Formula Booklet

POWER ELECTRONICS (EEEB393)
Edited by Sabarina (4
TH
Edition) 1

Formula Sheet
Chapter 1: Introduction
Common integrations
formulas
C
2
x 2 sin
x
2
1
dx x cos
C
2
x 2 sin
x
2
1
dx x sin
C x sin dx x cos C x cos dx x sin
2
2
+ |
\
|
+ =
+ |
\
|
=
+ = + =

The general equation for
average value of a waveform
x(t):
( ) t d t sin X
T
1
X
2
1
t
t
m dc
=

The general equation for rms
value of a waveform x(t):
=
T
0
2
rms
dt x
T
1
X

2
n
2
3
2
2
2
1 rms
x ........ x x x X + + + + =

(waveform is decomposed into harmonics components)
Root-Mean-Square Values of waveforms, i(t)

2
I
I
p
rms
=

T
T
k ,
2
k
I I
0
p rms
= =

T
T
k , k I I
0
p rms
= =

T
T
k ,
3
k
I I
0
p rms
= =

3 2
I
I
rms

=

i
I
0

TH
Edition) 2

Chapter 3: Diode Rectifiers (Uncontrolled Rectifiers)
Performance Parameters for Un-controlled and Controlled Rectifiers
Form Factor
dc o,
rms o,
V
V
FF =
Ripple Factor
1 FF
V
V V
RF
2
dc o,
2
dc o,
2
rms o,
=
=
Input Power Factor, PF
(I
s1
is the fundamental
component of the input
current I
s
.)
1
rms s,
rms s1,
rms s, rms s,
1 rms s,1, rms s,
cos
I
I
I V
cos I V
PF = =
Power Factor of Load
rms s, rms s,
rms o, rms o,
rms s, rms s,
I V
I V
I V
power output effective
PF = =
Transformer Utilization
Factor rms s rms s
dc o dc o
s s
dc o
I V
I V
I V
P
TUF
, ,
, , ,
= =
Crest Factor
s(rms)
s(peak)
I
I
CF =
Efficiency
(Practical definition)
rms s, rms s,
dc o, dc o,
ac in,
dc o,
I V
I V
P
P
= or
loss dc o,
dc o,
ac in,
dc o,
P P
P
P
P
+
=
Notes: include the power loss.
Efficiency
(Text Book definition)
rms o, rms o,
dc o, dc o,
ac o,
dc o,
I V
I V
P
P
=
Notes: measuring the quality of the output dc in relation to the output rms
value.
Single-phase Half-wave Diode Rectifier with R Load
Average output voltage,
V
o,dc

m
m dc o
V
t d t V V = =

0
,
sin
2
1

RMS output voltage,
V
o,rms

( )
2
sin
2
1
0
2
,
m
m rms o
V
t d t V V = =

Single-phase Half-wave Diode Rectifier with RL Load
(without Freewheeling Diode, D
m
)
V
o,dc

( ) | |

+ = =

+
cos 1
2
sin
2
1
0
,
m
m dc o
V
t d t V V

TH
Edition) 3

Single-phase Half-wave Diode Rectifier as Battery Charger
Angle when the diode
starts conducting, m
V
E
1
sin
=
V
o,dc

| | E E V t d E t V V
m m dc o

2 cos 2
2
1
sin
2
1
,
+ = =

for =
RMS output voltage,
V
o,rms

( )
( )
(
(
+
|
|
\
|
+ =
=

cos 4 2 sin
2
2
2 2
1
sin
2
1
2
2
2
2
,
E V
V
E
V
t d E t V V
m
m m
m rms o

Single-phase Full-wave Diode Rectifier with R Load
V
o,dc

m
m dc o
V
t d t V V
2
sin
2
2
0
,
= =

RMS output voltage,
V
o,rms

( )
2
sin
2
2
0
2
,
m
m rms o
V
t d t V V = =

Single-phase Full-wave Diode Rectifier with RLE Load
Load impedance
( )
2 2
L R Z + =
Load impedance angle |
\
|
=

R
L
1
tan
Voltage ratio with load
impedance angle, x()
( )
( )
( )

cos sin
1
1
tan
tan
(
(
+
=

e
e
x

Continuous load current
mode
( )
m
V
E
x >
expression, i
o
(t)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
R
E
e
e
t
Z
V
t i
t
m
+ =

tan
tan
1
sin 2
sin
0

for 0 < (t ) < and i
0
> 0
Discontinuous load
current expression, i
o
(t)
( ) ( )

tan
sin sin
) (
t
m m
o
e
Z
V
R
E
R
E
Z
t V
t i

(
=
for < t < ;
|
|
\
|
=

m
V
E
1
sin

TH
Edition) 4

3-phase Full-wave Diode Rectifier with R Load
Phase input voltage
(peak)
m
V
, 1

Phase input voltage (rms)
rms
V
, 1

Line-line input voltage
(peak)
m LL
V
,

(rms)
rms LL
V
,

Average output voltage ( )

rms LL
m m dc
V
V t d t V V
,
, 1
0
, 1
6
2
2 3 3 3
cos 3
2
6
= = =

RMS output voltage ( )
m m rms
V t d t V V
, 1
0
2 2
, 1
6
2
4
3 9
2
3
cos 3
2
6

+ = =

RMS input source
current, I
s,rms

rms o rms s
I I
. ,
3
2
=
3-phase Full-wave Diode Rectifier with RLE Load
Load impedance
( )
2 2
L R Z + =
\
|
=

R
L
1
tan
( )
cos
1
3
sin
3
2
sin
tan 3
tan 3
(
(
(
(
(
\
|
|
\
|

=
|
\
|
\
|
e
e
x

mode
( )
m LL
V
E
x
,
>
expression, i
o
(t)
( )
( )
R
E
e
e
t
Z
V
t i
t
rms LL
o

(
(
(
+ |
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
|
\
|
tan
tan 3
,
1
sin
3
sin
2

for 0 < t < /3 and i
0
> 0
Effect of Line Inductance for 3-phase Full-wave Diode Rectifier
Average output
reduction voltage
dc o c x
I fL V
,
6 =
f: supply frequency;
L
c
: line inductance;
Commutation angle
(
(
=

rms LL
dc c
V
I L
,
, 0 1
2
1 cos


TH
Edition) 5

Input power factor
( )
(

=
6 3
sin * 3

input
PF
Chapter 10: Controlled Rectifiers
Single-phase Half-wave Controlled Rectifier with R Load
V
o,dc

( )
cos 1
2
sin
2
1
,
+ = =

m
m dc o
V
t d t V V
RMS output voltage,
V
o,rms

( )
|
\
|
+ = =

2
2 sin 1
2
sin
2
1
2
,

m
m rms o
V
t d t V V
Single-phase Full-wave Controlled Rectifier with R Load
V
o,dc

( )
cos 1 sin
1
,
+ = =

m
m dc o
V
t d t V V
RMS output voltage,
V
o,rms

( )

4
2 sin
2 2
1
sin
1
2
,
+ = =

m m rms o
V t d t V V
Single-phase Full-wave Controlled Rectifier with RLE Load
Load impedance
( )
2 2
L R Z + =
\
|
=

R
L
1
tan
V
o,dc

( )
cos
2
sin
2
2
,
m
m dc o
V
t d t V V = =

+

RMS output voltage,
V
o,rms

( )
s
m
m rms o
V
V
t d t V V = = =

+
2
sin
2
1
2
,

Critical value of firing
angle,
c

(
(
(
(
(
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
|
\
|
+
=
|
\
|
\
|
cos
2
1
1
sin
tan
tan
1 s
c
V
E
e
e

mode
c
<

TH
Edition) 6

expression, i
o
(t)
( ) ( )

tan
tan
1
sin 2 2 sin 2

|
|
\
|
=
t
s s
o
e
e Z
V
R
E
Z
t V
i
for < t < ( + )
Discontinuous load
current expression, i
o
(t)
( ) ( )

tan
sin sin
) (
t
m m
o
e
Z
V
R
E
R
E
Z
t V
t i

(
=
for < t < ;
|
|
\
|
=

m
V
E
1
sin
Output current at t = ;
Lo o
I t i = = ) (
( )
R
E
e
Z
V
I t i
s
Lo o

|
|
|
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
= = =
1
2
1
sin 2
) (
tan

3-phase Full-wave Controlled Rectifier with R Load
Phase input voltage (peak)
m
V
, 1

Phase input voltage (rms)
rms
V
, 1

(peak)
m LL
V
,

Line-line input voltage (rms) rms LL
V
,

Average output voltage
cos
3
cos
3 3
6
sin 3
3
,
, 1
,
2
6
m LL
m
m dc o
V
V
t d t V V
= =
|
\
|
+ =

+
+

RMS output voltage, V
o,rms

2
1
, 1
2 2
,
2 cos
4
3 3
2
1
3
6
sin 3
3
2
6
|
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ =

+
+
m
m rms o
V
t d t V V

RMS input source current,
I
s,rms

rms o rms s
I I
. ,
3
2
=
3-phase Full-wave Controlled Rectifier with RLE Load
Load impedance
( )
2 2
L R Z + =
\
|
=

R
L
1
tan

TH
Edition) 7

( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ =

tan 3
1
sin
3
sin cos
e
x
mode
( )
m LL
V
E
x
,
>
Load current expression,
i
o
(t)
( )
R
E
e
e
t
Z
V
i
t
p LL
o

(
(
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+ =

tan
tan 3
,
1
sin
3
sin
for < t < ( + /3)
Chapter 5: DC-DC Converters
Buck Regulator
Average output voltage, V
a

s a
kV V = k: duty cycle
Peak to peak ripple
inductor current, I
L

fL
k k V
I
s
L
) 1 (
=
Peak to peak ripple voltage
of the capacitor, V
C

2
8
) 1 (
LCf
k k V
V
s
c

=
Critical Inductance L
c

which provide continuous
inductor current.
f
R k
L L
c
2
) 1 (
= >
Critical capacitance C
c

(V
c
= 2V
a
)
2
16
1
Lf
k
C C
c

= >
Boost Regulator
Average output voltage, V
a

k
V
V
s
a
=
1
k: duty cycle
Average output current I
a

Average inductor current,
I
L

k
I
I
a
L
=
1

Peak to peak ripple
inductor current, I
L

fL
k V
I
s
L
=

TH
Edition) 8

Peak to peak ripple voltage
of the capacitor, V
C

fC
k I
V
a
c
=
Critical Inductance L
c

which provide continuous
inductor current.
f
R k k
L L
c
2
) 1 (
2
= >
Critical capacitance C
c

fR
k
C C
c
2
= >
Chapter 15: DC Drives
Basic Characteristics of DC Motors
Armature Voltage V
a
= i
a
R
a
+E
g

i
a
= armature current
R
a
= armature resistance
Field Voltage V
f
= i
f
R
f

Motor back emf (speed
voltage), E
g

E
g
= K
v

i
f

K
v
= Voltage constant
= Motor angular speed or rotor angular frequency
i
f
= Field current
Developed torque, T
d

T
d
= K
t
i
f
i
a
= K
t

i
a

= B + T
L

Where Torque constant, K
t
= K
v
,T
L
= Load torque, and B= Viscous
friction constant
Developed Power P
d
= T
d

1
st
Quadrant Criterias
+Va , +Ea, +Ia,+, +T and +P
2
nd
Quadrant Criterias +Va , +Ea, -Ia,+, -T and -P
3
rd
Quadrant Criterias -Va , -Ea, -Ia,-, -T and +P
4
th
Quadrant Criterias -Va , -Ea, +Ia,-, +T and -P

TH
Edition) 9

Chapter 6: Inverter
Harmonics performance parameters
Harmonic factor of n
th

harmonic, HF
n
1 o
on
n
V
V
HF = ;
V
o1
= RMS value of the fundamental component
V
on
= RMS value of the nth harmonic component
Total Harmonic Distortion,
THD
=
=
,... 3 , 2
2
1
1
n
on
o
V
V
THD
Distortion factor, DF
=
|
\
|
=
,... 3 , 2
2
2
1
1
n
on
o
n
V
V
DF
Distortion factor of n
th

harmonic, DF
n

2
1
n V
V
DF
o
on
n
=
Lowest order harmonic, LOH Harmonic component with frequency fundamental frequency
and amplitude > 3% V
o1

Single Phase Half-Bridge Inverters
o,rms

2 4
2
2
0
0
2
0
,
s s
rms o
V
dt
V
T
V
T
= =

Instantaneous output voltage,
v
o
,... 4 , 2 0
sin
2
,... 5 , 3 , 1
= =
=

=
n for
t n
n
V
v
n
s
o

Single Phase Full-Bridge Inverters
Impedance for the n
th

harmonic voltage:
2 2
)
1
( | |
C n
L n R Z
n
+ =
Load impedance angle for the
nth harmonic voltage :
|
|
|
|
\
|

=

R
C n
L n
n

1
tan
1

o,rms

s s rms o
V dt V
T
V
T
= =

2
0
0
2
0
,
2

Instantaneous output voltage
expression in a Fourier series:
) t ( n sin
n
V 4
v
,.. 5 , 3 , 1 n
s
o

=


TH
Edition) 10

Instantaneous output load
current expression in a Fourier
series:
( )
( )
n
n
n
n
s
n n
o
t n I
t n
n
V
Z
i

=
|
\
|
=
=
sin
sin
4 1
,.. 5 , 3 , 1
,.. 5 , 3 , 1

RMS load current for nth
harmonic:
2
,
n
rms n
I
I =
Total peak load current for nth
harmonic:
=
=
,.. 5 , 3 , 1
2
n
n m
I I
Total Harmonic Distortion,
THD for load current:
1
2
1
2
I
I I
THD
m

=
I
1
: peak value of the fundamental load current
Voltage control of single-phase full-bridge inverters
Amplitude modulation index
c
r
a
A
A
M =
A
r
= Reference signal amplitude
A
c
= Carrier signal amplitude
Frequency modulation ratio
r
c
f
f
f
M =
f
r
= Reference signal frequency
f
c
= Carrier signal frequency

3-Phase Inverters 180-Degree Conduction with Y connected load
Total RMS line-to-line
output voltage
s s LL
V V V 8165 . 0
3
2
= =
RMS n
th
component of
the line voltage
|
\
|
=
6
cos
2
4
,

n
n
V
V
s
n LL

Instantaneous line-to-line
output voltage

)
3
4
( sin
6
cos
4
)
3
2
( sin
6
cos
4
3
4
,
3
2
; sin
6
cos
4
,... 2 , 1
,... 2 , 1
,... 2 , 1
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
= |
\
|
=
n
s
ca
n
s
bc
ca bc
n
s
ab
t n n
n
V
V
t n n
n
V
V
and by shifted phase is V and V
t n n
n
V
V

TH
Edition) 11

Instantaneous phase
output voltage

The instantaneous line
(phase) currents for
Resistive Load

The instantaneous line
(phase) currents for RL
Load

)
3
4
( sin
6
cos
3
4
)
3
2
( sin
6
cos
3
4
3
4
,
3
2
); ( sin
6
cos
3
4
,... 2 , 1
,... 2 , 1
,... 2 , 1
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
n
s
cn
n
s
bn
cn bn
n
s
an
t n n
n
V
V
t n n
n
V
V
and by shifted phase is V and V
t n n
n
V
V
)
3
4
( sin
6
cos
3
4
)
3
2
( sin
6
cos
3
4
); ( sin
6
cos
3
4
,... 2 , 1
,... 2 , 1
,... 2 , 1
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
n
s
c
n
s
b
n
s
a
t n n
R n
V
I
t n n
R n
V
I
t n n
R n
V
I
|
\
|
= + =
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
R
L n
L jn R Z where
t n n
Z n
V
I
t n n
Z n
V
I
t n n
Z n
V
I
n
n
n
s
c
n
n
s
b
n
n
s
a
1
,... 2 , 1
,... 2 , 1
,... 2 , 1
tan ;
)
3
4
( sin
6
cos
3
4
)
3
2
( sin
6
cos
3
4
); ( sin
6
cos
3
4

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POWER ELECTRONICS (EEEB393)

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