enter denomenator co-efficient[1 0.25]

a=
1.0000
0.2500
n=
0
10
x=
1
y=
Columns 1 through 8
0
0.2500 -0.0625
0.0156 -0.0039
0.0010 -0.0002
0.0001
51
-0.0000
0.0000 -0.0000
ans =
Columns 1 through 8
0
0.2500 -0.0625
0.0156 -0.0039
0.0010 -0.0002
0.0001
-0.0000
0.0000 -0.0000
pole-zero plot
Imaginary part
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-3
-2
-1
0
Real part
Impulse response
0.3
y----------->
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
5
6
n----------->
10
52
26.Program to find Inverse Z transformation

function[]=iztr()
b=input(' Enter numerator co-efficient')
a=input('Enter denomenator co-efficient')
[r,p,k]=residuez(b,a)
zplane(b,a)
title('pole-zero plot')
xlabel('Real part')
ylabel('Imaginary part')
Output:
ztr
Enter numerator co-efficient [0 1]
b=
0
Enter denomenator co-efficient[1 2 3]

a=
r=
p=
0 - 0.3536i
0 + 0.3536i
-1.0000 + 1.4142i
-1.0000 - 1.4142i
k=
[]
53
pole-zero plot
Imaginary part
-1
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
Real part
54
27.Program to find linear and circular

convolution using
FFT
function[]=lincir(x,h)
n=length(x)
m=length(h)
%linear convolution
N=n+m-1
k1=0:N-1
X=fft(x,N)
H=fft(h,N)
Y=X.*H
yl=abs(ifft(Y))
%circular convolution
N1=max(n,m)
k2=0:N1-1
X1=fft(x,N1)
H1=fft(h,N1)
Y1=X1.*H1
yc=abs(ifft(Y1))
subplot(2,2,1)
stem(0:n-1,x)
title('sequence x(n)')
xlabel('n----------->')
ylabel('x----------->')
subplot(2,2,2)
stem(0:m-1,h)
title('sequence h(n)')
xlabel('m----------->')
ylabel('h----------->')
subplot(2,2,3)
stem(k1,yl)
stem(0:n-1,x)
title('Linear convolution)')
xlabel('n----------->')
ylabel('y----------->')
subplot(2,2,4)
stem(k2,yc)
stem(0:n-1,x)
title('circular convolution)')
xlabel('n----------->')
ylabel('y----------->')
Output:
55
lincir([1 2 3 4 5],[1 2 3])

n=
5
m=
3
N=
7
k1 =
0
X=
Columns 1 through 4
15.0000
-6.5293 - 4.0546i 3.4635 - 1.4300i -0.9342 + 2.4527i
Columns 5 through 7
-0.9342 - 2.4527i 3.4635 + 1.4300i -6.5293 + 4.0546i
H=
Columns 1 through 4
6.0000
1.5794 - 4.4884i -2.1479 - 0.6482i 1.0685 + 1.4777i
Columns 5 through 7
1.0685 - 1.4777i -2.1479 + 0.6482i 1.5794 + 4.4884i
Y=
Columns 1 through 4
90.0000
-28.5112 +22.9026i -8.3663 + 0.8266i -4.6225 + 1.2403i
Columns 5 through 7
-4.6225 - 1.2403i -8.3663 - 0.8266i -28.5112 -22.9026i
56
yl =
1.0000
4.0000 10.0000 16.0000 22.0000 22.0000 15.0000
N1 =
5
k2 =
0
X1 =
Columns 1 through 4
15.0000
-2.5000 + 3.4410i -2.5000 + 0.8123i -2.5000 - 0.8123i
Column 5
-2.5000 - 3.4410i
H1 =
Columns 1 through 4
6.0000
-0.8090 - 3.6655i 0.3090 + 1.6776i 0.3090 - 1.6776i
Column 5
-0.8090 + 3.6655i
Y1 =
Columns 1 through 4
90.0000
14.6353 + 6.3799i -2.1353 - 3.9430i -2.1353 + 3.9430i
Column 5
14.6353 - 6.3799i
yc =
23
19
10
16
22
57
1.5
h----------->
3
2
1
0
y----------->
sequence h(n)
2
1
2
n----------->
Linear convolution)
1
0.5
0
3
y----------->
x----------->
sequence x(n)
4
2
1
0
1
2
n----------->
1
2
m----------->
circular convolution)
1
2
n----------->
2
1
0
58
28.Program to find correlation of two

sequences using
overlap save
function[]=ovlsav(x,h,N)
lx=length(x)
lh=length(h)
m=lh-1
L=N-m
h1=[h,zeros(1,N-lh)]
x1=[zeros(1,m),x,zeros(1,N-1)]
k=floor((lx+m-1)/L)
y=zeros(k+1,N)
for p=0:k
xk=x1(p*L+1:p*L+N)
y(p+1,:)=circon(xk,h1,N)
end
y1=y(:,m:N)
z=y1(:)'
Output:
ovlsav([1:12],[1 2 3 4],6)
lx =
6
x1 =
10
12
11
y=
16
44
74
104
10
17
42
72
102
31
12
34
64
94
64
1
20
50
80
97
4 10
30 40
60 70
90 100
80 48
59
y1 =
12
34
64
94
64
1
20
50
80
97
4 10
30 40
60 70
90 100
80 48
z=
12
34
64
94
64
20
50
80
97
30
60
90
80
10
40
70 100
48
60
29.Program to find correlation of two sequence

using
overlap add
function[]=ovladd(x,h,N)
lx=length(x)
lh=length(h)
m=lh-1
L=N-m
h1=[h,zeros(1,N-lh)]
x1=[x,zeros(1,N-1)]
x2=length(x1)
nb=floor(lx/L)
Z=zeros(1,x2+m)
for k=0:nb
xk=[x1(k*L+1:k*L+L),zeros(1,m)]
temp=circon(xk,h,N)
Z(1,k*L+1:k*L+N)=Z(1,k*L+1:k*L+N)+temp
end
Output:
ovladd([1:12],[1 2 3 4],6)
Z=
1
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100
97
80
48
61
30.Circular convolution of N points using DFT

function[y2]=circon(x,y,N)
n=0:N-1
k=0:N-1
x1=[x,zeros(1,N-length(x))];
y1=[y,zeros(1,N-length(y))];
X1=x1*(exp(-j*2*pi/N)).^(n'*k)
Y1=y1*(exp(-j*2*pi/N)).^(n'*k)
Z=X1.*Y1
xf=Z*(exp(j*2*pi/N)).^(n'*k)./N
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,x1)
xlabel('n----->')
ylabel('amp---->')
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,y1)
title('sequence y(n)')
xlabel('n----->')
ylabel('amp---->')
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,xf)
title('convolved sequence ')
xlabel('n----->')
ylabel('amp---->')
Output:
circondft([1 2 3 4],[2 0 0 1],4)
n=
0
k=
0
X1 =
10.0000
-2.0000 + 2.0000i -2.0000 - 0.0000i -2.0000 - 2.0000i
62
Y1 =
3.0000
2.0000 + 1.0000i 1.0000 - 0.0000i 2.0000 - 1.0000i
Z=
30.0000
-6.0000 + 2.0000i -2.0000 - 0.0000i -6.0000 - 2.0000i
xf =
4.0000 - 0.0000i 7.0000 - 0.0000i 10.0000 + 0.0000i 9.0000 - 0.0000i
sequence x(n)
amp---->
0.5
1.5
n----->
sequence y(n)
2.5
0.5
1.5
n----->
convolved sequence
2.5
0.5
1.5
n----->
2.5
amp---->
amp---->
10
63
31.Program to correlate the 2 signals

function[n,y]=correl(x1,x2,n1,n2)
n2=fliplr(-n2)
c= abs(length(n1)-length(n2))
y=xcorr(x1,x2)
n=(min(n1)+min(n2)):(max(n1)+max(n2))+c
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n1,x1)
xlabel('n')
ylabel('amp')
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n2,x2)
xlabel('n')
ylabel('amp')
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,y)
title('correlated signal')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('amp')
Output:
Correlation([1 2 3 4],[2 4 6 8],0:3,0:3)
n2 =
-3
-2
-1
c=
0
y=
8.0000 22.0000 40.0000 60.0000 40.0000 22.0000
8.0000
n=
64
-3
-2
-1
-2
-1
ans =
-3
original 1 signal
amp
0.5
1.5
n
original 2 signal
2.5
0
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
n
correlated signal
-1
-0.5
-2
-1
0
n
amp
10
60
amp
40
20
0
-3
65
32. Circular correlation of N points using DFT

function[y2]=circorre(x,y,N)
n=0:N-1
k=0:N-1
x1=[x,zeros(1,N-length(x))];
y1=[y,zeros(1,N-length(y))];
X1=x1*(exp(-j*2*pi/N)).^(n'*k)
Y1=y1*(exp(-j*2*pi/N)).^(n'*k)
Z=X1.*conj(Y1)
xf=Z*(exp(j*2*pi/N)).^(n'*k)./N
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,x1)
xlabel('n----->')
ylabel('amp---->')
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,y1)
title('sequence y(n)')
xlabel('n----->')
ylabel('amp---->')
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,xf)
title('correlated sequence ')
xlabel('n----->')
ylabel('amp---->')
Output:
circorre([1 2 3 4],[2 0 0 1],4)
n=
0
k=
0
X1 =
10.0000
-2.0000 + 2.0000i -2.0000 - 0.0000i -2.0000 - 2.0000i
Y1 =
66
3.0000
2.0000 + 1.0000i 1.0000 - 0.0000i 2.0000 - 1.0000i
Z=
30.0000
-2.0000 + 6.0000i -2.0000 - 0.0000i -2.0000 - 6.0000i
xf =
6.0000 - 0.0000i 5.0000 - 0.0000i 8.0000 - 0.0000i 11.0000 + 0.0000i
sequence x(n)
amp---->
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
n----->
sequence y(n)
2.5
1.5
2
n----->
correlated sequence
2.5
2.5
amp---->
amp---->
15
10
5
0
1.5
n----->
67
33.Circular fold property of given sequence

function[]=cif(x,N)
m=0:N-1
y=zeros(N-length(x))
x1=[x,y]
n=mod(-m,N)+1
x1=x(n)
subplot(2,1,1)
stem(x)
title('original')
xlabel('range')
ylabel('sequence')
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(x1)
title('original')
xlabel('range')
ylabel('sequence')
Output:
cifold([1 4 3 2],4)
m=
0
y=
[]
x1 =
1
n=
1
x1 =
68
4
original
sequence
3
2
1
0
1.5
2.5
range
original
3.5
1.5
2.5
range
3.5
4
3
sequence
2
1
0
69
34.Program to verify frequency shifting

property of
DTFT
function[] = dtftfreq()
k = -100:100
n = 0:100
x = cos(n*pi/2)
w = (pi*k/100)
X = x*exp(-j*pi/100).^(n'*k)
y = x.*exp(j*pi*n/4)
Y = y*exp(-j*pi/100).^(n'*k)
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,abs(X))
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,angle(X)/pi)
title('Phase Part')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,abs(Y))
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,angle(Y)/pi)
title('Phase Part')
70
Output:
dtftfreq
71
35. Designing of Moving average digital Filter

function[]=maverage(b)
[h,w]=freqz(b,1,'whole')
magh=abs(h)
plot(w,magh)
title('Moving average digital filter')
xlabel('Frequency in radians')
ylabel('Magnitude')
Output:
maverage([1 4 71 14 45 ])
72
Moving average digital filter

140
120
Magnitude
100
80
60
40
20
3
4
Frequency in radians
36.Circular even and circular odd using DFT of

a
sequence
function[]=ceco(x,N)
n=0:N-1
xce=0.5*[x+x.*(mod(-n,N)+1)]
xco=0.5*[x-x.*(mod(-n,N)+1)]
Xk=dfta(x,N)
xe=dfta(xce,N)
xo=dfta(xco,N)
rx=real(Xk)
imgx=imag(Xk)
subplot(4,1,1)
stem(xe,rx)
title('even part')
xlabel('xe')
ylabel('real')
subplot(4,1,2)
stem(xo,imgx)
title('odd part')
xlabel('xo')
ylabel('imag')
subplot(4,1,3)
73
stem(xe,xce)
title('even part')
xlabel('xe')
ylabel('mag')
subplot(4,1,4)
stem(xo,xco)
title('odd part')
xlabel('xo')
ylabel('mag')
Output:
ceco([1 3 4 7 5 8],6)
74
even part
real
50
0
-50
-20
-10
10
20
30
xe
odd part
40
50
60
70
imag
10
0
-10
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
xo
even part
10
15
mag
20
10
0
-20
-10
10
20
30
xe
odd part
40
50
60
70
mag
0
-10
-20
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
xo
-5
10
15
36.Circular shift of a sequence

%x-sequence
%N-No of samples to be shifted
75
%m-No.of shift
function[y]=cirshift(x,N,m)
n=0:N-1;
lx=length(x)
x1=[x,zeros(1,N-lx)]
n1=mod((n-m),N);
y=x1(n1+1);
subplot(2,1,1)
stem(x)
title('original')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('amp')
subplot(2,1 ,2)
stem(y)
title('shifted')
xlabel('n')
ylabel('amp')
Output:
cirshift([1 4 8 2],4,2)
lx =
76
4
x1 =
1
ans =
8
original
8
amp
6
4
2
0
1.5
2.5
n
shifted
3.5
1.5
2.5
n
3.5
amp
6
4
2
0
37.FIR filter design freq sampling method(for

increased
77
stopband)
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
N=8;
fr=[1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1]
xn=ifft(fr)
[h,w]=freqz(xn,1);
xn=cirshift(xn,N,N/2)
z=hanning(8)'.*xn
[z1,w]=freqz(z,1)
%subplot(2,2,1)
%plot(w,abs(h))
N=16
fr=[1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1]
xn=ifft(fr)
[h,w]=freqz(xn,1);
xn1=cirshift(xn,n,n/2)
z2=blackman(16)'.*xn
[z3,w]=freqz(z2,1)
% subplot(2,1,1)
% plot(w,abs(z1))
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(w,abs(z3))
n=16
fr1=[1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1]
xn1=ifft(fr1)
[h,w]=freqz(xn1,1);
xn1=cirshift(xn1,n,n/2)
z3=hanning(16)'.*xn1
[z4,w]=freqz(z3,1)
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(w,abs(z4))
% subplot(2,2,4)
% plot(w,abs(z3))
Output:
frasmmebl
78
original
0.1
amp
0.05
0
-0.05
-0.1
0.5
8
n
10
12
14
16
3.5
1.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
38.FIR filter design freq sampling method

N=8;
fr=[1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1]
xn=ifft(fr)
[h,w]=freqz(xn,1);
xn=cirshift(xn,N,N/2)
z=hanning(8)'.*xn
[z1,w]=freqz(z,1)
%subplot(2,2,1)
%plot(w,abs(h))
n=16
fr1=[1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1]
xn1=ifft(fr1)
[h,w]=freqz(xn1,1);
xn1=cirshift(xn1,n,n/2)
z2=hamming(16)'.*xn1
[z3,w]=freqz(z2,1)
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(w,abs(z1))
subplot(2,1,2)
79
plot(w,abs(z3))
Output:
Frsam
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
39.Convolution property of dtft

function[]=funconv(n1,n2,x1,x2)
80
n=0:(length(n1)+length(n2)-2)
y=conv(x1,x2)
[X3,w]=dtft(y,n)
[X1,w]=dtft(x1,n1)
[X2,w]=dtft(x2,n2)
X4=X1.*X2
Output:
Funconv(0:3,0:3,[1 4 7 2],[ 2 5 4 1])
Filters
81
%Analog low pass butterworth filter

%wp=pass band frequency
%ws=stop band frequency
%rp=pass band ripple
%rs=stop band attenuation
function[]=abutlpf(rp,rs,wp,ws)
w=(wp/ws)^2
p=log10(w)
M=(10^(rp/10)-1)/(10^(rs/10)-1)
q=log10(M)
N=q/p
wc=wp/(10^(rp/10)-1)^(1/(2*N))
[b1,a1]=abutunb(N,wc)
[mag,phase]=freqs(b1,a1)
plot(abs(mag))
% %nr=buttord(wp,ws,rp,rs)
% %ceil(N)
function[b1,a1]=abutunb(N,wc)
[z p k]=buttap(N)
p=p*wc
k=k*(wc)^N
b1=real(poly(z))
b1=k*b1
a1=real(poly(p))
[mag,phase]=freqs(b1,a1)
plot(abs(mag))
output
abutunbss(1,16,0.2*pi,0.3*pi)
82
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
%Analog low pass butterworth filter

(in record)
%as=stop band attenuation
function[]=abu(wp,ws,rp,as)
T=1
omp=(2/T)*tan(wp*T/2)
oms=(2/T)*tan(ws*T/2)
N=ceil(log10((10^(rp/10)-1)/(10^(as/10)-1))/(2*log10(omp/oms)))
fprintf('order of filter=52.0f',N)
wc=omp/(10^(rp/10)-1)^(1/(2*N))
[b1,a1]=abutunb(N,wc)
[mag,dbh,phase,wa]=freqsm(b1,a1)
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(wa,abs(mag))
title('Magnitude plot')
ylabel('Magnitude')
grid
83
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(wa,abs(mag))
title('Magnitude(db) plot')
ylabel('Magnitude in db')
grid
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(wa,phase)
title('Phase plot')
grid
function[b1,a1]=abutunb(N,wc)
[z p k]=buttap(N)
p=p*wc
k=k*(wc)^N
b1=real(poly(z))
b1=k*b1
a1=real(poly(p))
% [mag,phase]=freqs(b,a)
% plot(abs(mag))
function[mag,dbh,phase,wa]=freqsm(b1,a1)
wa=[[0:1:500]*(0.5*pi/500)]
h=freqs(b1,a1,wa)
mag=abs(h)
dbh=20*log10((mag+eps)/max(mag))
phase=angle(h)
Output
anfbutt(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16)
T=
1
omp =
0.6498
oms =
1.0191
84
N=
6
order of filter=52.0f
wc =
0.7273
z=
[]
85
Magnitude plot
Magnitude
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Magnitude(db) plot
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Phase plot
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Magnitude in db
1.5
1
0.5
0
angle in radians
4
2
0
-2
-4
Analog butterworth high pass filter

function[]=abuthpf1(wp,ws,rp,rs)
w=(wp/ws)^2
p=log10(w)
M=(10^(rp/10)-1)/(10^(rs/10)-1)
q=log10(M)
N=ceil(q/p)
wc=wp/(10^(rp/10)-1)^(1/(2*N))
[b,a]=butter(N,wc,'high','s')
86
[mag,phase]=freqs(b,a)
plot(abs(mag))
grid
[mag,dbh,phi,w]=freqsm(b,a)
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(w,dbh)
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(w,mag)
ylabel('Magnitude ')
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(w,phi)
grid
title('Phase plot')
% %ceil(N)
function[mag,dbh,phi,w]=freqsm(b,a)
wmax=0.5*pi
w=[0:500]*wmax/500
h=freqs(b,a,w)
mag=abs(h)
phi=angle(h)
output
butterh1(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16
w=
0.4444
p=
-0.3522
M=
0.0067
87
q=
-2.1758
N=
7
wc =
0.6920
b=
1
a=
1.0000
3.1097
4.8353
4.8350
3.3457
1.6022
0.4934
0.0760
88
Magnitude(db) plot
Magnitude in db
200
0
-200
-400
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Magnitude plot
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Phase plot
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Magnitude
0.5
angle in radians
-5
%analog butterworth band pass filter

function[]=abutlpf1(rp,rs,wp,ws)
w=(wp/ws)^2
p=log10(w)
M=(10^(rp/10)-1)/(10^(rs/10)-1)
q=log10(M)
N=ceil(q/p)
wc=wp/(10^(rp/10)-1)^(1/(2*N))
wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
89
[b,a]=butter(N,wc,'bandpass','s')
plot(abs(mag))
grid
[dbh,w,mag,phi]=freqsm(b,a)
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(w,dbh)
grid
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(w,mag)
grid
ylabel('Magnitude')
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(w,phi)
grid
title('Phase plot')
% %ceil(N)
function[dbh,w,mag,phi]=freqsm(b,a)
wmax=0.5*pi
w=[0:500]*wmax/500
h=freqs(b,a,w)
mag=abs(h)
phi=angle(h)
Output
butterpa1(1,16,0.2*pi,0.3*pi)
w=
0.4444
p=
90
-0.3522
M=
0.0067
q=
-2.1758
N=
7
wc =
0.6920
wc =
0.2000
0.3000
91
Magnitude(db) plot
Magnitude in db
200
0
-200
-400
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Magnitude plot
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Phase plot
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Magnitude
1.5
1
0.5
0
angle in radians
4
2
0
-2
-4
%analog butterworth stopband filter

w=(wp/ws)^2
p=log10(w)
M=(10^(rp/10)-1)/(10^(rs/10)-1)
q=log10(M)
N=ceil(q/p)
wc=wp/(10^(rp/10)-1)^(1/(2*N))
92
wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
[b,a]=butter(N,wc,'stop','s')
plot(abs(mag))
grid
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(w,dbh)
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(w,mag)
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(w,phi)
grid
%n=buttord(wp,ws,rp,rs)
%ceil(N)
wmax=0.5*pi
w=[0:500]*wmax/500
h=freqs(b,a,w)
mag=abs(h)
phi=angle(h)
Output
butterst1(1,16,0.2*pi,0.3*pi)
w=
0.4444
p=
-0.3522
M=
0.0067
q=
-2.1758
93
N=
7
wc =
0.6920
wc =
0.2000
0.3000
94
M a g n it u d e (d b ) p lo t
M agnitude in db
500
0
-5 0 0
0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
1 .2
fr e q u e n c y i n p i u n i t s
M a g n it u d e p lo t
1 .4
1 .6
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
1 .2
P h a s e p lo t
1 .4
1 .6
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1
1 .2
1 .4
1 .6
M agnitude
2
1
0
angle in radians
5
0
-5
%Digital butterworth low pass filter digital

% w=(wp/ws)^2
% p=log10(w)
% M=(10^(rp/10)-1)/(10^(rs/10)-1)
% q=log10(M)
% N=ceil(q/p)
% wc=wp/(10^(rp/10)-1)^(1/(2*N))
%wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
[N,w]=buttord(wp,ws,rp,rs)
[b,a]=butter(N,w)
95
[mag,phase]=freqz(b,a)
plot(abs(mag))
grid
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(w,dbh)
grid
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(w,mag)
grid
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(w,phi)
grid
title('Phase plot')
% %ceil(N)
wmax=0.5*pi
w=[0:500]*wmax/500
h=freqz(b,a,w)
mag=abs(h)
phi=angle(h)
Output
butterdigl(1,16,0.2,0.3)
96
Magnitude(db) plot
Magnitude in db
50
0
-50
-100
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Magnitude(db) plot
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Phase plot
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Magnitude in db
1.5
1
0.5
0
angle in radians
-5
%Digital butterworth high pass filter digital

function[]=abutlpf1(wp,ws,rp,rs)
% w=(wp/ws)^2
% p=log10(w)
% M=(10^(rp/10)-1)/(10^(rs/10)-1)
% q=log10(M)
% N=ceil(q/p)
% wc=wp/(10^(rp/10)-1)^(1/(2*N))
%wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
[N,w]=buttord(wp,ws,rp,rs)
[b,a]=butter(N,w,'high')
97
plot(abs(mag))
grid
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(w,dbh)
grid
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(w,mag)
grid
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(w,phi)
grid
title('Phase plot')
% %ceil(N)
wmax=0.5*pi
w=[0:500]*wmax/500
h=freqz(b,a,w)
mag=abs(h)
phi=angle(h)
Output
butterdigh(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16)
98
Magnitude(db) plot
Magnitude in db
200
0
-200
-400
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Magnitude(db) plot
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Phase plot
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Magnitude in db
0.5
angle in radians
-5
% Butterworth band pass filter digital

[N,wc]=buttord(wp,ws,rp,rs)
wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
[b,a]=butter(N,wc,'bandpass')
plot(abs(mag))
grid
99
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(w,dbh)
grid
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(w,mag)
grid
ylabel('Magnitude')
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(w,phi)
grid
title('Phase plot')
% %ceil(N)
wmax=0.5*pi
w=[0:500]*wmax/500
h=freqz(b,a,w)
mag=abs(h)
phi=angle(h)
Output
butterdigbp(0.2,0.3,1,16)
100
Magnitude(db) plot
Magnitude in db
200
0
-200
-400
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Magnitude plot
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Phase plot
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Magnitude
1.5
1
0.5
0
angle in radians
-5
%analog butterworth stop band filter digital

[N,wc]=buttord(wp,ws,rp,rs)
wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
[b,a]=butter(N,wc,'stop')
% [mag,phase]=freqz(b,a)
% plot(abs(mag))
% grid
101
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(w,dbh)
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(w,mag)
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(w,phi)
grid
% %ceil(N)
wmax=0.5*pi
w=[-500:500]*wmax/500
h=freqz(b,a,w)
mag=abs(h)
phi=angle(h)
Output
butterdigst1(0.2,0.3,1,16)
102
Magnitude(db) plot
Magnitude in db
50
0
-50
-100
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
Magnitude(db) plot
1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
Phase plot
1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1.5
Magnitude in db
1.5
1
0.5
0
-2
angle in radians
-5
-2
%analog butterworth low pass filter digital(in record)

T=1
omp=(2/T)*tan(wp*T/2)
oms=(2/T)*tan(ws*T/2)
n=ceil(log10((10^(rp/10)-1)/(10^(rs/10)-1))/(2*log10(omp/oms)))
103
fprintf('order of filter=%2.0f',n)
omc=omp/((10^(rp/10)-1)^(1/(2*n)))
wc=(2/T)*tan(omc*T/2)
wc=wc/pi
[b,a]=butter(n,wc)
[mag,dbh,pha,w]=freqzm(b,a)
subplot(3,2,1)
plot(w,dbh)
title('magnitude(db) plot')
ylabel(' magnitude in db')
grid
subplot(3,2,2)
plot(w,mag)
ylabel(' magnitude in db')
grid
subplot(3,2,3)
plot(w,pha)
title('phase plot')
ylabel(' angle in radians ')
grid
n1=0:499
n0=0
x1=[(n1-n0)==0]
y1=filter(b,a,x1)
subplot(3,2,4)
plot(w,y1)
axis([0,0.5,-1,1])
title('impulse response')
ylabel(' magnitude')
grid
x2=sin(0.1*pi*n1)
y2=filter(b,a,x2)
subplot(3,2,5)
plot(w,y2)
axis([0,1,-2,2])
title('pass region')
grid
x3=sin(0.3*pi*n1)
y3=filter(b,a,x3)
subplot(3,2,6)
plot(w,y3)
axis([0,1,-3,3])
title('stop region')
grid
104
function[mag,dbh,pha,w]=freqzm(b,a)
[h,w]=freqz(b,a,500)
mag=abs(h)
pha=angle(h)
Output
>> butterdigl(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16)
1
2
3
phase plot
magnitude
5
0
-5
1
2
3
pass region
magnitude
angle in radians
-500
0
-2
magnitude in db
magnitude plot
magnitude
magnitude in db
magnitude(db) plot
500
0.5
2
1
0
1
2
3
impulse response
0.1
0.2 0.3
0.4
stop region
0.5
1
0
-1
2
0
-2
1
105
Chebshew filters
%analog chebyshew low pass filter analog
function[]=chebalo1(wp,ws,rp,rs)
[N,wc]=cheb1ord(wp,ws,rp,rs,'s')
%wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
[b,a]=cheby1(N,0.5,wc,'low','s')
% plot(abs(mag))
% grid
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(w,dbh)
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(w,mag)
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(w,phi)
grid
% %ceil(N)
wmax=0.5*pi
w=[-500:500]*wmax/500
h=freqs(b,a,w)
mag=abs(h)
phi=angle(h)
Output
>> chebalo1(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16)
106
20
0
-20
-40
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
0.5
0
-2
5
-5
-2
Cheb high pass

%wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
[b,a]=cheby1(N,0.5,wc,'high','s')
% plot(abs(mag))
% grid
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(w,dbh)
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(w,mag)
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(w,phi)
grid
107
% %ceil(N)
wmax=0.5*pi
w=[-500:500]*wmax/500
h=freqs(b,a,w)
mag=abs(h)
phi=angle(h)
Output >> chebh(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16)

200
0
-200
-400
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
0.5
0
-2
5
-5
-2
108
Cheb bandpass
wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
[b,a]=cheby1(N,0.5,wc,'bandpass','s')
% plot(abs(mag))
% grid
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(w,dbh)
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(w,mag)
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(w,phi)
grid
% %ceil(N)
wmax=0.5*pi
w=[-500:500]*wmax/500
h=freqs(b,a,w)
mag=abs(h)
phi=angle(h)
Output
>> chebbps(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16)
109
200
0
-200
-400
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
0.5
0
-2
5
-5
-2
Cheb stop band

wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
[b,a]=cheby1(N,0.5,wc,'stop','s')
% plot(abs(mag))
% grid
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(w,dbh)
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(w,mag)
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(w,phi)
grid
% %ceil(N)
110
wmax=0.5*pi
w=[-500:500]*wmax/500
h=freqs(b,a,w)
mag=abs(h)
phi=angle(h)
Output >> chebst(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16)

200
0
-200
-400
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
0.5
0
-2
5
-5
-2
Cheb analog easy

%analog chebshew band pass filter
function[]=chelpf(wp,ws,rp,rs)
esp=sqrt((10^(rp/10))-1)
111
N=ceil((rs+6-(20*log10(esp)))/(6+(20*log10(ws))))
wc=wp
wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
n=cheb1ord(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16,'s')
[b,a]=cheby1(n,.5,wc,'bandpass','s')
[h,w]=freqs(b,a)
plot(w,abs(h))
Output >> chepshewbps(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
%analog chebshew stop band filter

esp=sqrt((10^(rp/10))-1)
wc=wp
wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
n=cheb1ord(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16,'s')
[b,a]=cheby1(n,.5,wc,'stop','s')
[h,w]=freqs(b,a)
plot(w,abs(h))
112
Output
>> chepshewbp(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
%analog chebshew low pass filter

esp=sqrt((10^(rp/10))-1)
wc=wp
n=cheb1ord(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16,'s')
[b,a]=cheby1(N,.5,wc,'s')
[h,w]=freqs(b,a)
plot(w,abs(h))
Output >> chepshew(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16)
113
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
%analog chebshew high pass filter

esp=sqrt((10^(rp/10))-1)
wc=wp
n=cheb1ord(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16,'s')
[b,a]=cheby1(N,.5,wc,'high','s')
[h,w]=freqs(b,a)
plot(w,abs(h))
Output
>> chepshewh(0.2*pi,0.3*pi,1,16)
114
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
% chebshew low pass filter digital

esp=sqrt((10^(rp/10))-1)
wc=wp
%wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
n=cheb1ord(wp,ws,rp,rs)
[b,a]=cheby1(n,.5,wc)
[h,w]=freqs(b,a)
plot(w,abs(h))
Output
>> digchelow(0.2,0.3,1,16)
115
-3
5.5
x 10
4.5
3.5
2.5
10
% chebshew high pass filter digital

esp=sqrt((10^(rp/10))-1)
wc=wp
%wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
[b,a]=cheby1(n,.5,wc,'high')
[h,w]=freqs(b,a)
plot(w,abs(h))
Output
>> digcheh(0.2,0.3,1,16)
116
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
10
% chebshew band pass filter digital

esp=sqrt((10^(rp/10))-1)
wc=wp
wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
[b,a]=cheby1(n,.5,wc,'bandpass')
[h,w]=freqs(b,a)
plot(w,abs(h))
Output
>> digcheband(0.2,0.3,1,16)
117
-6
2.6
x 10
2.55
2.5
2.45
2.4
2.35
2.3
2.25
2.2
2.15
2.1
0
10
% chebshew stopband filter digital

esp=sqrt((10^(rp/10))-1)
wc=wp
wc=[wp/pi,ws/pi]
[b,a]=cheby1(n,.5,wc,'stop')
[h,w]=freqs(b,a)
plot(w,abs(h))
Output
>> digchest(0.2,0.3,1,16)
118
1.15
1.1
1.05
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
10
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1.

Program to generate impulse function

2. Program to generate step sequence

n0=value at which impulse present

3.Program to generate sine sequence

4.Program to generate periodic sequence

5.Program to add two discrete signals

6.Program to subtract two discrete signals

7. Program to multiply the signal

8.Program to fold a sequence

9.Program to shift the sequence

10 . Program to find even and odd part of the

11.Program to find convolution of two

12.Program to cross correlation of two

13.Program to find DTFT of finite sequence

14. Program to compute DTFT of infinite

15. Program to prove symmetric property of

even or odd sequences

16. Program to prove conjugate property of

17. Program to verify the linearity property of

18. Program to verify frequency shift property of DTFT

19. Program to verify periodicity property of

20.Program to verify time shifting property of

21. Program to find DFS of finite sequence

-0.5000 + 0.5000i -0.5000 - 0.0000i -0.5000 - 0.5000i

2.3562 -3.1416 -2.3562

0.5000 -0.0000 -0.5000

-0.5000 + 0.5000i -0.5000 - 0.0000i -0.5000 - 0.5000i

22. Program to find IDFS of finite sequence

2.0000 + 0.0000i 3.0000 - 0.0000i 4.0000 - 0.0000i

0.0306 -0.0408 -0.1378

0.0612 -0.1225 -0.5511

2.0000 + 0.0000i 3.0000 - 0.0000i 4.0000 - 0.0000i

24. Program to do down sampling

25.Program to find Z transformation

Enter denomenator co-efficient[1 0.25]

26.Program to find Inverse Z transformation

Enter denomenator co-efficient[1 2 3]

27.Program to find linear and circular

lincir([1 2 3 4 5],[1 2 3])

-6.5293 - 4.0546i 3.4635 - 1.4300i -0.9342 + 2.4527i

1.5794 - 4.4884i -2.1479 - 0.6482i 1.0685 + 1.4777i

-28.5112 +22.9026i -8.3663 + 0.8266i -4.6225 + 1.2403i

4.0000 10.0000 16.0000 22.0000 22.0000 15.0000

-2.5000 + 3.4410i -2.5000 + 0.8123i -2.5000 - 0.8123i

-0.8090 - 3.6655i 0.3090 + 1.6776i 0.3090 - 1.6776i

14.6353 + 6.3799i -2.1353 - 3.9430i -2.1353 + 3.9430i

28.Program to find correlation of two

29.Program to find correlation of two sequence

30.Circular convolution of N points using DFT

-2.0000 + 2.0000i -2.0000 - 0.0000i -2.0000 - 2.0000i

2.0000 + 1.0000i 1.0000 - 0.0000i 2.0000 - 1.0000i

-6.0000 + 2.0000i -2.0000 - 0.0000i -6.0000 - 2.0000i

31.Program to correlate the 2 signals

32. Circular correlation of N points using DFT

-2.0000 + 2.0000i -2.0000 - 0.0000i -2.0000 - 2.0000i

2.0000 + 1.0000i 1.0000 - 0.0000i 2.0000 - 1.0000i

-2.0000 + 6.0000i -2.0000 - 0.0000i -2.0000 - 6.0000i

33.Circular fold property of given sequence

34.Program to verify frequency shifting

35. Designing of Moving average digital Filter

Moving average digital filter

36.Circular even and circular odd using DFT of

36.Circular shift of a sequence

Output >> chebh(0.2pi,0.3pi,1,16)

Output >> chebst(0.2pi,0.3pi,1,16)