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0124039401 :

01111004984

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: :

-1 ) ( .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 ) (A .
-8 .
-9 .
-10 )( .
-11 )(.
-12 )(.
-13
-14 .
-15 .
-16 .

)(S

*

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) A(

) ( 6 :
3Li
2,1
-1
11Na
2,8
NaCl
19K
2,8,8,1
-2
2,8,18,8,1 37Rb
) Kcl (
2,8,18,18,8,1 Kcl. MgCl2. 6H 2O 55Cs
2,8,18,32,18,8,1 87Fr
-3
20 :

:1

4
Ac 223
87 Fr + 2 He

227
89

1
-1 ns
:

)( .
)( ).(1+
)(

)(

.
)(
.
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2
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)(
.
)(
.
)( )
(
.
)
(.

-2
.
.

-3
) (
.

-4
.

-5

) (
) (

) (
) ( .

-6 ) (

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-7
.

-8
) (.

-9 )(
.

-10

-1
.

6 Li + N 2
2 Li3 N

Li 3 N + 3 H 2 O 3 LiOH + NH 3
)(

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-2 3

2- = Li 2 O

1- = Na 2 O2
1
- = KO2
2

4Li + O2
2Li2O

2Na + O2 Na2O2
K + O2
KO2

4 KO 2 + 2CO 2
2 K 2 CO 3 + 3O 2
CuCl 2

CO2 O2

-3
) (1-

2 Li + H 2
2 LiH

)(

-4

2 Na + H 2
2 NaH

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH+ H2

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: 1

: 1
.

-5
2Na + 2HCl 2NaCl+ H2

-6

2 Na + Cl 2 2 NaCl

2 K + Br 2 2 KBr

-7

2 Na + S

Na 2 S

3K + P

K3 P

-8 .
- 1000

Li 2 CO3 1000
Li 2 O + CO2
c

-
*

2 NaNO3
2 NaNO2 + O2

) (
.
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) (1
: 1 :
-1
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 .
-9 .
-10 .
-11 .
-12 .

: 2 :
-1
-2
-3
-4

.
.
.
.

: 3 :

: 4 :

:


Na + Cl .

e
Na+ +
Na

) (
) (

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-1
) - NaCl ( KCl .
-2 )
(.

: ) (
NaOH
-1 :
.
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H 2O
2 NaOH + H 2 SO4 Na 2 SO4 + 2 H 2O

-2 :
)(

)( )

Al +3 Cu +2

Fe +2

Fe +3

) OH (

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NaOH

+
1

II

II

III

II II



II

III

1- CuSO4 + 2NaOH Na2 SO4 + Cu(OH ) 2

Cu (OH ) 2 CuO + H 2 O

II

2- AlCl 3 + 3 NaOH 3 Nacl + Al (OH ) 3

Al(OH )3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 3H2 O

FeSO4 + 2NaOH Na2 SO4 + Fe(OH) 2

3-

FeCl3 + 3NaOh 3NaCl + Fe(OH ) 3

4-

:
) ( Na 2CO3 10H 2O

Na 2 CO

-1 :

.

2 NaOH + CO2

Na 2 CO3 + H 2 O

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-2 ) ( :

.

NH 3 + CO2 + H 2 O + NaCl NaHCO3 + NH 4 Cl

2 NaHCO 3

Na 2 CO3 + H 2 O + CO 2
-3 :

-1 ) (
CO2

Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H 2O + CO2

-4 :
.

:1
-1 ) (.
-2 .
-3
II
-4
II II
III
-5
.
-6
:2 :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 II .III
-4 .
-5 .
:3 :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
01111004984
10.

-4
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)(P
A) (

4
-1
5

-2
- Ca 3 (PO4 ) 2
- ) CaF2 Ca (PO 4 ) 2
Sb2 S3
-3 Bi2 S3

Sb4
As 4
P4 N 2

) Bi2 (

2,5
2,8,5
2,8,18,5
2,8,18,18,5
2,8,18,32,18,5

P
33 As
15

Sb
Bi

51

As 2 S3

83

-1 ) (3- ) (5+

:
:1 ) (3- ): (5+

:
NH 3

- NH 2 2 NH 2

- NH 2 OH

:
- 1+ - 2+ - 3+
+5
+4
N 2 O5
NO2
N 2 O3
NO
N2O

= N 2
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-2 :

.

.

.

-3

:
) N 2 O5 ( ) Sb2 O3 - ( ) Bi2 O5 - (

-4 :

) (3- - N H 3 - P H 3

AS H 3 :

: N H 3
+
) ( H + NH 4

N H 3 + H + NH 4 +
PH 3 + H + PH 4 +

AsH 3 + H + AsH 4 +

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N 2

N N

.

N2 + 3H2
2NH3

-1

3000

2 NO
N2 + O2
-2
2 NO + O 2 2 NO 2
-3 :

3Mg + N 2

Mg 3 N 2

)( Mg 3 N 2 + 6 H 2 O 3Mg (OH ) 2 + 2 NH 3

-4 :

)( .

+ N 2
CaCN2 + C
CaCN2 + 3H 2 O CaCO3 + 2 NH 3
CaC 2

)(
:1 :
-1 .
-2 .
-3
.
-4 .
-5 .
:2 :
-1 .
-2
:3

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-1 )(
) ( )
( .

2 NH 4 Cl + Ca (OH ) 2
CaCl 2 + 2 H 2 O + 2 NH 3

:
-1
-2
-3
-4

N H 3 + H 2 O NH 4 OH
-5

-6
.

.

-1 :




) ( H +
OH
+

N H 3 + H + OH NH 4 OH

) (

) (

) (

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-2 ) (:

200 p
N 2 + 3 H 2 Fe
/ Mo
500
c
2 NH 3

-2 :

:1


NH 3 + HCl NH 4 Cl

-1 .
.
-2 4
5

-3

)(
) (.
-4 )(
:

NH 3 + HNO3 NH 4 NO3

) (%35

: =

01111004984

2 NH 3 + H 2 SO4 ( NH 4 ) 2 SO4

15
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:
3NH 3 + H 3 PO4 ( NH 4 ) 3 PO4

-1
.
-2 ) (

.
: H 2 N CO NH 2
) (%46
.
.

:
) (%82
12
.

)(2
:1
-1
-2 .
-3 .
-4
.
-5 .
-6 .
:2 :

:3 .
:4

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: HNO3
:

100 ) ( -

Conc
2 KNO 3 + H 2 SO 4
K 2 SO 4 + 2 HNO 3

-1

4HNO3

4NO2 + 2H2O + O2

-2

-3

Fe + 4HNO3 dil
Fe( NO3 )3 + 2H2O + NO
-4


) (

3Cu+ 8HNO3 dil

3Cu(NO3 )2 + 4H2O + 2NO

Cu + 4HNO3 Conc

Cu(NO3 )2 + 217
) ( H2O + 2NO2

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NO3

: + II

:

2 NaNO3 + 6 FeSO4 + 4 H 2 SO4 Na 2 SO4 + 3Fe2 (SO4 ) 3 + 4 H 2 O + 2 NO

FeSO4 + NO FeSO4 NO

:

)(

5KNO2 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 5KNO3 + K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O

: A
-1
-2

-3
-4

: )(
.
:
) +( +
.
: ) (
.
:
) (

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)(3
:1
.
:2
.
:3 :
-1 .
-2
.
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
:4 :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-6
-7

:5
-1
-2
-3
:6 : .

01111004984

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