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com


) (d
3d 1 3d 10

:
:
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.II
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-
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) (d

1
10
3d 3d

Sc 21

[ Ar18 ]3d 1 4 s 2

Ti22

[ Ar18 ]3d 2 4 s 2

V23

[ Ar18 ]3d 3 4 s 2

V2O5 -

Cr24

[ Ar18 ]3d 5 4 s 1

) (


.

K 2Cr2O7

Mn25

[ Ar18 ]3d 5 4 s 2

MnO2
-
KMnO4 .

Fe26

[ Ar18 ]3d 6 4 s 2

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Co27

[ Ar18 ]3d 7 4 s 2

Ni28

[ Ar18 ]3d 8 4 s 2

Cu 29

[ Ar18 ]3d 10 4 s 1

Zn30

[ Ar18 ]3d 10 4 s 2

CoCl 2 .6 H 2 O
CoCl 2 + 6 H 2 O

)(


.



.
*
.

)
(

:
-
%

Fe

Ti

Mn

Cr

Ni

% . . . . . .

Cu

Co

Sc

Zn

- %

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.
- -

- .
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)( .
-
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.

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: :
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 :
) (
3d :
+3
Ti +4
d Sc
5
+2
+3
d Mn Fe Cr
10
+2
d Zn Cu Zn

) ( Cr24

[ Ar18 ]3d 5 4 s 1

4S

3d
.

) ( cu29

4S1

10

(Ar18) 3 d

4s 3d 3d10
.

) ( II

[ Ar18 ]3d 5 4 s 2

+3

(3d ) Mn

++

(3d ) Mn

) ( ) Fe + +
Fe +3

Fe + +

Q [ Ar18 ]3d 6 4 s 2

+3

(3d ) Fe

++

(3d ) Fe

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4s 3d
:
) (
4s 3d
+ 4s 3d
Mn +2 ) Mn +7 4s
(3d

)( 4s
3d

4s ) (
3d

Sc21

Ti22

Mn25

Fe26

Zn30

) ( +
3 e
Sc21[ Ar18]3d 1 4s 2
Sc +3 [ Ar18]3d
3d
) ( :+

)(3p6
) ( +
4e
[ Ar18]3d 2 4 s 2
[ Ar18]3d

) ( 4s 3d Ti +4
3d .

) ( +

) (

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) ( +
3e
Fe 26 [ Ar 18 ]3 d 6 4 s 2
Fe + 3 [ Ar 18 ]3 d 5
3d 5

) ( +
Zn30
)(

) ( Mn 25

) + (

d f
.
) ( ) ( :
Cu 29 [ Ar 18 ]3 d 10 4 s 1
d :
+ d 9

Ag 47 [Kr 36 ]4 d 10 5 s 1

+ d

Au 79 [ Xe 54 ]5 d 10 6 s 1

) Cu 29 (3d 10 4 s1
: :

) Au 79 (5d 10 6 s1

) ( :

10

Zn [ Ar 18 ]3 d 10 4 s 2
2

5s

10

30

Cd [ Kr 36 ] 4 d

48

Hg [ Xe 54 ]5 d 10 6 s 2

80

: ) (

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3d

3d



3d
1
= 3d

3d 10
) 3d
(
+4
Ti
Sc +3
Zn +2
Cu +

3d 9

= 3d 2
3d 8

= 3d 3
3d 7

= 3d 4
3d 6
= 3d 5

3d
3d 10

-
:

3d10

)(
)(
) Zn(d 10
) (

(d 9 ) II
) = (

(d 6 ) II
) = (

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 )(

Cu +

Fe +2 Cu +2 Ag +

d 10

d 10

d9

d6

++

FeCl2

Fe +3

+3

++

FeCl3

ZnSO4

Sc +3

d6

d5

d5

d 10

++

)( Zn

) : (

: .

) (
3d
3d
) (

)(

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:
- .
-
4s 3d .
) :(
-
) =

-
3d

.

) (

:
d

.

- .
-
.
-
.

: .
) (

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 )(
: :

- Cr
- . 29 Cu
24

-
-
-
-

.II
.II
.
.+
+4

+5

- Sc
- .
- .
- .
-

+2
+2

. Ti

Zn .

Cu

Cu .

-
- Fecl3 )( ZnCl2
.
+2

+3

- Fe . Fe
- .
-
.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
-
: )( ) (

FeCl2
Sc +3

Cu (NO3 ) 2

Ti +4

ZnSO4

FeCl3

CoCl2

Zn +2

: :

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Fe26

[ Ar18 ]3d 6 4 s 2
:
:

= ) ( SiO2
)(MgO

Al2O3

) (CaO

:
- .
- .
-
.

Fe3O4

%-

Fe2O3

%-

2 Fe2O3 .3H 2O
FeCO3

II

%-
%-

- .

- .

- .

:

:
-
.

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 - :
.
- :
.
- :
-
-

S + O2
SO2

4 P + 5O2
2 P2 O5
-

2 FeCO3

2CO2 + 2 FeO

) Fe2O3 (%.

) %.(

][O

2 Fe2 O3 .3 H 2O
2 Fe2O3 + 3 H 2O

%.

- ) (
-

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)(

+ III + Fe2 O3 III

+
+

H 2 + CO
CO

%
%

:
- H 2 + CO

CO ) %

(

C + O2
CO2

2Fe2O3 + 3CO+ 3H2

4Fe+ 3CO2 + 3H2O

C + CO2
2CO

CO
Fe2O3:

Fe O + 3CO
2 Fe + 3CO2
2 3



:

CaCO3
CaO + CO2

CaO + SiO2
CaSiO3

2CH 4 + CO2 + H 2O
3CO + 5H 2

)(

- 3CaO + P2O5 Ca 3 ( PO4 ) 2

CaO + Al2O3 Ca ( AlO2 ) 2

.
:

) (

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 :
.
230300
3Fe2 O3 + Co
2 Fe3O4 + CO2
400700
Fe3O4 + CO
3FeO + CO2

FeO + CO
700

Fe + CO2

) (

CaCO3.MgCO3

: ) (

-
-
.
- CO2
FeO MnO Sio2 P2O5
) (
.

) ( C + Mn + Fe
.

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: ) (
-:
-
- )(Zn,Cu

:

) (

) (

: Fe3C

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 )(

-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

- - -
-

- -
-
-


- O2 -
- -

- -
- - -

-

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 -:
FeO

Fe2O3

II

III

Fe3O4

) (

FeCl2

FeCl3

II

III

FeS
II

COO

FeSO4

Fe2 (SO4 ) 3

II

III

Fe(OH ) 3

FeCO3

Fe

II I

COO

) II(

II

:
:

Fe3O4
() 3Fe + 2O2
:

Fe3O4 + 2 H 2
() 3Fe + 4 H 2O

: ) +II
(III
Conc
FeSO 4 + Fe 2 ( SO4 )3 + 4 H 2 O
() Fe3O4 + 4 H 2 SO4

:
-
+ II III

:
Conc
() 3Fe + 8 H 2 SO4 FeSO 4 + Fe 2 ( SO4 ) 3 + 8 H 2 O + 4 SO2

: II
III III
II
die
Fe + H 2 SO4
FeSO4 + H 2

Fe + 2 HCl die

FeCl2 + H 2

)(

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: III

2 FeCl3
() 2 Fe + 3Cl 2
:

2 Fe + 3Cl2 2 FeCl3
)(
FeCl3 + 3 NaOH 3NaCl + Fe(OH ) 3
: ) (
: II II
() FeO + H 2 SO4 FeSO4 + H 2 O
die

: III III

Fe2 ( SO4 ) 3 + 3H 2O
() Fe2O3 + 3H 2 SO4
+ )(
Conc

: ) FeS (II

S
FeS

() Fe +

:: II II

III .
II Fe2O3 FeO SO3

Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3

() 2 FeSO4

- II II III
CO

FeO + CO + CO2
() COO Fe
COO

2 Fe(OH ) 3
Fe2 O3 + 3H 2 O

FeO + CO 2

FeCO

2 Fe 2 O 3 . 3 H 2 O
2 Fe 2 O 3 + 3 H 2 O

)(

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): ( II
) III(

4 FeO + O2
2 Fe2 O3

4 Fe3O4 + O2
6 Fe2 O3

)(

) : (
-
230:300

() 3Fe2 O3 + CO 2 Fe3O4 + CO2

- II
400:700

Fe3O4 + H 2 3 FeO + H 2 O

II

- II
400:700

Fe3O3 + H 2 2 FeO + H 2 O

: II III
: ) (
- II
- III

Fe(OH ) 2
Fe(OH ) 3

) : ( :
II II III

: Fe
.

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 )(
-:

-:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

III

III - - II II - - - ) (
. II II
III III
.
.
. III II
III II
.
. II III
. III II
.

: -:
-
-
-
-
-

.
.
.
.
.

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 - II
III
- II
III
- FeCl3 FeCL2
- II FeO Fe2O3
- II Fe2O3 FeO
-
- II
III

: :
.
. II III

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