4

( )

1428/3797 :
9960 - 48 - 247 - 2 :

1431 1432 2010/ 2011

: ``````````SG
......................................................................... : ````SQ`dG
.........................................................................

1431 1432
2010 2011

 ()4
)Physics (4
( )

( )

.
.

.
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.
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1432 - 1431
2011 - 2010

12


( ) - 142
174 27x 21
60 - 4 - 427 - 2 :
- 1 - -2 -
- .
1427 /277
22760714
142 / 377 :
60 - 4 - 247 - 2 :

gd edG IQGOEG

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www.moe.gov.sa

www.moe/sh.gov.sa

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Part One

36-2

MGN*
C (wz * *w

WbI
uC WFO
U_ uC uK
WOzuC WF_ e(
UJF UuU
WdJ Ud*
UdLK UF uUI
dOJ u uU
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uAM* w UJ
uAM* w uC qOK%
Wd( We
Wd( We UIOD
UbF w uB uJ U
UbFK UF uUI
WbF u
dB uO
WdB eN_
uC Uu uO
WOzuC Uu* qb
!u Wd&
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Ub WK


WHB r
v

h 1 -

WbI
u* U_ wzUM VOd
u* t u
N Type uM s
P Type uM s
PN WOzUM WKu
WOzUM WKu qOu
UOK uIL WKu qOu
ued
WKUJ* dzb
WOdJ UOMI WK
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Ub WK

26 - 2

(M (

WbI
d( WOL
d( e
WOuM d(
Wd( jOU*
UGK Wd( u)
Wd( UJOUMb
d( qGA
Wd( UJOUMb 5u
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9 o*

WHB r
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WHB r
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10

:
WdB UO_ hzUB bF

WOOUMGdNJ Uu* d= F

UO_ UIOD r UBU dA

UO( w WdB

WOzuC Uu* UA b dc

UbF u eO1
UbFK UF uUI U OU oD

w UJF wuU s U OKL oI

uC

UbF w dOJ uU oD

UdLK UF uUI U OU oD

dB uO b

UdLK dOJ u V

jO dJ* uJdJO* qL UI
UEM

lu* WOKLF WdEM ZzUM 5 UI

d* w uB

jO dN* bU Wd& d
UEM

uC UJ dH

fU UN WOUMB UL_ qL dA
WOzuC UuLK
WOzuC UuLK qb b dH
WOzuC UuLK UDI b dH

UJF u bF

WDu U OKL uC qOK Wd& d

uAM*
uAM* WDu U OKL nOD lL
wK UJF vK uBK Wd& d
uCK wK
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11

 :Introduction

Light

( )3
.


.

10 3 /

. .

( 5 10 225 / ) .

.

.
:

Light Natural :
.

( ) .


.

12

 :


.

.
.
.
:
--1
........ ( ).............

-2

.........
(. )...........
-3
( )3-1

.............
(. )...........
)4
1
(

)1
1
(

( )1-1

)3
1
(

( )2-1

:
( ))4-1
.
.

4
1
(
)
()-1

13

 .
( ).

:Law of Reection
:
: = .
:

( ) .
(.)5-1

(( ))-1

A ()1 - 1

( : ) Hartl

:
. 360

--1
( . )-1

--2

)

()-1

6
1
(

.
-3 .

- .

14

 ()1-1

: .
: - - - - .
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 ()
-4
-5
-6 = ....
-7 = ....

: = .... ....

15

:Spherical Mirrors


:

( )-1

-1 ( ) :Concave Mirror
(.)7-1
-2 ( ) :Convex Mirror
(.)-1

( )-1

Me
.

:
( ))-1( ) 7-1
:

-1 () : .
-2 ( :Center of Curvature )2
.
- 3 ( ) :Focal Point
. ()7-1
- : .

16

()-1

 - () :
( . )-1
- ( ) :Focal Length F .
- () = R ( R = 2F . ) 2f

F = 1/2 R

: ()1-1

:

( )10-1 :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .

( )1

( )2

( )3

()1-1

Me

.
:

17

(
)

..........

..........

..........

..........

..........

..........

..........

..........

18

..........

..........

:
()2-1

. .

19

 (:)Convex

(: ) 11 -1
--1
.
--2
.

( )11-1

-3
.

( )1

( )2

( )3

20

:
() ()
:
1
()f

1
()s

1
( )s

:Magnication equation

( ))L
( )L ( )S ( ))s
:

()L
( )s
( = )s ()L

)1
2
1
(
( )12-1

21

Me
:
-1 : ( ) ( ).
-2 : .
-3 :
.
:

S
F

:

.

.
A

22

1-1
20
: 30 -

10 - .

:
60

30

20

S = 60 = 2 = M
S
30

1
1
1
=
+
20
30
S
S = 60 cm

1
1
+
S
S
3-2
1
=
60
60

1
=
F
1
=
S

)(

1-1

20 15
-
: - .
................ ....................................................................
................................ ....................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................

23

 ()3-1

( ):
: .
: - - - - ()
:
-1 .

-2 .

-3 .

-4 .
-5 .

1
2
3

-6 .

24

-7 =

 Refraction of light

.




.

: .


).(-

. :

) (-

.

) (-

:Refractions laws
:
.

25

= n2 sin

..
.

n1 sin

2-1
2-1

bdG
e
bdG e

(::
)(:
))
(

n1
n
n21
n2
1
1
2
2

Me
Me

)(u

)(c

)(c)(u
( )c ()u

cc
:
:
= nn
:

uu

60
==..()1
)=(.

)
(

40
nn11sin
sin 11==nn22sin
sin 22
1x
1xsin
sin60
60==nn22xxsin
sin40
40

)066 sin(60

(==)== sin(60
)(===
==135
)
)
( nn22
)sin(40

)0643 sin(40
(.
)(.
)).
(

()
)(

()

)(..
)()(.

.
.

26

 ()-1

- - - - .

-1 .
-2 .

-3
.
-4

-5 .... =1

= ....

= 1
:
1

n2

n sin 1 = n2 sin

sin 1
sin 1

= n2

27

:refraction in prism

( )14 -1
.
1
2
( )


()
( )1-1


() ( )14-1
:
2

= 1 + 2 - A

: (( )A .

3-1
40 37
.
:

= 1 + 2 - A
37 = 40 + 2 - 60
37 = 2 - 20
20 + 37 = 2
= 257
28

4-1
( )
. 45
.15
:
1

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin
)sin (45
= sin 1
1.5
A= 1+ 2
= 31.87

= n1 sin 2

n2 sin

... 1.5 x sin (31.9) = 1 x sin 2

... 2 = 52.4
= 1 + 2 - A
= 45 + 52.4 - 60
= 37.4

...

29

 ()-1

: .
: .
:
- 1
.
-2 .

1
2

--3 ( )
.
--4 .
-5

-6
=
-7

= 1 + 2 - A

30

A+
) sin ( 2
=n
)sin (A/2

 () :
( ) 1 ( ) () :

= 1 + 2-A

A = 1 + 2

:


:
A ()2-1

: .
:
- 1 .
- 2
.
()1-1
- 3 .
....................................................

31

Me

( . )15-1
A ()3-1

: ( ( )1-1
)
:
- 1 .
- 2
- 3 .
- 4 .
)1
6
1
(
..........................................
()1-1

Me

.
:
-1 :
.

32

 -2
.
-3

Me


:

( n ) = 1520
= 153
( n : ) = 2410
= 245
.



.

( . )17-1

( )1-1 ( = -1)

33



( . )1-1

)1
8
1
(

()1-1

: spectrum compired




( ))1-1
.
(( ))1-1

34

 :
Total internal reetion

()
( )20-1 1
:
= =

2

. 3

90

)2
01
(

()2-1

4 0
() .
:
.
() () 0 :

= n2 sin 90

n1 sin

. 5

( ) : Fibers optices

35


( ) 001 0002
( . ) 21-1

)2
1
1
(
()21-1

( ))22-1

)2
2
1
(

()22-1

( . )23-1
.
)2
3
1
(

()23-1

36

 :Lenses





. :

()2-1

-1 ( ) : .
-2 ( ) : .
( )24-1 .
:
-1 () :
) .
-2 :
.
-3 :
.
- () :
( . ) 25-1

()2-1

- () :
. )26
. ( ) 1
- () :
.

()2-1

37

) . (-

-- .
-- .

-- .

) ( :

))(-

........... ...........

........... ...........

38

........... ...........

........... ...........

........... ...........

A ()-1

() .

( ) :

(. )2 -1

-1 .
-2 .

()2-1

39

 -3 .

:

:
.

:
() : ()
() :

1
()f

1
F

=
1
S

()s
+

1
S

40

1
()s

 :

() ()
() () :

()s
()s

()L
()L

. ( ).

5-1

15
30 .
1
S

S
=
S
30

1
15

= S

1
S
=

1
F

2-1
30

41

10
10 30
30
( )F .
: .
P = constant 1
f

( )

1
f

=P

: 1

Me

.

)(6-1
10
20 .
10

1
F

42

=P

1
1
= P = F (M) = 0.10

 ()6-1

: ( ).

( )
.
:
- 1 ( ) ()
.
- 2 .
- 3 ( )s ( .)s
)S/1( Y
- 4 ( )S ()S
(. )M
Y
- 5 S/1 S/1
)
(
f/ F . P
)S/1( X
X

1
s

1
s

1
+ 1
s
s

1
=
f

:
- 1

: ......... = f =...........

= x1
- 2 :
........ = 1
y
........... =f ........... =P .

43

 :
UA

: :
- .
- .
- .

- ...

) ( -





.

) (-

.

.

44

 :
:
(.)

:
-1 25
( ) .
-2 25 .
-3 .

25
50 500
.

45


.
( ) .

:
: : Aearsigl tedness

!
( - 2 5 ) ()
( ) .
:

- ( ) .
-2 () 25 .

( 30-1) .
:

( )

()3-1

-1
f
46

=P

1
S

=P

( )f .

)(7-1
2
.

2
:
= - 1 = 0.5
2

P =-1
f

( ) ( . )
: :Farssightedness

25

( ) -

-1( ) .

-2
(25 ) .

( ) 31-1.

:
()31-1

47

 :
:

4 L - 100
L

1
F

=P

() ( ).

)(8-1
40
.

:
25
:

= 1.5

48

4x 40 - 100
40

4 L - 100
L

=P

1
s

a Wd

= L-25
25L

1
f

+
1
L

L
4L - 100

= f
4L - l
100

1
s

1
f

125

1
f

= 25L s.m
L-25
25L
m.m
(100 )L-25
=

1
f

: ( : )

( ))32 -1 .
.
()32-1

49


.




:
( )1 .
( )2 .

a Wd

1
2 .
:

( - 2)1
=

( )


.

50

 :


( ) :



*.
( ) Telescope

.


.

( .)33-1
:

(()33-1

* .

51

 ( )
.

bdG e

F obj
=P
Feye

F obj

Feye

L = Fe + Fo

)(9-1
100 5 .
.

F obj
Feye

=P

100
5

= 20

( 105 = 5 + 100 = fo + fe = )L

52


. .

:


( - - - - -).

:Diraction of Light

:
:
A (6-1

:

- 1 .
- 2
.
-3

53


( )

.

:
( ) .

( ) .
( )
. (.)34-1

()3-1

54

 :
10 ()
() .
A ()-1

. ( )
:

- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4
. ( ) 35 1

X
)3
()3-1
(1

(
)
.

55

n x
d

=y

1=n ( )y
y ( )n . n
.

bdG e

d
x

.
.
.

.

)(10-1
7- 10 x 4 3
15 . .

y = nx
d

= y

.......... :

10 4 1
10 3

7-

15

3-

-1
( ) n
n (.)36 -1

56

 -2

)n+ 1 ( n ( .) 37 -1
2

:
().

( )3-1

( )3-1

Resolving power:

( ) .



( )40-1( )3-1( )3-1
( )

( ).

57

()3-1

58

( )3-1

()-1

 : Polaraization
A ( - 1

( )
(. )1 - 1
() ()
( ) ()

( )1-1

()
()
(. )1 -1

( )2-1

() ()
( ) (.)2 -1

59

 :Polaraization

( )43 -1 .

()3-1

60

A ( - 1

( ) ( ) -1
( ) . ( )

( )
() ()
( )
()
.
()

()

()-1

61

:
-1 :

.
(( )45-1)

( )

.
(( )45-1)

()-1

62

 -2 Polarizer

63

)1 :
- :




- :
25
25
25
25
- :

- :

- :




- . :

-
:

64

- :

- :

- :

)2 :

)3
) .

65

 ) 2
() :

= 15

- = 10
- = 5
- = 3
)
) ( ) ( )
( ) .
) ( ) 12 . ( )12

) 2

)1
:
25 200 50 - )11

66

50 -

50 +

20 -

20+

10 -

10+

1-

1+

05 -

05+

)12 2+


) 13 ( -) .
)1 () ( ) :
- .
- .
- .
.
- 54

67

 .
-

-
.
) 1
3 . 133
)1

= . 3
)1 :

)1 .

68

 )1 2
.
)2 .

)21 3
.
)22 2
. :

)23
.
.
)2 ( )

69

70

:
WKu* t U* nB
qOu w WKu* t u* WOL 5
WzUA c YO s P uM s qu* t N uM s qu* t uK 5 UI
Diod WOzUM WKu VOd nB
WOzUM WKu w eU( bN bI UNOK nu w quF nB
WOzUM WKu qOu d nB
WOzUM WK bU UO .uI Wd& d
WOzUM WKu Ub iF dc
ued VOd rd l nB
ued qL dA
ued Ub iF dc
oKG uH WOzUdN dzb lU UHL ued vK Wd& d
WKUJ* WOdJ dzb vK dF
ud dz vK dF
ueHK dz vK dF
jI And or Not WD* WOIDM* dzb dA
w VU( qL vK dF
WOdJ luI dz vK dF

71

 Electronics
: Introduction



.

:Electronics
* .

104 .
120 .
150
.

Me
:
-1 .
-2
( ) .
-3
.
-4
.not or and
() .

72

 :Installation of Structural Semi Conductors

(
)
.


( )-2

( )KBT
:
-1
(.)1-2
-2 .
(( ))2-2
-3 (23-)
.
:
- :
( ) ()
.
( )3-2
.posivive charge carries
- ( )
n- Type ( )
P- Type


( . ) 3 -2

73


.


. HOLES
( )4-2
(.)5-2



Negative Charge carriers
. Positive Charge carriers

. .
( )

()-2

(( ))-2 +

( )
.
( 1 ) 3
( 25 )

74

( )1310 2.4 ( )1010 1.5

.

.
. Impurities

:
()Donor

(.)Acceptor

(()-2
n - type

Extrinsic Semiconductor
:
: N-Type Semiconductor :

:
( ) As ()P
( )Sb ( )Bi .
( ) As


( .)2-

( )

.

Majority Carriers
Minority Carriers

75

 . n-Type
.

.
: P-Type Semiconductor :

( ( )Al ) ( )Ga ( )In
( )Ga .


( ) (. )-2

(()-2

( ) N ( ) p
.

( )-2
( )
.

(( ))-2

76

 ( ( )N )
( . ) p
.
(Diode ) P. N
N

.

( ) p

( ) PN
( )10-2 :

-1 N

( ) .
-2 ( ) P
(
) .
(


)P

()-2

( )-2

()2-

( )-2

77

 -3 N P
N P

N
.
.

Me

.

Ei
Potential Barrier ( )11-2
( 0.1 ) (0.
) .

: ( )Forward Biasing

( )Anode
()N ( )Cathode .


.



(. ) 12 2
( )2-2

78

. ( )13-2
.

.
.

P
N

( )
(( -Threshold Volt
.)) age


(0.3)

(0.) .

( )3-2

79

 : ( ) : Reverse Biasing
( ( ) N ) () P
()
.


.

( ) .

( )-2

( ) ( )

.



.


.




.
Junction :
Diode as aRectifer to A . C

80

0.
( ) 50 20.

()-2

 ( )
.
( ) .
( )15-2 .
WOKL Wd

:
50 -
100 ().
:
(1-2)
( ) Y1
( ) Y2
:
( )-2
( ) :
- < ( ) .
- > ( )
( = )
.

81

)(1-2
(1 )
( 1 ) . ( ) :
()
.
:
- = +
= 1+
= 5 =1 -
- =
= 1 = 1 1

:
-1 .
-2 ( )
.
-3 .

-4 .
-5 ( . ) Zener Diod
- ( ).
Transistor

82

-1
n-p-n

-2
p-n-p

+B - n

B
+
n
p

+
p

( )-2 ()n-p-n

Base
Enaiher
. Collector

n-p-n
p-n-p


.
( )

.

(( )-2 ()n-p-n

83

 :

) (
).(-
) ( Trans ) ( resistor
:

))(-

Common Base

NPN
) (

) ( .
PNP
)(-

))(-

NPN
:

a Wd

) ( E ) ( B

) ( .

) (

.

) ( C ) ( B
) (IE ) ( IC

) ( IE ) ( IB ) ( - ) ( IE

84

Ie = Ic + IB

Ic Ie

() ()
.

.
() .

.

(( ) Load ) .

85

 ( 3 10
) 10
( )200 20
:

Rc
Re

( ) =

Rc
RE

RE >> RC 1 < .

)(2-2
1000 10 . .
:

1000
10

Rc
RE

)(3-2
50 200 . .
:

Ve =4 v.
86

200
50

= ...Ve

200
Ve

... 50

Vc
Ve

 : Key Electronic Transistor

(( ))
( ) :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 ( ) .
-5 .
:


.
.

Integrated Circut

.


( )
.
( ) IC ( 1 5
0.25 ) .
(( ))
.

87

 (

)....
....
:
.


.

.

.

:
:
!!


(
) .

88

( )2-2

:
-
-
.

: Transfer Information Using Infrared

( )
(( )) Remot Control
.
( ) ( .) Diod


.

89

* :
2.45 GHz
. ISM

-
. ISM
.
* ( ) ( ) 3
10

:
. DVD

.
( ) .
WAUMLK WOC

:
-1 ().
-2 ().

90

 :Logical Circuits


.

( 0 )1
.

0 1

()22-2

91

 :
.
( )1 ( .)0

( ) 1 0 .
( ) ( ).
.
( ( )23-2 :

SYMBOL AND OUTPUT

NOR

OR

NAND

AND
B

()23-2

92

INPUT


( :
-
..............
-
....................
E
C
- )(...........
B

- ............
- ) ( PN ................
- N- P
.....................
- ................................
- ) ( ........................
- ) ( N ) (P )( P
............. ) (N .................
-
.............
- ...................
- ...........
- .............
..........
-
.............
.............

93

)
:
(
-1 ( ) p .
-2 ( .
(
-3 ( ) PN .
(
-4 .

-5
(
.
- ( )

(
.

)
)
)
)
)

)
( )

- P .
-
(
.
(
- .
-10 ( )
(
.
-11
(
.

94

)
)
)
)

) :
-1 ( ) N.P.N :

-2 :

-3 ( 25)
:
.

. . .

-4 :
. . . - .

95

 -5 Threshold Voltage
:
. .

. .) : -
.
)
.
) .
) ( ) p ( . )N
) : .
) .
) : .
)
.

96

98

:
d( W uNH dA
ULK WOze' WdEM V Wd( WUD dH
Wd( WUD uNH d( W 5 WF jd
uIH* WJ* Wd( WUD V
WOuM d( uNH dA
d( e Wd( WF dF
d( dF* bU WK U* WOuM d( 5OF Wd& d
d( qOu
Wd( UJOUMb UKDB 5 eO1
Wd( UJOUMb w oKG* UEM uH* UEM 5 UI
UG jG{ w c* qGA V

99

 Wd( UJOUMbK _ uUI dc

Wd( UJOUMb w l_ UOKLF dA
wUJF d uNH dA
WU W qL dA
U WDu Wd bOu `{u Wd& d
Wd( UJOUMbK wU uUI dA
WOUJF uU rd
wK d W vK uU oD
WuKI* uU dA
d( UI d bF
qOuU d( UI ZM
d( qOu qUF dF
qOuU d( UI Wd& d
qL(U d( UI Wd& d
UFU d( UI Wd& d
u_ r' w UB dU dH

100

 Heat & Thermodynamics

:Introduction

. .
.

..................................
.............

:
.
:
: Temperature
( ).

)
.

.
( O )-3 _ d W

.
.................................................................
.

101

 ........................................................

...................................................................

....................................................................

:Molecular Explanation for Energy

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3
( ) .
-4 Internal Energy

: Heat of Quantity
:
.

:The Unit of Measurement of Thermal Energy

102


Calorie
:

1 = 41
:Thermal Equilibrium & Temperature
( )
( 0 )

( )
. Thermal Equilibrium

:
.





:
( 6 ) ( )32
( )23 ( )
( )1 ( ) 212 ( ) 33 .
:

.

103

 .
.
- .

:Thermal Equilibrium
.

:
( )-3

(
) () .

............................................
............................................

( )1-3

104

 () ()
.
( )3-3

- 1
(
)
- 2
.

...............................................
...............................................
.........................................

()2-3

105


.


.

:
( )-3

.
....................
.............................................................................

106

 ( )5-3

.
..................................................................
.................................................................

:
............................ -1
............................ -2
............................ -3

107

.
( ) :
:
- 1

t = t2-t1

- 2 m
: (t )1

: ()2

mt

c mt

Q
Q

.
= C= constant

108

 :Specific Heat of a Substance

:

( )C

()Thermal Capacity
. ( / :

( = C )Thermal Capacity ( )m ( ) C

/.

bdG e

Q = C m t

/.

13

14

415

21

46

: Q .
:C
:m
:t

()1-3

= 415/ .

109

 .
:
-1
-2
46 /.5

410/.

)(1-3
5 4 / .
:
Q=mxc
Q = 5 x 400 = 2000 J/c0

110

)(2-3
12 2 65
416 / .
15 3
241 / .
Q=cmt
= 22644= )2-65(12416 1226
:
Q=cmt

(22604400 = 2410 x 150 )t2 - 30

22604400 = 361500 t2 - 1084500

361500 t = 13105400
... t = 36.25 c0
2

Thermal Equilibrium :


.

( ) ( )
:
=

Me

:

111

)(1-3

( ) 2 1
( ) 4 ( )
33
= 416/ .

:
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
( )-3

- 1 500
.
- 2 .
- 3 ( )0250 ( )0250
.
- 4 .
- 5 ( 5 ) .
- 6

- :
...... = 1 ........ =2
........ =3 ....... = 1
= .......
....... = 2

112

 - ( 2 3 )

.......................................................................
..................................................................................
..................................................................................

..................................................................................
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
)-3( WOKL Wd

:
:
-1
-2

m1= ....
m2= ....
m3 = m2 - m1
t1= ....
-3
m4= ....
-4
t2= ...
-5

-6 t3= ...

:
=
= ( )m x c x t
()m x c x t ( + ) m x c xt
]([m4 c )t2-t3(] = [m1 c )t3-t1(] + [m3 c )t3-t2

..
c

113

 Thermal Mixed :


.
.


.

)3
()3-3
(3

:
-1 .
-2 .
( )3 3 .
............................................................................... -1
.............................................................................. -2
.............................................................................. -3
.............................................................................. -4

114

 :
.

.

: :Boyle's Law
( )-3

- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
..................................................................
.

.................................................................
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
.............................................................................

:

. ( ) P1 ( ) P2
( )V1( )V2 :

p1 v1 = p2 v2
115

)(3-3
15 3 6
.
P1 V1 = P2 V2
1500 x 76 = V2 x 80
... v2= 1428 cm3
.........................................

: :Charles Law
( )-3

- 1 .
- 2
............................................................ .....
..................................................................
.................................................................

......... ...................................................................
................... ..........................................................
............................. ................................................
.............................................................................
( ) .
:

116

 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( )1( )2
:

V2
T2

V1
T1

)(4-3
3
2 4
.

V2
=
()40+273

200
()0+273

273 V2 = 200 x 313

...

.
..

V2
T2
V2
313

=
=

V2 = 229.3 cm3

V1
T1
200
273
...

..............................................................................
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
..............................................................................

117

 : :Pressure Law
( )-3

- 1
.



.................................................................
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
.
:
( ) .
:

P2
T2

P1
T1

)(5-3
1
.
1
P1
P2 .
70
P2
..
=
=

()100+273

( )

70 x 373 = ......... cm of Hg
283

118

()10+273

= ... P
2

T2
P2
373

T1
70
283

...

 : :
:

P2 V2

P1 V1

T2

T1

)(6-3
2 5
25 .

25 x 80
T2

20 x 75
273

...

... 1500 T = 546000

2
... T = 91 c

P2 V2
T2
2000
T2

... T = 364 - 273

=
=

P1 V1
T1
1500
273
... T2 = 364

119


:
-1 :Thermodynamics
.
.

2 :Thermodynamics System
( )
.
( )
( ) .
.

-3 : Thermal Equilibrium
( ).
.
.

-4 :Thermodynamics Process
.

-5 :Path
( )
.

120

 - :Thermodynamics Cycle
( )
.
p

-1 :Closed System

. .

-2 :Isolated System

- 3 :Open System

121

 :heat and energy

( )
.
( - )
( ))4-3
.

:
-1 ( ) Isobaric
-2 ( ) Isothermal

( )4-3

-3 ( ) Isochoric
-4
( (( ) Adibatic
)) .

():

( )

-1 ( ) =
( 5-3) .
-2 ( ) :
= ( 5-3 ) :

)W = p (v2-v1
-3 ( ) ( 5 3 ) :

122

v2
v1

W = v1p1 ln
v2
v1

p1v1 = p2v2
p1
p2

p1
p2

W = v1p1 ln

Me

: ( ) Ln ( ) Log

-4 ( )
: =

W= U
u ( ) ( 3-3)

()5-3

123

)( 7-3
5 3

( 5 1 /. )2
w=p )v2-v1( :
w = 105 x 500 x 10- 6 = 50 J

)(8-3
[2 3 1
[6 3 ( = 3 )
.
:
( )
v2
(
v1

) w= v1p1 ln

= 219.722 J

124

0.6
0.2

w = 0.2 x 1000 x 103 Ln

)(2-3

2 3 5
( 22 ) 3 :
- 1

- 2
2
5

The First Law of Thermodynamics

)6-3
)
(
:
-1 (( )) .
-2
()-3
(3
.
( )w () Q
(. ) U
:

( )

U = Q-W= U2-U1 : :U Q: :w .

125

 :
-1 ( )
(
).
-2 ( ) Q
.
()7-3
(7 3

( )7-3 .

.

)(9-3
5 [2
( ) .
= 5 1 1[13 1 = 4[1
:

...U = Q - W ,
(...W = P)V2 - V1
... W = 1.013 X 105 X 0.002 = 202.6J
...U = )500 X 4.18( - 202.6 ... U = 1887.4 J

126

)(10-3
( 3 )
( )
( ) .
:
... U = Q - W

... Q = ...

... U = -W
...U = -)-3000( = + 3000 J

:
:

-1 :
:
U=Q

U = Q - w

w= 0

( ) .

-2 :

(w = p )v2-v1

U= Q - p )v2- v1( :

127




( ) 3

()-3

( ) 3
U= Q - p )v - v ( :
1

( ) 3 ( )

)(11-3
12 2 . .
:
U = 800 J

U = 2000 - 1200

U= Q - W

)(12-3
2 3 5 3 1
4 . -1 : -2 .
:
(W= P)V2-V1( = 105 )0.05 - 0.02
... W = 3000 J
U= 4000 - 3000 ... U = 1000 J

128

... U = Q - W

 -3 ( ) :
U = 0 W= Q
P
v
( Q = v1 p1 ln) 2 ( Q = v1 p1 ln ) 1
P2
v1

-4 ( ) :

( ) Q=O


:
U= Q-W , Q = 0 ... U= -W
( )

:
--1
( . )1-3
-2 (
) (
)
)
.

()10-3

129





.

:
.

)(13-3
1
.
:
:

...Q=O

U = Q - w

U = 0 - )-100( = 100 J 1

130

 :
:Inverses Process
.
: (

) .
( ) w - v1 v2

( ) v2 < v1 ( )
( . )w

v2 ( v1 ) ( ) w+

( . ) w -

v1 v2 v2 . v1
(.)11-3

()11-3

v1 v2 v2 v1 .
:
u = 0
:
( = ) w w

:Therml Machine

( )
( ) 12 3
()12-3

131

Me
.
( . ) 13 3
:
--1


.
)
-2 (

.
-3 ( )

( ) 13 3

(
)
) (
-4 ( ) .

.
( ) 13 3 ( )
: = =
U= Q-W
: 2

W= Q2-Q1

= - 2

: = - 2 1

132

= - 2

 UA

:
)(.

) ( :
) ( ) (z . :
) (Q2 .

) (
) (

W
Q2

=Z
W = Q2 - Q1

Q2 - Q1
Q2

:
Q1
Q2

Q1
Q2

Z= 1-

bdG e

T1
T2

Z= 1-

Z= 1-

T1 Q1
=
T2 Q2

=Z

T1
T2

) (

) (

Q1 ) (

133


( ) 1
: .
.

( )...

)(14-3
12
42 315
. .
:
... W = 105 J

W= Q2 - Q1

W = 420 - 315
105 .
. . Z = 0.25
420
315
420

... T = 300 - 273

T1
127 + 273

= ... Z

W
Q2
Q1
Q2

= ... Z
=

T1
T2

... 420 T1 = 126000 ... T1 = 300

...T = 27 C

134

 :Second Low

.


.
,

.

( ) :

- ( ) :

( ))14 3


.

( ) 14 3

- ( ) :


( . ) 15 3

( ) :
( )
( ) .
( ) 15 3

135


( ))1-3 ( ) 16 3
:
2-1
: 2 ( ) ( )
:3 2 ( )

( ) 1 3

: 4-3 ( ) ( )
: 1-4 ( ) .

( ) 17 3

136

)(15-3
3
2 2 :
-1
:
-1

-2
3000
Q1

-3

1000
300

Q2
Q1

T2
T1

... Q1 = 900 KJ
-2
-3

... W = 2100 KJ

... W = 3000 - 900

900
3000

...Z = 1

W = Q2 - Q1
Q1
Q2

Z= 1-

...Z = 0.666

137

)(3-3

1

5
.

138

 Heat Transfer
.

: Heat Cordueted



:

( ) 1 3

( )


.

.
:
-1 ( )L ()L
-2 ( )A ()A
-3 ( )T (. )T
-4 ( ) t (. ) t
-5 ( ) KC

139

 ( ) :

( E ) =
KCAT t
L

=E

bdG e

():

.

365

15

46

42

24

41

( ) 2 3

140

)(16-3
5 2 .2

5

:

(E)
= 5

KC A T t

1 6 2 k
5

(3542 = )k /..

.
.

141

( 253 -)
( 273 ) 7 -( 14) 20

31

43

51

365

41

15

23

115

15

( ) 3 3

:
- :
( )1-3 ( ) :
-1
-2

.

- :


.

142

( ) 1 3



( . )1 3

( )20-3

:
......
- ( ) ...
- :
( )
( ).

143

 : :Heat Transfer Pregnancy

.

.

-1 :

() 21-3

.
-2 :Forced Pregnancy


.

: ( ) .
: .
: .

144

 :
) :
( ) (
-1
:

-2
( ) .
-3 ( ) .
-4 (
)

( ) p :

bdG e

-5

: P
:A
:t .
:KP .

P = KP.A. t

( ) K 2 4 .
P

: Heat Transfer Coefficient Pregnancy

1 2
1 .

145

)(17-3
5 2
35 2
1 / 2
:
P= 10 x 50 x )35 - 20( = 7500W

P= K . A . t
P

: :Heat Transfer Radiation

.
.
()-3

-1
-2 ( ) .
-3 .
-4 3 .
....................................................................
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
...............................................................................

146

: Absorption Coefficint
:
( ).

= M :

x 100

E abs
E0

=M

26

45

( ) 4 3

26 - 12

147

.
.

18-3
4 1

:
...M =25%

x 100

10
40

=M

E abs
x 100
E0

=M

:
-1 *
-2 ( ) .
.
-3
-4 .
-5 .

:

* .

148

 :Black Body
.
1


.

( . )22 3

: Rodater

( ) :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .

( )22-3

()23-3

.

0
40-

149


( 23 - ) ( )
.


:
:

( ) ( )
( . ) T

. = 2.897 x 10 -3

bdG e

. = constant

: = 1 2
.

3-

.


.

150


( ) .

...
.

)(19-3
2 . .
:
constant
T

2.897 x 10 -3
.
=..
)(727 + 273
.
. . = 2.897 x 10 -6 m

151

)1 :

( ) .
)2
:

-
4 .

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
.
.
.
.
.
)3
( ) .
)4 .

152

 )5 :

- .
) :

- 14 / .

- = 5 /
)7 :
- :

-1 .

-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
- :
-1
-2
-3
-4
- :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
- :

-1 .

153

 -2 .
-3 .
-4 .
- :
-1 1 .

-2 1 .
-3 1 .
-4 1 .
- :

-1 .

-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-

-1 .

-2 .
-3 .
4 .
- -1 -2 / -3 /

-4 / . (
)
) 100 30 / . :

- 70 .

154

 )10 :

200 - 10 0 .

50 - 20 70 .

50 - ( 10-) 100 .
: = 4200 / .

= 400 / . = 2100 / .
) 11 : =
005 3 200 013
.
)12 540
37 .

)13
2250 250

)14 17
( 13- ) 30
.

) 15
24 47

. ( ) .

)1 ( 33- )

27 ( . )55 .

155

 )17 40 200

25 .
)1 ( )
( ) ( )
:
-1

-2

-3

()24-3

) 1 15 4 20
5- = 0 / .
( ) .
) 20 15 ( 10- )

10 2
( )= 30 / . 2

156

 ) 21 120 2 15
= 12 / . :

- 15
( 5- ) .

- .

157

158

 -1.
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .

159

( )

-1
2004 .
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1417 17 / .
-4
1420 1 / .
-5
177 .
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141 17 / .
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17 .
- 142.
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160

:
1-Serway, Physics fro scientists and Engineers,Third
Edition,1992G.
2- Cutunell , Physics , John Wily, 1997G.
3- Griffith The Physics of Everyday Phenomena, Fifht Edition 2007.
4- Physics Secondary Education, Second Year Lebanon, 1999.

161

( )2

( -)

( 5) ( 5)

( 5) ( 5)

( )

( -
)

5 = 2 10

( 10 = 5 + 5 = )10
():
1-1
.
2-2 .
3-3

162

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163

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) (

http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/wop

www.het.brown.edu.physics/index.html

www.physics.nwu.edu/ugrad/vpl

www.sciencejoywagon.com/physicszone

www.aapt.org

http://physicsweb.org/resources/home

www.colorado.edu/physics/phet

www.physicstutor.com

http://library.thinkquest.org/10796
164

( )5

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165

 -1 :

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.
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166

 -3 :

-4 :

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167

 -5 :
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168

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169

170

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171

 :
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172

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173