I HC HU TRNG I HC NNG LM KHOA CHN NUI TH Y

Bi tiu lun Chuyn : SINH TNG HP PROTEIN

Sinh vin thc hin: Trn Trung Hu Lp: Chn Nui Th Y 44 Ging vin: Nguyn Th Lc
Hu, ngy 01 thng 12 nm 2011

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Cc protein c hot tnh sinh hc ang ngy cng c s dng rng ri lm thuc nh cc hormon, enzym...trc y ngun nguyn liu sn xut cc loi protein ny ch yu l chit t cc b phn ca ng vt. Tuy nhin do nhu cu ngy cng cao trong khi ngun cung t ng vt rt hn ch, gi thnh li t nn vic tng hp protein c t ra mt cch cp thit. Trong nhng thp nin gn y, vi nhng bc tin ln trong cng ngh sinh hc phn t vic tng hp protein khng cn kh khn nh trc nh phng php tng hp sinh hc. Mc d mt s protein c th tng hp bng con ng ho hc song phng php tng hp sinh hc th hin tnh ti u v thc tin cao. Thc t hin nay phng php ny c p dng rng ri khng nhng tng hp mt s loi protein lm thuc nh insulin, growht,hormon...m cn tng hp rt nhiu hp cht khc m ngun nguyn liu hn ch hoc con ng tng hp ho hc gp kh khn. I. PROTEIN. 1. Khi nim: protin l mt nhm cc hp cht i phn t sinh hc ,cng vi polysacchaide, lipid v nuclic acid ,to nn cc hp phn ch yu ca c th sng .protein l c s vt cht ca s sng.Cu to t 4 nguyn t chnh l C,O,N,H ngoi ra cn c cc nhm photphat. 2. Cu to ha hc. + Protein l 1 i phn t, cu to a phn do nhiu n phn axit amin (aa) hp thnh. + c 20 loi n phn aa Cng thc chung: Cc amino acid lin kt vi nhau bng chui lin kt peptide. Lin kt peptit c to thnh do nhm cacboxyl (-CO-) ca aa ny ni vi nhm amin (-NH-) ca aa k cn, ng thi gii phng 1 H2O Protein c th gm 1 hay nhiu chui polypeptit cng loi hay khc loi. Tnh c th v a dng ca Protein c th hin : - S lng axit amin - Thnh phn v trnh t sp xp cc amino acid trong chui polypeptit

- Cu trc khng gian ca protein. 3. Cu trc khng gian ca protein: 4 bc

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Cu trc bc mt: Cc axit amin ni vi nhau bi lin kt peptit hnh thnh nn chui polypeptide. u mch polypeptide l nhm amin ca axit amin th nht v cui mch l nhm carboxyl ca axit amin cui cng. Cu trc bc mt ca protein thc cht l trnh t sp xp ca cc axit amin trn chui polypeptide. Cu trc bc mt ca protein c vai tr ti quan trng v trnh t cc axit amin trn chui polypeptide s th hin tng tc gia cc phn trong chui polypeptide, t to nn hnh dng lp th ca protein v do quyt nh tnh cht cng nh vai tr ca protein. S sai lch trong trnh t sp xp ca cc axit amin c th dn n s bin i cu trc v tnh cht ca protein. Cu trc bc hai: l s sp xp u n cc chui polypeptide trong khng gian. Chui polypeptide thng khng dng thng m xon li to nn cu trc xon v cu trc np gp , c c nh bi cc lin kt hyro gia nhng axit amin gn nhau. Cc protein si nh keratin, collagen... (c trong lng, tc, mng, sng)gm nhiu xon , trong khi cc protein cu c nhiu np gp hn. Cu trc bc ba: Cc xon v phin gp np c th cun li vi nhau thnh tng bi c hnh dng lp th c trng cho tng loi protein. Cu trc khng gian ny c vai tr quyt nh i vi hot tnh v chc nng ca protein. Cu trc ny li c bit ph thuc vo tnh cht ca nhm -R trong cc mch polypeptide. Chng hn nhm -R ca cysteine c kh nng to cu isulfur (-S-S-), nhm -R ca proline cn tr vic hnh thnh xon, t v tr ca chng s xc nh im gp, hay nhng nhm -R a nc th nm pha ngoi phn t, cn cc nhm k nc th chui vo bn trong phn t... Cc lin kt yu hn nh lin kt hydro hay in ha tr c gia cc nhm -R c in tch tri du. Cu trc bc bn: Khi protein c nhiu chui polypeptide phi hp vi nhau th to nn cu trc bc bn ca protein. Cc chui polypeptide lin kt vi nhau nh cc lin kt yu nh lin kt hyro. Chc nng ca protein. + Cu to nn t bo v c th. Chng ng vai tr ct li trong cu trc ca nhn, ca mi bo quan, c bit l h mng sinh hc c tnh chn lc cao. V d: clagen tham gia cu to nn cc m lin kt, histon tham
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gia cu trc nhim sc th.... + Vn chuyn cc cht. Mt s prtin c vai tr nh nhng xe ti vn chuyn cc cht trong c th. V d: hmglbin... + Bo v c th. V d: cc khng th (c bn cht l prtin) c chc nng bo v c th chng li cc tc nhn gy bnh... + Thu nhn thng tin. V d: cc th th trong t bo... + Xc tc cho cc phn ng sinh ha. V d: cc enzim (c bn cht l prtin) ng vai tr xc tc cho cc phn ng sinh hc... + iu ho qu trnh trao i cht. Cc hoocmn - phn ln l prtin c chc nng iu ho qu trnh trao i cht trong t bo v trong c th. V d: insulin iu ho lng ng trong mu... + Vn ng. Nhiu loi prtin tham gia vo chc nng vn ng ca t bo v c th. V d: miozin trong c, cc prtin cu to nn ui tinh trng... + D tr. Lc thiu ht cacbohirat v lipit, t bo c th phn gii prtin d tr cung cp nng lng cho t bo v c th hot ng. V d: albumin, cazin, prtin d tr trong cc ht ca cy.
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II.QU TRNH SINH TNG HP PRTIN TRONG T BO. Sao m. 1. Khi nim: L qu trnh truyn thng tin di truyn t phn t ADN mch kp sang ARN mch n. Qu trnh phin m ch xy ra trn 1 mch ca gen, mch ny c gi l mch gc.

2. Yu t tham gia - Enzim: cn nhiu enzim khc nhau, v cc yu t tr gip. Vai tr chnh l ca ARN polimeraza (ARN pol) - Khun: 1 mch ca ADN. Chiu tng hp mch mi t 5'-3'. - Nguyn liu: Cc riboNu v ngun cung cp nng lng (ATP, UTP, GTP...) 3. Din bin a. M u: - ARN pol nhn bit im khi u phin m. Vic ARN pol nhn bit im khi u phin m ca 1 gen l cc k quan trng i vi s phin m ca gen. 1 khi ARN pol bm vo ADN, gn nh chc chn n s phin m. ARN pol th lun r sot dc si ADN, trong khi gen th c gen c phin m

nhiu, gen phin m t. Cn bn ca s khc nhau ny l ci gi l i lc ca gen i vi ARN pol. i lc cng cao, gen cng c nhiu ARN pol chy qua, cng nhiu phn t protein c tng hp. i lc ny ph thuc vo hng lot protein, v c bit l trnh t vng iu ha ca gen. - ADN tho xon, tch mch ti v tr khi u phin m. - Cc riboNu ti v tr ADN tch mch, lin kt vi ADN mch khun theo nguyn tc b sung, c th: A (ADN) lin kt vi U mi trng (mt) T (ADN) lin kt vi A mt G (ADN) lin kt vi X mt X (ADN) lin kt vi G mt - Hnh thnh lin kt photphoieste gia cc riboNu -> to mch.

b. Ko di: - ARN pol di chuyn trn mch gc theo chiu 3'-5', c nh th, cc riboNu lin kt to thnh phn t ARN. - ARN tch dn khi mch ADN, 2 mch ADN sau khi ARN pol i qua li lin kt tr li. c. Kt thc:

Nh tn hiu kt thc, ARN pol kt thc vic tng hp ARN, ri khi ADN. Phn t ARN c to ra sinh vt nhn s, qua 1 vi s ch nh c th lm khun tng hp protein. Trn thc t, sinh vt nhn s, qu trnh phin m (tng hp mARN) v qu trnh dch m (tng hp protein) gn nh xy ra ng thi. Cn sinh vt nhn thc, do gen l gen phn mnh (c xen k exon v intron), nn phn t ARN c to ra c c on tng ng intron, exon. Phn t ny c gi l tin mARN. Tin mARN s c ct b cc intron to thnh phn t mARN trng thnh. Phn t mARN trng thnh ny mi lm khun tng hp protein.

Vic ct b intron kh phc tp. Cn c nhng on trnh t c bit phc h ct intron c th nhn bit c. Do vy, nu c t bin xy ra lm thay i trnh t ny, khin phc h ct intron khng nhn ra intron, khng ct intron, u c th dn n thay i cu trc protein. V vy, khng hon ton ng khi ni rng t bin intron l khng gy hi. Sau khi ct intron, vic sp xp li cc exon cng l vn . S sp xp khc nhau c th dn n cc phn t mARN trng thnh khc nhau, v ng nhin l quy nh cc protein khc nhau. y l 1 hin tng c thy i vi gen quy nh tng hp khng th ngi. V vy, ch 1 lng rt nh gen nhng c th tng hp rt nhiu loi khng th khc nhau. sinh vt nhn thc, h enzim phc tp hn, c nhiu loi ARN pol tng hp tng loi mARN, tARN, rARN. Gii m. Dch m hay cn gi l gii m c thc hin ngoi t bo cht, gip t bo tng hp nn cc loi protein khc nhau tham gia vo chc nng v cu trc t bo. Gm 2 giai on: Giai on 1: Tng hp ARN chuyn thng tin di truyn t gen sang sn phm prtin (xem phn tng hp ARN) Giai on 2: Tng hp prtin t bo cht gm 4 bc c bn: (Mt s sch chia l 2 giai on: khi u, ko di v kt thc) + Bc 1: Hot ho axit amin. Cc axit amin t do c trong bo cht c hot ho nh gn vi hp cht giu nng lng aenzintriphtphat (ATP) di tc dng ca mt s loi enzim. Sau , nh mt loi enzim c hiu khc, axit amin c hot ho li lin kt vi tARN tng ng to nn phc hp axit amin tARN (aa tARN).

+ Bc 2: M u chui plipeptit c s tham gia ca ribxm , b ba m u AUG(GUG sinh vt nhn s), tARN axit amin m u tin vo ribxm i m ca n khp vi m m u trn mARN theo NTBS. Kt thc giai on m u

+ Bc 3: Ko di chui plipeptit, tARN vn chuyn axit amin th nht tin vo ribxm i m ca n khp vi m m u ca mARN theo nguyn tc b sung. aa1 tARN ti v tr bn cnh, i m ca n khp vi m ca axit amin th nht trn mARN theo nguyn tc b sung. Enzim xc tc to thnh lin kt peptit gia axit amin m u v axit amin th nht. Ribxm dch chuyn i mt b ba trn mARN (s chuyn v) lm cho tARN m u ri khi ribxm. Tip , aa2 tARN tin vo ribxm, i m ca n khp vi m ca axit amin th hai trn mARN theo nguyn tc b sung.

Lin kt peptit gia aa1 v aa2 c to thnh. S chuyn v li xy ra, v c tip tc nh vy cho n khi ribxm tip xc vi b ba tip gip vi b ba kt thc phn t chui polipeptit lc ny c cu trc aaM aa1 aa2 ... aan vn cn gn vi tARN axit amin th n. + Bc 4: Kt thc chui plipeptit, Ribxm chuyn dch sang b ba kt thc lc ny ngng qu trnh dch m 2 tiu phn ca ribxm tch nhau ra tARN, axit amin cui cng c tch khi chui polipeptit. Mt enzim khc loi b axit amin m u gii phng chui plipeptit.

Mi mARN cng lc c th c nhiu ribxm trt qua vi khong cch l 51 102. Ngha l trn mi mARN c th tng hp nhiu prtin cng loi. S tng hp prtin gp phn m bo cho prtin thc hin chc nng biu hin tnh trng v cung cp nguyn liu cu to nn cc bo quan va` m nhn nhiu chc nng khc nhau. Qu trnh dch m. sinh vt nhn thc, sau khi mARN c tng hp, hon thin, n s ri khi nhn, ra ngoi t bo cht, lm khun mu cho qu trnh dch m. sinh vt nhn s, v khng c mng nhn, nn qu trnh phin m v dch m xy ra gn nh ng thi. Trong qu trnh dch m, mARN lin kt vi riboxom. Qu trnh dch m c thc hin theo 3 bc: Hot ho a.a Di tc dng ca enzim, v s dng nng lng, 1 phn t a.a s lin kt vi 1 phn t tARN ti v tr xc nh, to thnh phc h aa tARN. Ta coi rng mi loi tARN ch lin kt vi 1 loi a.a; nhng mi loi a.a c th lin kt vi nhiu hn 1 loi tARN (tnh cht tng t vi m b ba) Dch m v hnh thnh chui polipeptit Tiu phn b ca riboxom lin kt vi mARN, sau phn t tARN mang a.a m u (Met nhn thc, f-Met nhn s) n. B ba i m trn phn t tARN s lin kt theo nguyn tc b sung vi b ba m ho trn phn t mARN. Sau , tiu phn ln ca riboxom s lin kt, to thnh phc h mARN-riboxom, bt u qu trnh dch m. Qu trnh ny cn c s tham gia ca cc yu t khc (If-I, If-II) tARN mang a.a th nht ti v tr A (tARN mang Met v tr P c sn), trong b ba i m ca n lin kt b sung vi b ba m ho tip theo (sau v tr m u) trn mARN. Enzim xc tc hnh thnh lin kt peptit gia a.a m u v a.a th nht. Tip , riboxom dch chuyn 1 nc trn mARN, khin cc tARN dch chuyn 1 v tr: + tARN mang a.a m u -> v tr E. Lin kt gia tARN v a.a ca n b ph v, tARN ri khi riboxom. + tARN mang a.a th nht -> v tr P.

+ 1 tARN khc, mang a.a th 2 vo lin kt vi b ba m ho k tip trn mARN. C nh th, lin kt peptit c hnh thnh gia cc a.a theo th t nht nh. Qu trnh tip tc cho ti khi gp b ba kt thc th dng li. Cc tiu phn riboxom tch nhau v ri khi mARN, gii phng chui polipeptit mi c tng hp. Axit amin m u ri khi chui. Chui polipeptit tip tc c hon thin v to thnh phn t protein hon chnh. Poliriboxom: Trn mi phn t mARN thng c 1 s riboxom cng hot ng, ti cc v tr khc nhau, ln lt tng hp nn cc chui polipeptit ging nhau. Nh , trong 1 khong thi gian ngn, 1 lng ln protein c th c hnh thnh, p ng nhu cu ca t bo. Cc riboxom, tARN c ti s dng nhiu ln, dng tng hp nn mi loi protein trong c th. Cn cc mARN sau khi s dng thng s b phn hu. i sng ca 1 mARN cng l 1 c ch iu ho hot ng gen. II. S IU HA QU TRNH SINH TNG HP PRTIN ( VI KHUN) 1.Thnh phn ca 1 Operon

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