Major Project 2011

LAN CABLE TESTER

ABSTRACT
The aim of this project is to design and construct a LAN Cable Tester. It is a tool for testing LAN cables to find all the problems associated with the cable. The fault in any of the wire in the cable can easily be detected by the use of this small but useful instrument and the speed can be enhanced very easily which was earlier dumped by the cable fault. One of the primary objectives of an Engineer is to endeavor to deliver the best product or the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the end user. Our project was found to meet the expected results. This project uses coding in assembly language to provide a very efficient algorithm for carrying out the required task. The block diagram, the associated technology, algorithms, the software and hardware requirements are all well illustrated to assist good understanding. As of true for most project effort of this nature, progress also contributes after the work. For this reason we devoted a significant effort to the selection of techniques whose value is likely to remain applicable in a rapidly involving body of knowledge. We had immense benefit from this project in that we learned a great deal in the domain of Network Cable Testing which was entirely a new field for us to work and we trust that this project gives contribute in this field. As is true of most writing efforts of this nature, progress continues after the work on the manuscript stop. For this reason, we devoted significant effort to the selection of the material that we believe is fundamental, and whose values likely to be applicable in a rapidly evolving body of knowledge. Introduction gives an overview about the project. The recent technologies used are explained in brief. Moving on to the Circuit Diagram and Description, various parts of the project are involved in order to explain various steps taken in project. Description of each block is given in detail to give a clear vision of each step.

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INTRODUCTION
A cable tester is an electronic device which is used to verify the electrical connections in a cable or other wired assembly. Generally a cable tester consists of a source of electric current, a voltmeter and a switching matrix used to connect the current source and the voltmeter to all of the contact points in a cable. In addition to these parts a cable tester may also have a microcontroller and a display to automate the testing process and display the testing results. A cable tester is used to verify that all of the intended connections exist and that there are no unintended connections in the cable being tested. When an intended connection is missing it is said to be "open" (as in Open circuit). When an unintended connection exists it is said to be a "short" (as in Short circuit). A connection is said to be "miswired" if it has two faults: it is open to the correct contact and shorted to an incorrect contact. Generally, the testing is done in two phases. The first phase, called the opens test makes sure each of the intended connections is good. The second phase, called the shorts test makes sure there are no unintended connections. Network Cable Tester is a tool for testing LAN cables, Data communication cables and Tele-communication cables. It finds all problems associated with testing such faults as opens, shorts, cable integrity and it also finds cable length of individual cables or distance to a fault.

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DESCRIPTION
One of the most popular experiments that users with multiple PCs will try is the installation of a home network or LAN. LAN stands for Local Area Network; the correct term applied to any network installed in a limited physical area. In the not-toodistant past, it was common practice to install home LANs using coaxial cable, as it was simple to install, readily available, prefabricated in standard lengths and it required no additional components besides the Network Interface Card (NIC) and some hardware like tees and terminators. The alternative was to use unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable, usually called 10Base-T cable. This cable resembles the standard telephone cable found in most homes today, except that it is heavier, having four pairs of wires instead of two pairs. Because of the additional four wires, the modular plug used with 10Base-T is an eight-conductor device, which is known as an RJ-45 connector. The term 10Base-T is used to indicate the character of the LAN, with the 10 referring to the maximum transmission speed of 10Mbps. The Base portion of the designation refers to baseband signaling and is used to indicate that the medium is carrying Ethernet signals only. The T suffix indicates that the transmission medium is a twisted-pair wire. Using 10Base-T with more than two PCs requires the installation of an additional connectivity device. This device can be a hub, a switch, or a router, depending upon the particular requirements of the LAN. All of this means that the user will be installing multiple connecting cables of varying lengths, and possibly of varying circuit schemes. In general, there will be one cable connecting each PC to the hub. Additional cables may be used to chain multiple hubs together, or to connect the hub to a broadband modem, or to connect a second NIC in certain PCs to another LAN. 10Base-T cables are also available prefabricated in standard lengths. It is not the intent of this project to go into any detail on the steps involved in the fabrication of LAN cables. Rather, it deals with the steps in making a tester for these cables that one can use in conjunction with the multimeter to quickly verify the proper assembly of 10Base-T cables. The choice between using prefabricated cables and rolling your own is a matter of personal preference. Some users will choose to simply purchase prefabricated cables, plug them in, and hopefully have an operable LAN. Others will decide to assemble the

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LAN cables as they are needed, which provides the option of having cables that are exactly the right length. An added benefit is found when actually pulling the cables into place, as the cable connector will not require large holes to be drilled in walls, ceilings, or floors. Depending upon the number of cables required, overall costs may well even out, as the cost savings realized with bulk cable will be reduced by the cost of the necessary cable assembly tools. The UTP jacket stripper is usually built into the crimper tool assembly. Of course, prices for the necessary tools will vary based upon supplier and area. When the LAN doesnt perform as expected or maybe doesnt even seem to connect at all, then obviously the time is at hand for some basic LAN troubleshooting and troubleshooting will sometimes require test equipment. The purpose of this project is to create a simple but reliable 10Base-T cable tester or LAN cable tester. This project is a basic continuity tester rather than a performance level test device. It is intended for use as a troubleshooting tool for basic connectivity testing rather than for performance issue resolution. However, it will work as a basic continuity tester for any standard UTP/RJ-45 cable as used in an Ethernet installation.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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COMPONENTS USED
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1. Power supply Step Down Transformer Diode 7805 IC LED

2. Processing circuitry
89s52 Microcontroller Crystal Oscillator

Capacitor
LAN Wire Connector

LEDs

3. LCD Display
LCD (2 by 16)

Diode Resistance

4. Reset circuitry Switch Resistance Capacitor

POWER SUPPLY
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Step Down Transformer:

We use 5 volt regulated supply for the whole circuit. For this, we can either use step down transformer to step down the voltage or 7805 regulator to reduce the voltage from 9 volt to 5 volt dc. In this project we use step down transformer to step down the voltage from 220 volt ac to 9-0-9 volt ac. This AC is further connected to the rectifier circuit for AC to DC conversion. Transformer current rating is 750 mA.

Diode:
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In this project we use IN 4007 diode as a rectifier. IN 4007 is a special diode to convert the AC voltage into DC. Here, we use two diodes as a full wave rectifier. Output of a rectifier is pulsating DC.

7805 IC:

This IC is used to gain regulated power supply. To convert the pulsating dc into smooth dc we use Electrolytic capacitor as a main filter. Capacitor converts the pulsating dc into smooth dc and this DC is connected to the Regulator circuit for Regulated 5 volt DC.

LED:
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A power LED is used in this section to observe the correct functioning of power supply.

PROCESSING CIRCUITRY
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89S52 Microcontroller:

In this project, we use one microcontroller to control all the transfer voltage. 89S52 microcontrollers is a low-power, high-performance, 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). 89s52 microcontroller is a family member of the 8051 controllers. This device is manufactured using Atmel high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 89S52 microcontrollers and 89S52 microcontrollers instruction set and pin out. The 89S52 microcontrollers provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full-duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. Pin no. 40 of the microcontroller is connected to the positive supply. Pin no. 20 is connected to the ground. Pin no. 9 is connected to external resistor capacitor to provide an automatic reset option when power is on.

Crystal Oscillator:
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Pin no 18 and 19 is connected to external crystal oscillator to provide a clock to the circuit. A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wrist watches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed around them became known as crystal oscillators. Crystals provide the synchronization of the internal function and to the peripherals. Whenever ever we are using crystals we need to put the capacitor behind it to make it free from noises. It is good to go for a 33pf capacitor. We can also resonators instead of costly crystal which are low cost and external capacitor can be avoided. But the frequency of the resonators varies a lot. And it is strictly not advised when used for communications projects.

Capacitor:

A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film.

LAN Wire Connectors:

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These connectors are used to connect the both ends of the testing wire. It is also called a RJ-45 connector.

LEDs:

In this project we use total 16 LEDs to check the continuity of wire. Out of 16 LEDs, 8 LEDs are for the input signal and 8 for the output signal. These LEDs are used to show the correct functioning of all the 8 wires of the cable.

LCD DISPLAY
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LCD (2 by 16):

LCD is used to display the messages. In this project we use 2 lines and 16 characters LCD to display the message on the screen. 2 by 16 LCD have 2 rows and 16 columns to display the output. This LCD produce the message ok if the wire is correctly working and not ok if any wire of the cable is defected.

Diode:

A diode is a two terminal electronic component that conducts electric current in only one direction.

Resistance:

The electrical resistance of an electrical element measures its opposition to the passage of an electric current; the inverse quantity is electrical conductance, measuring how easily electricity flows along a certain path.

RESET CIRCUITRY
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Pin no. 9 of the controller is connected to the reset circuit. On the circuit we connect one resistor and capacitor circuit to provide a RESET option when power is ON. As soon as we give the power supply, the 8051 doesnt start. We need to restart the microcontroller to start. Restarting the microcontroller is nothing but giving a Logic 1 to the RESET pin at least for the 2 clock pulses. So, it is good to go for a small circuit which can provide the 2 clock pulses as soon as the microcontroller is powered. This is not a big circuit we are just using a capacitor to charge the microcontroller and again discharging via resistor.

Switch:

Switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts.

Resistance:

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The electrical resistance of an electrical element measures its opposition to the passage of an electric current; the inverse quantity is electrical conductance, measuring how easily electricity flows along a certain path.

Capacitor:

A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film.

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

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In this project, we use one microcontroller to control all the transfer voltage and one LCD to display the messages. We use 89s52 controller, which is a family member of the 8051 controllers. We use 2 lines and 16 characters LCD to display the message on the screen. Along with the LCD and microcontroller, we use total 16 LEDs to check the continuity of wire. Out of 16 LEDs, 8 LEDs are for the input signal and 8 for the output signal. We use 5 volt regulated supply for the whole circuit. For this, we can either use step down transformer to step down the voltage or 7805 regulator to reduce the voltage from 9 volt to 5 volt dc.

In this project we show that how we can check the LAN or any other cable with the smart point to point checking method. In this method of wire testing, we pass voltage from one end to another end to each wire. If the wire passes the voltage successfully, then connected LED is ON and LCD shows a message on screen. So microcontroller checks all the eight wires one by one and shows the result on LCD. If all the points are okay then LCD display an OK message. If even a single wire is not transferring the voltage, then LCD shows a NOT OK message.

This tester is a very simple two-piece unit that allows one person to check the operation of 10Base-T cables with a minimum of fuss. Both end of the assembled cable is plugged into each of the tester units. So we use a unit that has 8 outputs, each one of which produces a pulse successively. Only one output can be high at any time. Then we use two RJ-45 connectors and we apply the pulses to the 8 pins of one connector (A) and we connect LEDs at the pins of the other connector (B). If we connect a straight LAN cable, we notice that the LEDs glow one by one successively. If a wire is broken, the corresponding LED will not glow.

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Just watch the LEDs. If we connect a cross wire, then the order of LEDs glowing changes to 1,2,7,4,5,8,3,6. So we can labor the LEDs in that order, so that we can watch easily. If both ends of the cable are not close enough to be plugged onto the circuit, then we can construct a remote board, which has only one RJ-45 connector and 8 LEDs. Then plug one end of the cable to connector (A) on main board and connect the other end to the remote unit.

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PCB FABRICATION
Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall performance of the electronic equipment. A good PCB design ensures that the noise introduced as a result of component placement and track layout is held within limits while still providing components years of assembly maintenance and performance reliability.

WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBS USED? Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper track which are firmly bonded to an insulating base. Advantages of PCB over common wiring are: 1. PCBs are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic components in a very small area with minimum parasitic effects. 2. PCBs are simulated with mass production with less chance of writing error. 3. Small components are easily mounted. 4. Servicing in simplified. The base materials used for PCBs are glass epoxy, epoxy paper, polyester etc. Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the process of electronic deposition. The properties of copper foil are: Thickness35 meter Thickness tolerance+5 meter Purity of Copper.99.8% Resistivity at 20oC..0.1594

PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB

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In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad board. Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed. Base materials are selected according to application. It is mechanically and chemically cleansed. The photo resist is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength, changes their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble. Laminate coating of photo resist is done by (i) (ii) (iii) Spray coating Dip coating Roller coating.

The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate contact with each other. The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank. Proper developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the PCB is dyed in a tray. The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular photo resist. Then the PCB is dyed in a tray.

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STEPS IN PREPARATION OF PCB

LAYOUT: The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing software like ORCAD or PROTEL.

FABRICATION: The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on the component side as well as the copper clad side. Spaces are provided for holes to insert the respective components. Etch resistant ink coatings are given on the interconnecting marks.

ETCHING: The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a small amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric Chloride in etching. Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper remains. Then it is washed with water and Oxalic Acid.

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DRILLING: The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill. Now the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is complete and ready for soldering.

SOLDERING: Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb). Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead is used to reduce the cost. After the PCB fabrication is done, the various components are arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the soldering is done. All liquids consist of particles which attract each other. The surface is always trying to shrink and this is because of surface tension. The principle behind soldering is that when liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface, it may happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface. This property is called adhesive property. Care must be taken that the melting point of solder is below that of the metal so that its surface is melted without melting without the metal. During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the degree of melting. The basic functions of flux are mentioned below: 1. Removes oxide from the surface. 2. Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid cover including air gap. 3. Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation.

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HARDWARE DESIGNING

Designing a PCB

Implementing LEDs on PCB

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Implementing LED connections on PCB

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Implementing IC-7805 on PCB

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SOFTWARE DESIGNING
Keil Vision The Vision3 IDE is a Window-based software development platform that combines a robust editor, project manager, and make facility. Vision3 integrates all tools including the C compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator, and HEX file generator. Vision3 helps expedite the development process of your embedded applications by providing the following:

Full-featured source code editor, Device database for configuring the development tool setting, Project manager for creating and maintaining your projects, Integrated make facility for assembling, compiling, and linking your embedded applications,

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True integrated source-level Debugger with high-speed CPU and peripheral simulator, Advanced GDI interface for software debugging in the target hardware and for connection to Keil ULINK, Flash programming utility for downloading the application program into Flash ROM, Links to development tools manuals, device datasheets & users guides.

The Vision3 IDE offers numerous features and advantages that help you quickly and successfully develop embedded applications. They are easy to use and are guaranteed to help you achieve your design goals.

Features and Benefits

Features

Benefits

The Vision3 Simulator is the only Write and test application code before debugger that completely simulates all on- production hardware is available. Investigate chip peripherals. different hardware configurations to optimize the hardware design. Simulation capabilities may be expanded Adding your own peripheral drivers can using the Advanced Simulation Interface accurately simulate sophisticated systems. (AGSI). The Code Coverage feature of the Vision3 Safety-critical systems can be thoroughly Simulator provides statistical analysis of tested and validated. Execution analysis your program's execution. reports can be viewed and printed for certification requirements.
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The Vision3 Device Database Mistakes in tool settings are practically automatically configures the development eliminated and tool configuration time is tools for the target microcontroller. minimized. The ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter supports The same tool can be used for debugging both Debugging and Flash programming and programming. No extra configuration with configurable algorithm files. time required. Vision3 incorporates project manager, Accelerates application development. editor, and debugger in a single While editing, you may configure debugger features. While debugging, environment.
you may make modifications. source

code

Cx51 Compiler
The C programming language is a general-purpose programming language that provides code efficiency, elements of structured programming, and a rich set of operators. C is not a big language and is not designed for any one particular area of application. Its generality combined with its absence of restrictions, makes C a convenient and effective programming solution for a wide variety of software tasks. Many applications can be solved more easily and efficiently with C than with other more specialized languages. The Cx51 Optimizing C Compiler is a complete implementation of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard for the C language. The Cx51 Compiler is not a universal C compiler adapted for the 8051 target. It is a ground-up implementation, dedicated to generating extremely fast and compact code for the 8051 microprocessor. The Cx51 Compiler provides you with the flexibility of programming in C and the code efficiency and speed of assembly language.

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The C language on its own is not capable of performing operations (such as input and output) that would normally require intervention from the operating system. Instead, these capabilities are provided as part of the standard library. Because these functions are separate from the language itself, C is especially suited for producing code that is portable across a wide number of platforms. Since the Cx51 Compiler is a cross compiler, some aspects of the C programming language and standard libraries are altered or enhanced to address the peculiarities of an embedded target processor.

Preprocessor

The preprocessor built into the Cx51 Compiler processes the source text of a source file before it is actually compiled into machine language and object code. Preprocessing is the first thing the compiler does. The purpose of the preprocessor is to replace or insert additional text into the source file just prior to compilation. Most of the obvious functions of the preprocessor require activation (by including preprocessor directives) in your source code. However, there are several things the preprocessor always does:

Each C comment is replaced by a single space. Line continuations (indicated by a backslash ('\') at the end of a line) are removed and the lines they break apart are joined for compilation. Predefined macro names are replaced with their predefined text.
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In addition to these operations, the preprocessor in the Cx51 Compiler supports the more obvious preprocessor operations:

Header Files, Macros, Conditional Compilation.

If you encounter preprocessor problems, you may direct the compiler to generate a Preprocessor File that shows the exact output from the preprocessor.

Error Messages
This section lists the fatal errors, errors, and warnings you may encounter when using the Cx51 C Compiler. Errors and warnings are listed in numerical order and are divided into several sections

Description Cause Resolution Example See Also

Provides a detailed description of message and why it was generated. Describes the cause of the error. Provides hints and suggestions for correcting the problem. Provides an example, where possible, of the error condition. Provides useful references to additional material.

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Some errors include an exception that provides more information about the exact nature of the error. These exceptions are generated by the operating system and indicate a failure at that level.

Exception 0021h

Description Path or File Not Found

The specified path or filename is missing. Illegal File Access

An attempt was made to delete or write to a write-protected file. 0026h

0029h

Access

to

File

Denied

The specified file is a directory. I/O The drive is either full or the drive was not ready. Illegal An attempt was made to access a file in an illegal context. Context Error

002Ah

001h

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Language Extensions
The Cx51 Compiler provides several extensions to ANSI Standard C to support the elements of the 8051 architecture. These include extensions for:

Memory Areas Memory Types Memory Models Data Types Bit Variables and Bit-Addressable Data Special Function Registers Pointers Function Attributes

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SPIPGM
SPI Flash Programmer can be used either for in-system programming or as a standalone serial flash programmer for the Atmel SPI programmable devices. The PC parallel port controls the programmer hardware interface and the parallel port control signals are freely selectable by the user. The software supports both the 8051 and AVR series devices.

Following are the main features of this software,

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Read and write the BIN, HEX and ROM file formats Read Signature, Fuse and Lock bits Edit, Clear and Fill the Flash & EEPROM memory buffer Auto save the OSCCAL data to Flash & EEPROM Display buffer checksum Program selected Fuse & Lock bits Auto saves the fuses settings for the open program file

APPLICATIONS
Network Testing is the prime application of LAN Cable Tester. It holds its firm existence in the fast growing Internet broadband present scenario. The fault in any of the wire in the cable can easily be detected by the use of this small but useful instrument and the speed can be enhanced very easily which was earlier dumped by the cable fault. Moreover we can find its application in the wired communication channel. If a single wire in the cable is not working it will produce some interference resulting to noise, hence it will distort the information content and proper information would not be transferred or received. By the use of LAN Cable Tester we can find the actual fault in our network and make it appropriate. The implementation of this LAN cable tester is efficient to those organizations and industries where the use of LAN wire connection is more prominent.

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ADVANTAGES

It is a tool for testing any type of cable- LAN cables, Data communication cables and Tele-communication cables.

It finds all the faults associated with the cable such as opens, shorts, cable integrity and distance to a fault.

It is a small and efficient instrument to detect the fault in any of the wire in the cable and the speed can also be enhanced which was earlier dumped by the cable fault.

It does not require pulling the cables out of the place, drilling of large holes in walls, ceilings, or floors because of the presence of cable connector.

It reduces the overall costs by replacing only the required cables that have faults, instead of replacing a bulk of cable.

Its circuit is simple to use, easily implemented, cheap and can be assembled with ease.

It has a low energy consumption, eco-friendly and ease of maintenance.

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CONCLUSION
Network Testing is the prime application of LAN Cable Tester. It was said earlier hopefully have an operable LAN. What is meant by that remark? Well, what happens when the LAN doesnt perform as expected or maybe doesnt even seem to connect at all? Obviously that time we all need some basic LAN troubleshooting and troubleshooting will sometimes require test equipment. The purpose of this project is to create a simple but reliable LAN cable tester. It is intended for use as a troubleshooting tool for basic connectivity testing. Even if a single wire in the cable is not working, it will produce some interference resulting to noise. Hence it will distort the information content and proper information would not be transferred or received. By the use of LAN Cable Tester we can find all the problems associated with the cable and the actual fault in our network to make it appropriate.

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REFERENCE

www.wikipedia.org www.electronicsforu.com www.howstuffworks.com www.scribd.com Electronics For You Magazine Electronic Devices And Circuits J. B. Gupta Linear Integrated circuits R. A. Gayakwad 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems M. A. Mazidi

Sanket Gupta Email:- sanket.kinghrt@gmail.com Social Networking Website:- www.facebook.com/sanketkinghrt

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