Verbs - 1 - 1 vinaic coRkaL - 1

, - (idap peyar, vigudhigaL - ~nigazh kAlam)

/ / / / / / / / / person/suffix chart pronoun
~nAn ~nA~nggaL ~nAm ~nI ~nI~nggaL avan avaL avar / avargaL / adhu avai , Pronouns, Suffixes for Present Tense present tense middle suffix kiRu / kindRu kiRu / kindRu kiRu / kindRu kiRu / kindRu kiRu / kindRu kiRu / kindRu kiRu / kindRu kiRu / kindRu kiRu / kindRu kindRu pronoun suffix En Om Om Ay IrgaL An AL Ar / ArgaL adhu ana, a I we we you you he she they it they

Note: 1) Tamil has 2 words for 'we'. 'we' excludes the listener(s) in the group. 'we' includes the listener(s) in the group. 2) Pronunciation: 'kiRu' / 'kindRu' may sound as 'giRu' / 'gindRu' most of the times depending on Tamil pronunciation guidelines. 3) Usage: 'kiRu' / 'kindRu' may be used interchangeably. In current usage, 'kiRu' is used commonly. 4) Gender specific suffixes: a) The first person (~nAn, ~nAm, ~nA~nggaL = I, we), second person (~nI, ~nI~nggaL = you, you), and third person plural (higher level - uyar thiNai) (avar/avargaL = they) suffixes are gender independent. b) Third person singular (higher level - uyar thiNai) (avan, avaL = he, she) suffixes are gender specific. Thus, when the third person is male, use the male ending as in the 'avan' row. (e.g. "rAman va~ndhAn" = Raman came). Similarly for female third persons. (e.g. "sIthA va~ndhAL"). 5) To create simple sentences: subject + (verb root + tense middle suffix + subject suffix)

Verb Construction Approach

Sentence

Meaning

Last Updated: 13-Jun-03 05_verbs.doc

 + ( + + ) + ( + + ) + ( + + ) + ( + + ) + ( + + ) + ( + + ) + ( + + ) + ( + + ) + ( + + ) + ( + + )

Verb Construction Approach ~nAn + (Odu + kiRu + En) ~nI + (~nada + kiRu + Ay) adhu + (varu + kindRu + adhu) kuruvi + (paRa + kiRu + adhu)

Sentence ~nAn OdugiREn ~nI ~nadakkiRAy adhu varugindRadhu kuruvi paRakkiRadhu

Meaning I run You walk It comes sparrow flies You (plural) sing She cries Goat eats Goats eat Mother calls Children play

~nI~nggaL + (pAdu + kiRu ~nI~nggaL + IrgaL) pAdugiRIrgaL avaL + (azhu + kiRu + AL) avaL azhugiRAL Adu + (sAppidu + kiRu + adhu) AdugaL + (sAppidu + kindRu + ana) ammA + (kUppidu + kiRu + Ar) kuzha~ndhaigaL + (viLaiyAdu + kiRu + ArgaL) Adu sAppidugiRadhu AdugaL sAppidugindRana ammA kUppidugiRAr kuzha~ndhaigaL viLaiyAdugiRArgaL

Formal ~nAn OdugiREn ~nA~nggaL OdugiROm ~nAm OdugiROm ~nI OdugiRAy ~nI~nggaL OdugiRIrgaL

(Odu) = run (/)

Colloquial ~nAn OdaREn ~nA~ngga OdaROm ~namma OdaROm ~nI OdaRa ~nI~ngga OdaREL (/OdaRI~ngga)

I run we run we run You (singular) run You (respect/plural) run

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Formal avan OdugiRAn avaL OdugiRAL avar OdugiRAr avargaL OdugiRArgaL

adhu OdugiRadhu avai OdugindRana

/ ( ) (/ )

Colloquial avan OdaRAn ava OdaRA avar OdaRAr / (avaru OdaRAru) avA OdaRA (/ava~ngga OdaRA~ngga) adhu OdaRadhu adhugaL OdaRadhu

He runs She runs they (person respect/plural) run

It runs they (animals/objects) run

Notes: 1. Colloquial form: There are several variations in the spoken form based on region, social groups, etc. Therefore, the colloquial form shown in these documents should be seen as just some examples.

Idap peyar

Pronou n

run

verb run Odu OdugiREn OdugiROm OdugiROm OdugiRAy OdugiRIrgaL OdugiRAn OdugiRAL OdugiRAr OdugiRArgaL OdugiRadhu OdugindRana verb

come

verb come vA varugiREn varugiROm varugiROm varugiRAy varugiRIrgaL varugiRAn varugiRAL varugiRAr varugiRArgaL varugiRadhu varugindRana verb
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~nAn ~nA~nggaL ~nAm ~nI ~nI~nggaL avan avaL avar avargaL adhu avai Idap peyar

I we we you you he she they it they Pronou n

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Idap peyar

Pronou n

see / look experience

verb see / look pAr pArkkiREn pArkkiROm pArkkiROm pArkkiRAy pArkkiRIrgaL pArkkiRAn pArkkiRAL pArkkiRAr pArkkiRArgaL pArkkiRadhu pArkkindRana verb experience padu padugiREn padugiROm padugiROm padugiRAy padugiRIrgaL padugiRAn padugiRAL padugiRAr padugiRArgaL padugiRadhu

lie down stand; stop (self)

verb lie down padu padukkiREn padukkiROm padukkiROm padukkiRAy padukkiRIrgaL padukkiRAn padukkiRAL padukkiRAr padukkiRArgaL padukkiRadhu padukkindRana verb stand; stop (self) ~nil ~niRkiREn ~niRkiROm ~niRkiROm ~niRkiRAy ~niRkiRIrgaL ~niRkiRAn ~niRkiRAL ~niRkiRAr ~niRkiRArgaL ~niRkiRadhu
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~nAn ~nA~nggaL ~nAm ~nI ~nI~nggaL avan avaL avar avargaL adhu avai Idap peyar

I we we you you he she they it they Pronou n

~nAn ~nA~nggaL ~nAm ~nI ~nI~nggaL avan avaL avar avargaL adhu

I we we you you he she they it

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Idap peyar avai Idap peyar

Pronou n they Pronou n

stop (something) go

verb padugindRana verb stop (something) ~niRuththu ~niRuththugiREn ~niRuththugiROm ~niRuththugiROm ~niRuththugiRAy ~niRuththugiRIrga L ~niRuththugiRAn ~niRuththugiRAL ~niRuththugiRAr ~niRuththugiRArga L ~niRuththugiRadhu ~niRuththugindRan a verb go pO pOgiREn pOgiROm pOgiROm pOgiRAy pOgiRIrgaL

go listen; ask;

verb ~niRkindRana verb go sel selgiREn selgiROm selgiROm selgiRAy selgiRIrgaL selgiRAn selgiRAL selgiRAr selgiRArgaL selgiRadhu selgindRana verb listen; ask; kEL kEtkiREn kEtkiROm kEtkiROm kEtkiRAy kEtkiRIrgaL
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~nAn ~nA~nggaL ~nAm ~nI ~nI~nggaL avan avaL avar avargaL adhu avai Idap peyar

I we we you you he she they it they Pronou n

~nAn I ~nA~nggaL we ~nAm we ~nI you ~nI~nggaL you Last Updated: 13-Jun-03 05_verbs.doc

Idap peyar avan avaL avar avargaL adhu avai Idap peyar

Pronou n he she they it they Pronou n

rule fly paRa paRakkiREn paRakkiROm

verb pOgiRAn pOgiRAL pOgiRAr pOgiRArgaL pOgiRadhu pOgindRana verb rule AL ALgiREn ALgiROm ALgiROm ALgiRAy ALgiRIrgaL ALgiRAn ALgiRAL ALgiRAr ALgiRArgaL ALgiRadhu ALgindRana verb fly paRa paRakkiREn paRakkiROm

fall cry

verb kEtkiRAn kEtkiRAL kEtkiRAr kEtkiRArgaL kEtkiRadhu kEtkindRana verb fall vizhu vizhugiREn vizhugiROm vizhugiROm vizhugiRAy vizhugiRIrgaL vizhugiRAn vizhugiRAL vizhugiRAr vizhugiRArgaL vizhugiRadhu vizhugindRana verb cry azhu azhugiREn azhugiROm
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~nAn ~nA~nggaL ~nAm ~nI ~nI~nggaL avan avaL avar avargaL adhu avai Idap peyar

I we we you you he she they it they Pronou n

~nAn ~nA~nggaL

I we

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Idap peyar ~nAm ~nI ~nI~nggaL avan avaL avar avargaL adhu avai

Pronou n we you you he she they it they

paRakkiROm paRakkiRAy paRakkiRIrgaL paRakkiRAn paRakkiRAL paRakkiRAr paRakkiRArgaL paRakkiRadhu paRakkindRana

verb paRakkiROm paRakkiRAy paRakkiRIrgaL paRakkiRAn paRakkiRAL paRakkiRAr paRakkiRArgaL paRakkiRadhu paRakkindRana (experience) (experience)

similar to vA Odu Odu Odu Odu Odu Odu Odu Odu Odu Odu Odu Odu Odu Odu padu (experience) padu (experience)

verb azhugiROm azhugiRAy azhugiRIrgaL azhugiRAn azhugiRAL azhugiRAr azhugiRArgaL azhugiRadhu azhugindRana

Sample list of common verbs: vinaic col thA Adu pAdu ~nAdu vAdu sUdu thEdu ezhudhu Ottu kAttu mAttu Attu thAlAttu alambu kiLambu pOdu vidu Last Updated: 13-Jun-03 05_verbs.doc

verb give dance sing seek wither wear (put on) search write drive / drive away show / point hang (picture); shake sing lullaby wash (hand etc) start (self) put / drop drop / let go

vinaic col idu thodu thodu kodu kol vel mIL mIL mAL koL padi adi kudi ~nadi madi odi udai azhai uzhai pizhai paRi eri kuLi siri ezhu ~nuzhai

verb put / pour something touch make a garland give kill win recover; redeem return (self) / come back (self) die have (used in perfect tense forms) read hit drink act / pretend fold snap into two (something else) break (something else) invite; call; work survive pluck burn bathe smile get up (wake up); stand; enter

(experience) (experience) (lie down) (lie down)

similar to padu (experience) padu (experience) padu (lie down) padu (lie down) sel sel kEL AL AL AL pAr pAr pAr pAr pAr pAr pAr pAr pAr pAr pAr pAr pAr pAr vizhu vizhu 8

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vinaic col varai eRi kIzhppadi ari thiRa maRa piRa iRa kida ~nada izha kala aNi aRi

verb draw / paint (picture etc.) throw obey cut (vegetable etc) open forget be born die lie down (self) walk lose mix (self) wear (clothes etc) know

similar to vizhu vizhu vizhu vizhu paRa paRa paRa paRa paRa paRa paRa paRa paRa paRa

, -



, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,





(
, (
, (
, (
, (
, (
, ) ) ) ) ) )

(idap peyar, vigudhigaL - iRa~ndha kAlam) person/suffix chart pronoun

~nAn ~nA~nggaL ~nAm ~nI ~nI~nggaL avan

Pronouns, Suffixes for Past Tense pronoun suffix En Om Om Ay IrgaL An I we we you you he
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past tense middle suffix th, t, R, in (i, n) th, t, R, in (i, n) th, t, R, in (i, n) th, t, R, in (i, n) th, t, R, in (i, n) th, t, R, in (i, n)

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, , , , , , , , , , , ,



(
, (
, (
, (
, ) ) ) )

/ ,

pronoun

past tense middle suffix th, t, R, in (i, n) th, t, R, in (i, n) th, t, R, in (i, n) th, t, R, in (i, n)

pronoun suffix AL Ar / ArgaL adhu ana, a she they it they

avaL avar / avargaL adhu avai

Notes on past tense middle suffix: 1. Sometimes, the middle suffix 'in' may lose either the 'i' or the 'n'. Typically, you will see them in third person singular and plural context. 2. Which middle suffix should be used may depend on the verb root characteristics and/or person.

To create simple sentences: person (verb root + tense middle suffix + person suffix) (Odu) = run (/) (/ )

Formal ~nAn OdinEn ~nA~nggaL OdinOm ~nAm OdinOm ~nI OdinAy ~nI~nggaL OdinIrgaL avan OdinAn avaL OdinAL avar OdinAr adhu Odiyadhu avai Odina

Colloquial ~nAn OdinEn ~nA~ngga OdinOm ~namma OdinOm ~nI Odina ~nI~ngga OdinEL (/OdinI~ngga) avan OdinAn ava OdinA avA OdinA (/ava~ngga OdinA~ngga) adhu Odiththu adhugaL Odiththu

I ran We ran We ran You (singular) ran You (respect/plural) ran He ran She ran they (person respect/plural) ran It ran they (animals/objects) ran

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, -

, , , , , , , , , , Person

(idap peyar, vigudhigaL - edhir kAlam) person/suffix chart pronoun

~nAn ~nA~nggaL ~nAm ~nI ~nI~nggaL avan avaL avar / avargaL / adhu avai ,

Pronouns, Suffixes for Future Tense future tense middle suffix p, v p, v p, v p, v p, v p, v p, v p, v p, v p, v verb come vA varuvEn varuvOm varuvOm varuvAy varuvIrgaL varuvAn varuvAL varuvAr varuvArgaL varuvadhu varuvana
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pronoun suffix En Om Om Ay IrgaL An AL Ar / ArgaL adhu ana, a I we we you you he she they it they

/ Person

~nAn ~nA~nggaL ~nAm ~nI ~nI~nggaL avan avaL avar avargaL adhu avai

I we we you you he she they it they

run

verb run Odu OduvEn OduvOm OduvOm OduvAy OduvIrgaL OduvAn OduvAL OduvAr OduvArgaL Oduvadhu Oduvana

come

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Some examples: ?

Formal ~nAn ~nALaikkuk kOyilukkup pOvEn ~nI ~nALaikku varuvAyA?

Colloquial ~nAn ~nALaikku kOvilukku pOvEn ~nI ~nALaikku varuvayA?

I will go to the temple tomorrow Will you come tomorrow?

Note: In Tamil, the future tense form is used when we indicate a habitual or regular thing. (In English, we use present tense for this). See some examples below: Formal Colloquial she sings well (i.e. she avaL ~nandRAgap ava ~nannnA (/~nallA) (/) usually sings well). pAduvAL pAduvA

avan ~niramba (miga) vEgamAga OduvAn

avan ~niramba (miga) vEgamAga OduvAn ~nAn vArA vAram kOyilukkup pOvEn

avan romba vEgamA OduvAn ~nAn vArA vAram kOvilukkup pOvEn

he runs very fast. (i.e. he usually runs very fast) I go to the temple every week

Note: In Tamil, the present tense form is usually used when we are sure (or promise) it will happen whereas in English the future tense form 'will' is used. See some examples below: Formal Colloquial I will take a shower in 10 ~nAn paththu ~nAn paththu minutes ~nimishaththil kuLikkiREn ~nimishaththila kuLikkiREn

? ?

~nAn ~nALaikku varugiREn ~nAn oru pAttu pAdugiREn kadhavai sAththugiRAyA? sAppida varugiRAyA?

? ?

~nAn ~nALaikku varEn ~nAn oru pAttu pAdarEn kadhava sAththarayA? sAppida varayA?

I will come tomorrow I will sing a song Will you close the door? Will you come to eat?

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Table of common verbs Verb vA thA iru pO sol Adu viLaiyAdu pAdu Odu thEdu vai thEy siri azhu sey kodu vizhu thU~nggu ~nil kEL pOdu Present I come I give I stay I go I say I play ; I dance I play (game) I sing I run I search I put I brush I smile; laugh I cry I do I give I fall I sleep I stop I hear; I ask I serve (food); I drop Past I came I gave I stayed I went I said I played I played I sang I ran I searched I put I brushed I smiled I cried I did I gave I fell I slept I stopped I heard; I asked I served;I dropped; Future I will come I will give I will stay I will go I will say I will play I will play I will sing I will run I will search I will put I will brush I will smile I will cry I will do I will give I will fall I will sleep I will stop I will hear; I will ask I will serve; I will drop

varugiREn tharugiREn irukkiREn pOgiREn solgiREn AdugiREn viLaiyAdugiREn pAdugiREn OdugiREn thEdugiREn vaikkiREn thEykkiREn sirikkiREn azhugiREn seygiREn kodukkiREn vizhugiREn thU~nggugiREn ~niRkiREn kEtkiREn pOdugiREn

va~ndhEn tha~ndhEn iru~ndhEn pOnEn sonnEn AdinEn viLaiyAdinEn pAdinEn OdinEn thEdinEn vaiththEn thEyththEn siriththEn azhudhEn seydhEn koduththEn vizhu~ndhEn thU~ngginEn ~nindREn kEttEn pOttEn

varuvEn tharuvEn iruppEn pOvEn solvEn AduvEn viLaiyAdu -vEn pAduvEn OduvEn thEduvEn vaippEn thEyppEn sirippEn azhuvEn seyvEn koduppEn vizhuvEn thU~ngguvEn ~niRpEn kEtpEn pOduvEn

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Verbs - 2 - 2 vinaic coRkaL - 2 Continuous Tense - Present / Past / Future In Tamil, the continuous tense of a verb is created by using the following formula: incomplete verb participle (vinaiyeccam) + "koNdu" + appropriate form of "iru" ( with tense suffix + pronoun suffix) Note: 1. Present continuous tense is used when you state what is happening at this moment. 2. Past continuous and Future continuous tenses are usually used to describe something that was/will be happening while something else was/will be happening. (e.g. "You will be sleeping when I come" - "~nAn varumbozhudhu ~nI thU~nggikkoNdu iruppAy" - "
") 3. Future continuous tense is also used in English to denote a planned future event. (e,g, "I will be going to a movie tomorrow"). In Tamil, we use simple future tense in that context. (e.g. "~nAn ~nALai sinimAvukkup pOvEn" - " ") + ( + +
+ + ) + (+ +
+ + ) + ( + +
+ + ) + ( + +
+ + ) + ( + +
+ + )




Verb Construction Approach ~nAn + (Odi + koNdu + iru + kiRu + En) ~nI + (~nada~ndhu+ koNdu + iru + kiRu + Ay) adhu + (va~ndhu + koNdu + iru + kindRu + adhu) kuruvi + (paRa~ndhu + koNdu + iru + kiRu + adhu) ~nI~nggaL + (pAdi + koNdu + iru + kiRu + IrgaL) Sentence
Meaning Present Continuous I am running You are walking It is coming

~nAn OdikkoNdu irukkiREn ~nI ~nada~ndhugoNdu irukkiRAy adhu va~ndhugoNdu irukkindRadhu kuruvi paRa~ndhugoNdu irukkiRadhu ~nI~nggaL pAdikkoNdu irukkiRIrgaL

sparrow is flying

You (plural / respect) are singing

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 + ( + +
+ + ) + ( + +
+ + ) + ( + +
+ + ) + ( + +
+ + ) + ( + +
+ + )

Verb Construction Approach avaL + (azhudhu + koNdu + iru + kiRu + AL) Adu + (sAppittu + koNdu + iru + kiRu + adhu) AdugaL + (sAppittu + koNdu + iru + kindRu + ana) ammA + (kUppittu + koNdu + iru + kiRu + Ar) kuzha~ndhaigaL + (viLaiyAdi + koNdu + iru + kiRu + ArgaL)

Sentence avaL azhudhugoNdu irukkiRAL Adu sAppittukkoNdu irukkiRadhu AdugaL sAppittukkoNdu irukkindRana ammA kUppittukkoNdu irukkiRAr kuzha~ndhaigaL viLaiyAdikkoNdu irukkiRArgaL

Meaning She is crying

Goat is eating

Goats are eating

Mother is calling

Children are playing

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~nAn ~nada~ndhugoNdu iru~ndhEn avaL padiththukkoNdu iru~ndhAL avar thU~nggikkoNdu iru~ndhAr ammA samaiththukkoNdu iru~ndhAr kamalA va~ndhugoNdu iru~ndhAL

Past Continuous I was walking she was reading

He/She (respect) was sleeping ammA was cooking (respect) kamala was coming Future Continuous

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Verb Construction Approach

Sentence ~nAn padiththukkoNdu iruppEn ~nI kuLiththukkoNdu iruppAy ~nAdagam ~nada~ndhugoNdu irukkum avargaL vimAnaththil pOykkoNdu iruppArgaL

Meaning I will be reading you will be bathing (the) drama will be going on

they will be going in the plane

Perfect Tense In Tamil, the perfect tense of a verb is created by using the following formula: incomplete verb participle (vinaiyeccam) + "iru" + tense suffix + pronoun suffix Note: 1. The perfect tense is invariably used in Tamil to denote an action in the context of a time reference. (e.g. "I will have eaten before 11 O' clock "~nAn paththu maNikkuL sAppittu iruppEn" - "
") Meaning Verb Construction Sentence Approach + ( +
+
+ ) + ( +
+
+ ) + ( +
+ + )
+ ( +
+ + )
Last Updated: 13-Jun-03 05_verbs.doc ~nAn + (Odi + iru + kiRu + En) ~nI + (~nada~ndhu + iru + kiRu + Ay) adhu + (va~ndhu + iru + kindRu + adhu) kuruvi + (paRa~ndhu + iru + kiRu + adhu) ~nAn Odi irukkiREn ~nI ~nada~ndhu irukkiRAy adhu va~ndhu irukkindRadhu kuruvi paRa~ndhu irukkiRadhu
'iru' denoting time reference I have run (before) You had walked ( / you had behaved) (before) It has come (before) sparrow has flown (previously)

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 + ( +
+ + ) + ( +
+ + ) + ( +
+ + ) + ( +
+ + ) + ( +
+ + ) + ( +
+ + ) + ( +
+ + ) + ( +
+ + ) + ( +
+ + )

Verb Construction Approach ~nI~nggaL + (pAdi + iru + kiRu + IrgaL) avaL + (azhudhu + iru + kiRu + AL) Adu + (sAppittu + iru + kiRu + adhu) AdugaL + (sAppittu + iru + kindRu + ana) kuzha~ndhaigaL + (viLaiyAdi + iru + kiRu + ArgaL)

Sentence ~nI~nggaL pAdi irukkiRIrgaL avaL azhudhu irukkiRAL Adu sAppittu irukkiRadhu AdugaL sAppittu irukkindRana kuzha~ndhaigaL viLaiyAdi irukkiRArgaL

Meaning You (plural / respect) have sung (previously) She has cried (in the past) Goat has eaten Goats have eaten Children have played (previously) 'iru' denoting 'perfect' tense Mother has called (I) have sent (a) letter invitation has come your (respect) son has grown well I had studied (the) lesson(s) I had finished eating

ammA + (kUppittu + iru + kiRu + Ar)

ammA kUppittu irukkiRAr

kadidham + (anuppi + iru + kadidham anuppi kiRu + En) irukkiREn azhaippu + (va~ndhu + iru + kiRu + adhu) u~nggaL magan ~nangu + (vaLar~ndhu + iru + kiRu + An) azhaippu va~ndhu irukkiRadhu u~nggaL magan ~nangu vaLar~ndhu irukkiRAn ~nAn pAdam padiththu iru~ndhEn ~nAn sAppittu mudiththu iru~ndhEn

vinaiyeccam -

Multiple actions in a sequence - verbs

In Tamil, a series of actions are often stated together in the same snetence. The verbs are sequenced together using the following formula: Last Updated: 13-Jun-03 05_verbs.doc

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incomplete verb participle (vinaiyeccam) for verb-1 + verb-2 ( with tense suffix + pronoun suffix) If there are more than 2 verbs, the same approach is followed and only the last verb gets the suffixes for tense and pronoun/gender. This kind of sentences is not that common in English. Often, other conjunctions such as 'after' or 'and' are used in English for such situations. peyareccam Verb Construction Approach Sentence avar ezhu~ndhu ~nindRAr ~nAy tharaiyil vizhu~ndhu puraNdadhu thuNiyaith thuvaiththu madiththuk koNdu vA pal thEyththu vA
Meaning He (respect) got up and stood (the) dog fell on the ground and rolled. bring the clothes after washing and folding. brush (your) teeth and come

explicit verb based Adjectives

In Tamil, many ajectives are based on a verb associated with the noun. The adjectives are created together using the following formula: (Apprpriate tense form of verb participle (vinaiyeccam) for verb + 'a' ) + noun If there are multiple adjectives, all preceding verbs are denoted by the incomplete particple and the last explicit verb based adjective follows the above approach. (Incomplete verb participle (vinaiyeccam) for verb-1 + . . . + Apprpriate tense form of verb participle (vinaiyeccam) for verb-4 + 'a') + noun Note: Some joining (' - 'puNarcci') rules to remember: ' Often, when a word ends in 'u' sound and the next sound starts with a vowel, the 'u' is dropped. When a word ends in a vowel and the next word/sound starts with a vowel, often a 'v' or 'y' consonant gets inserted to make it easier to pronounce them together without discontinuities.
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Verb Construction Approach

Sentence enakkup pidiththa pazham mAmbazham

Meaning (the) fruit that I like (is) mango

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Verb Construction Approach

Sentence idhu ~nAn padiththa paLLikkUdam OdugiRa rayilil ERAdhE thiri~ndha pAlaik kottu ivan amerikkAvil vaLargiRa paiyan idhu en appA i~ndhiyAviliru~ndhu koNdu va~ndha puththagam

Meaning this (is) the school where I studied do not climb on a running train (i.e. do not get on a moving train) pour the sour milk (i.e. discard the sour milk) he (near) is (a) boy who is growing up in America. this (is the) book that my father brought from India.

Therefore, it is essential to know the various participle forms for the common verbs.
Table of common verbs - participles

Verb

incomplete participle

incomplete participle iru~ndhu va~ndhu tha~ndhu pOy solli Adi viLaiyAdi pAdi Odi thEdi vaiththu

Present participle

Present participle irukkindRa varugiRa tharugiRa pOgiRa solgiRa AdugiRa

viLaiyAdugiRa

Past participle

Past participle iru~ndha va~ndha tha~ndha pOna sonna Adiya viLaiyAdiya pAdiya Odiya thEdiya vaiththa

Future participle

Future participle irukkum varum tharum pOgum sollum Adum

viLaiyAdum

iru vA thA pO sol Adu viLaiyAdu pAdu Odu thEdu vai

pAdugiRa OdugiRa thEdugiRa vaikkiRa

pAdum Odum thEdum vaikkum 19

Last Updated: 13-Jun-03 05_verbs.doc

Verb thEy siri azhu sey kodu thodu adi kadi kudi madi ~nadi odi udai azhai pizhai uzhai paRi eri vizhu thU~nggu ~nil kEL mIL pOdu vidu idu thodu kUppidu Ottu

incomplete participle

incomplete participle thEyththu siriththu azhudhu seydhu koduththu thoduththu adiththu kadiththu kudiththu madiththu ~nadiththu odiththu udaiththu azhaiththu pizhaiththu uzhaiththu paRiththu eriththu vizhu~ndhu thU~nggi ~nindRu kEttu mIttu pOttu vittu ittu thottu kUppittu Otti

Present participle

Present participle thEykkiRa sirikkiRa azhugiRa seygiRa kodukkiRa thodukkiRa adikkiRa kadikkiRa kudikkiRa madikkiRa ~nadikkiRa odikkiRa udaikkiRa azhaikkiRa pizhaikkiRa uzhaikkiRa paRikkiRa erikkiRa vizhugiRa thU~nggugiRa ~niRkiRa kEtkiRa mItkiRa pOdugiRa vidugiRa idugiRa thodugiRa kUppidugiRa OttugiRa

Past participle

Past participle thEyththa siriththa azhudha seydhu koduththu thoduththu adiththu kadiththu kudiththu madiththu ~nadiththu odiththu udaiththu azhaiththu pizhaiththu uzhaiththu paRiththu eriththu vizhu~ndhu thU~nggiya ~nindRa kEtta mItta pOtta vitta itta thotta kUppitta Ottiya

Future participle

Future participle thEykkum sirikkum azhum seyyum kodukkum thodukkum adikkum kadikkum kudikkum madikkum ~nadikkum odikkum udaikkum azhaikkum pizhaikkum uzhaikkum paRikkum erikkum vizhum thU~nggum ~niRkum kEtkum mItkum pOdum vidum idum thodum kUppidum Ottum 20

Last Updated: 13-Jun-03 05_verbs.doc

Verb kAttu mAttu Attu thAlAttu alambu kiLambu anuppu vaLar

incomplete participle

incomplete participle kAtti mAtti Atti thAlAtti alambi kiLambi anuppi vaLar~ndhu

Present participle

Present participle kAttugiRa mAttugiRa AttugiRa thAlAttugiRa alambugiRa kiLambugiRa anuppugiRa vaLargiRa

Past participle

Past participle kAttiya mAttiya Attiya thAlAttiya alambiya kiLambiya anuppiya vaLar~ndha

Future participle

Future participle kAttum mAttum Attum thAlAttum alambum kiLambum anuppum vaLarum

, thanvinai Odu ada~nggu maya~nggu kiLambu ezhu thiru~ndhu varu~ndhu ~nada padu uNar sel kuLi Action on self run (self) control (self) get confused; become dizzy; start (self) get up to correct oneself to suffer walk experience (by self) feel/realize (by self) go (by self) bathe

(thanvinai, piRavinai) action on self, action on others

piRavinai Ottu adakku mayakku kiLappu ezhuppu thiruththu varuththu ~nadaththu paduththu uNarththu seluththu kuLippAttu Action on others make something else run; drive away control something else confuse others start (something else) make someone else get up to correct someone to make others suffer make it walk; conduct (some event) make others experience make others feel/realize make something else go (like a car) bathe
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Last Updated: 13-Jun-03 05_verbs.doc

thanvinai kAN kAN thiRa thU~nggu azhu pAdu

Action on self see (self) see (self) open (by yourself) sleep (self) cry (self) sing (self)

piRavinai kANbi

Action on others make others see - show something for others to see kAttu make others see - show something for others to see thiRakkac cey get it open (by others) thU~ngga vai azha vai pAda vai make someone else sleep make someone else cry make someone else sing

Some examples:

~nAn OdinEn ~nAn Iyai OttinEn ~nAm periyavargaLukku ada~ngga vENdum avan mAttai adakkinAn avaL paththu maNikkuk kiLambinAL avaL kAraik kiLappinAL rAju Ezhu maNikku ezhu~ndhAn ammA avanai Ezhu maNikku ezhuppinAr thirudan thiru~ndhinAn Asiriyar pizhaiyaith thiruththinAr adhu pasiyAl varu~ndhiyadhu pirANigaLai varuththAdhE kamalA oru mail ~nada~ndhAL rAjA oru vELviyai ~nadaththinAr ~nAn kashtappadugiREn avan piRaraik kashtappaduththugiRAn ~nAn kuLiththEn

Last Updated: 13-Jun-03 05_verbs.doc

I ran I drove away the flies We must obey the elders He controlled the bull She started at 10 O' clock She started the car Raju woke up at 7 O' clock Mother woke him up at 7 O' clock The thief mended his ways The teacher corrected the errors It suffered because of hunger Do not make animals suffer Kamal walked one mile The king conducted a sacrifice (i.e. a grand ritualistic prayer) I am suffering He makes others suffer I bathed 22

~nAn kuzha~ndhaiyaik kuLippAttinEn ~nAn thU~ngginEn ~nAn kuzha~ndhaiyaith thU~nggavaiththEn rAmu pAdinAn guru sOmuvaiyum pAda vaiththAr

I bathed the baby I slept I made the baby sleep Ramu sang The teacher also made Somu sing

Some sample sentences involving various aspects of verbs

,
, ? Formal ~nI kuLikkap pO sari, kuLikkap pOgiREn ~nAn appuRam kuLikkiREn ~nAn munnAdiyE kuLiththAyitRu ~nAn kuLiththu mudiththu vittEn kuLiththuvittu sAppida vA aNNA kuLiththukkoNdu irukkiRAn sOpputh thEyththuk kuLi enna, kuLiththu mudiththAyitRA? ~nAn kuLikkiREn ~nI kuLikkiRAy (kuLiththal) = Bathing Colloquial ~nI kuLikkap pO , (/)
, ? sari, kuLikkap pOREn ~nAn appuRam kuLikkaREn ~nAn munnAdiyE kuLiccAccu ~nAn kuLiccu mudiccuttEn kuLiccuttu sAppida vA aNNA kuLicciNdu (/kuLiccittu) irukkAn sOppu thEccuk kuLi enna, kuLiccu mudiccAccA? ~nAn kuLikkaREn ~nI kuLikkaRa
You go take a shower (Lit. "You go bathe") OK, I am going for my shower I will take a shower later (Lit. I will bathe later) I have already taken a shower (Lit. I have already bathed) I have finished my shower Take a shower and come for lunch Older brother is having his shower Apply soap when you shower Have you finished your shower? I bathe You (singular) bathe

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Formal ~nI~nggaL kuLikkiRIrgaL avan kuLikkiRAn avaL kuLikkiRAL avar kuLikkiRAr adhu kuLikkiRadhu avai kuLikkindRana ~nAn kuLiththEn ~nI kuLiththAy ~nI~nggaL kuLiththIrgaL avan kuLiththAn avaL kuLiththAL avar kuLiththAr adhu kuLiththadhu avai kuLiththana ~nAn kuLippEn ~nI kuLippAy ~nI~nggaL kuLippIrgaL avan kuLippAn avaL kuLippAL avar kuLippAr adhu kuLikkum avai kuLippana

(/) (/ ) (/) (/ ) (/) (/ )

Colloquial ~nI~ngga kuLikkaREL (/kuLikkaRI~ngga) avan kuLikkaRAn ava kuLikkaRA avA kuLikkaRA (/ava~ngga kuLikkarA~ngga) adhu kuLikkaRadhu adhugaL kuLikkaRadhu ~nAn kuLiccEn ~nI kuLicca ~nI~ngga kuLiccEL (/kuLiccI~ngga) avan kuLiccAn ava kuLiccA avA kuLiccA (/avar kuLiccAr) adhu kuLiccadhu adhugaL kuLiccadhu ~nAn kuLippEn ~nI kuLippa ~nI~ngga kuLippEL (/kuLippI~ngga) avan kuLippAn ava kuLippA avA kuLippA (/avar kuLippAr) adhu kuLikkum adhugaL kuLikkum

You (respect/plural) bathe He bathes She bathes they (person - respect) bathe

It bathes they (animals/objects) bathe I bathed You (singular) bathed You (respect/plural) bathed He bathed She bathed they (person - respect) bathed It bathed they (animals/objects) bathed I will bathe You (singular) will bathe You (respect/plural) will bathe He will bathe She will bathe they (person - respect) will bathe It will bathe they (animals/objects) will bathe

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Verbs - 3 - 3 vinaic coRkaL - 3 Addressing people who are higher / equal / lower, with respect / contempt In Tamil, it is very important to use appropriate verb forms when addressing someone. Note: 1) Plural endings are used as respectful endings. These are used when addressing people who are older than you are in age or higher status (job, social, etc), or strangers. a) When you do not know the name or do not use the name, 'aiyA' or 'ammA', 'aNNa', 'akkA', etc. are used to address the person. 2) Singular endings are used when addressing well known equals (in age and status), or known inferiors (in age or sometimes in status even if older in age), or close family members (brothers, sisters, in some families even parents, etc.) a) When you do not know the name or use the name, 'thambi', 'appA', 'ammA' are used to address the person. 3) Inferior endings ('dA' - masculine, 'dI' - feminine) can be used when addressing very young members of one's family (or friend's family). 4) Inferior endings ('dA', 'dI') may be used to show contempt/disrespect. a) When you do not know the name or use the name, 'adEy' (masculine), 'adI' (feminine) are used to address the person. 5) Salutational endings ('ga', 'Aga') can be used when appropriate against all levels. Verb Construction Approach Sentence uses the 2nd person singular form of verb the 2nd person plural form of verb the 2nd person singular form of verb + 'dA' or 'dI' the 2nd person singular form of verb + 'dA' or 'dI' Just the 2nd person singular form of verb used Sentence
Meaning

~nI uLLE vA ~nI~nggaL uLLE vAru~nggaL ~nI uLLE vAdA ~nI uLLE vAdi vA

You come inside (singular)

You come inside (plural / respect) You come inside (singular masculine - inferior) (e.g. father to son) You come inside (singular feminine - inferior) (e.g. father to daughter) come (curt)

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Verb Construction Approach Just the 2nd person singular form of verb used twice appropriate verb root form + 'ga' used (for both singular and plural) full verb + 'Aga' (e.g. 'varuvAy' + 'Aga') full verb + 'Aga' (e.g. 'varuvIrgaL' + 'Aga') appropriate verb root form + 'ga' used (for both singular and plural)

Sentence vA vA varuga ~nI varuvAyAga ~nI~nggaL varuvIrgaLAga ~nI~nggaL pallANdu vAzhga i~nggu vA thambi

Meaning come come (friendly singular) May (you) come

May you (singluar) come May you (plural) come May you (plural) live long

i~nggu vA ammA

, ,

i~nggu vAru~nggaL aiyA i~nggu vAru~nggaL ammA akkA, ezhu~ndhukoL akkA, ezhu~ndhukoLLu~nggaL

come here, younger brother (calling a male stranger who is much younger than you are) come here, mother (calling a female stranger who is much younger than you are) come (plural) here, sir (calling a male stranger with respect) come (plural) here, mother (calling a female stranger with respect) Older sister, get up.(simgluar). (addressing one's real older sister) Older sister, get up (p;ural). (addressing one's real older sister or a slightly older girl/woman)

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affirmation / negation In Tamil, negation of a verb is indicated by one of the following methods. 1) 'A', 'Amal', 'Adhu' is appended to the verb suitably. a) theriyum / theriyAdhu, va~ndhu / varAmal, etc. 2) Mudiyum / mudiyAdhu: verb participle + 'mudiyAdhu' = "Can not" do something (i.e. unable to) 3) vENdum / kUdAdhu: verb participle + 'kUdAdhu' = "Should not" do something (i.e. must not) 4) verb participle + 'mAttEn', 'mAttAy' etc. are used = "Will not" do something (i.e. unwilling to) 5) uNdu / illai = is there / is not there = have / do not have
Some examples:




Last Updated: 13-Jun-03 05_verbs.doc ~nAn OduvEn ~nI Odu ~nAn Oda mAttEn ~nI varuvAy ~nI vara mAttAy enakkuth thamizh theriyum enakku hi~ndhi theriyAdhu indRu rayil Odum ~nALai rayilgaL OdA avan theri~ndhu seydhAn avaL theriyAmal seydhAL rAman ~nallavan rAvaNan ~nallavan allan ~nALai paLLi uNdu ~nALai paLLi illai ennidam paNam irukkiRadhu ennidam paNam illai uNmai pEsa vENdum poy sollak kUdAdhu uLLE pO veLiyE pOgAdhE kampyUtteril viLaiyAdamal iru I will run you run I will not run You will come You will not come I know Tamil I do not know Hindi The train runs today The trains do not run tomorrow He did it knowingly She did it unknowingly Raman is good. Ravanan is not good. (there is) school tomorrow (there is) no school tomorrow I have money I do not have money (you) must speak the truth (you) should not tell lies go inside do not go outside stay / be there without playing in the computer 28

tIvi pArkkAmal padi enakku oru vIdu uNdu enakkup poRAmai illai Table of common verbs - negation

study without watching TV I have a house I do not have jealousy

Verb

2nd person singular

2nd person singular irukkAdhE varAdhE tharAdhE pOgAdhE sollAdhE AdAdhE viLaiyAdAdhE pAdAdhE OdAdhE thEdAdhE vaikkAdhE thEykkAdhE sirikkAdhE azhAdhE seyyAdhE kodukkAdhE thodukkAdhE adikkAdhE kadikkAdhE kudikkAdhE madikkAdhE ~nadikkAdhE odikkAdhE

without + 'verb'ing

without + 'verb'ing illAmal varAmal tharAmal pOgAmal sollAmal AdAmal

viLaiyAdAmal

Past participle

Past participle iru~ndha va~ndha tha~ndha pOna sonna Adiya viLaiyAdiya pAdiya Odiya thEdiya vaiththa thEyththa siriththa azhudha seydhu koduththu thoduththu adiththu kadiththu kudiththu madiththu ~nadiththu odiththu

Neg. past participle

Neg. past participle illAdha varAdha tharAdha pOgAdha sollAdha AdAdha

viLaiyAdAdha

iru vA thA pO sol Adu viLaiyAdu pAdu Odu thEdu vai thEy siri azhu sey kodu thodu adi kadi kudi madi ~nadi odi

pAdAmal OdAmal thEdAmal vaikkAmal thEykkAmal sirikkAmal azhAmal seyyAmal kodukkAmal thodukkAmal adikkAmal kadikkAmal kudikkAmal madikkAmal ~nadikkAmal odikkAmal

pAdAdha OdAdha thEdAdha vaikkAdha thEykkAdha sirikkAdha azhAdha seyyAdha

kodukkAdha thodukkAdha

adikkAdha kadikkAdha kudikkAdha

madikkAdha ~nadikkAdha

odikkAdha 29

Last Updated: 13-Jun-03 05_verbs.doc

Verb udai azhai pizhai uzhai paRi eri vizhu thU~nggu ~nil kEL mIL pOdu vidu idu thodu kUppidu Ottu kAttu mAttu Attu thAlAttu alambu kiLambu anuppu vaLar vaLar

2nd person singular

2nd person singular

without + 'verb'ing

without + 'verb'ing

Past participle

Past participle udaiththu azhaiththu pizhaiththu uzhaiththu paRiththu eriththu vizhu~ndhu thU~nggiya ~nindRa kEtta mItta pOtta vitta itta thotta kUppitta Ottiya kAttiya mAttiya Attiya thAlAttiya alambiya kiLambiya anuppiya vaLar~ndha vaLarththa

Neg. past participle

Neg. past participle udaikkAdha

azhaikkAdha pizhaikkAdha uzhaikkAdha

udaikkAdhE azhaikkAdhE pizhaikkAdhE uzhaikkAdhE

paRikkAdhE erikkAdhE vizhAdhE thU~nggAdhE ~niRkAdhE kEtkAdhE mItkAdhE pOdAdhE vidAdhE idAdhE thodAdhE kUppidAdhE OttAdhE kAttAdhE mAttAdhE AttAdhE thAlAttAdhE alambAdhE kiLambAdhE anuppAdhE vaLarAdhE vaLarkkAdhE

udaikkAmal azhaikkAmal pizhaikkAmal uzhaikkAmal paRikkAmal erikkAmal vizhAmal thU~nggAmal ~niRkAmal kEtkAmal mItkAmal pOdAmal vidAmal idAmal
thodAmal kUppidAmal OttAmal kAttAmal mAttAmal AttAmal thAlAttAmal alambAmal kiLambAmal anuppAmal vaLarAmal vaLarkkAmal

paRikkAdha

erikkAdha vizhAdha
thU~nggAdha

~niRkAdha kEtkAdha mItkAdha pOdAdha vidAdha idAdha thodAdha

kUppidAdha

OttAdha kAttAdha mAttAdha AttAdha

thAlAttAdha

alambAdha
kiLambAdha

anuppAdha vaLarAdha
vaLarkkAdha

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Doubt / Uncertainty In Tamil, doubt / uncertainty is expressed using the patterm ('verb participle' + 'Alum' + verb).
Some examples: ~nAn va~ndhAlum varuvEn mazhai peydhAlum peyyalAm ~nAn ~nALai Urukkup pOnAlum pOvEn avar paNam koduththAlum koduppAr indRu i~ndhiyA jeyiththAlum jeyikkum avaL pAdinAlum pAduvAL rayilil utkAra idam kidaiththAlum kidaikkum I may come (but there is doubt - It is also possible that I may not come) It may possibly rain I may possibly go out of town tomorrow He (respect) may possibly give money India may possibly win today She may possibly sing (there) may possibly a place available to sit in the train.

Last Updated: 13-Jun-03 05_verbs.doc

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