Professional Documents
Culture Documents
( )
1428/3797 :
9960 - 48 - 247 - 2 :
: ``````````SG
......................................................................... : ````SQ`dG
.........................................................................
1431 1432
2010 2011
()4
)Physics (4
( )
( )
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1432 - 1431
2011 - 2010
12
( ) - 142
174 27x 21
60 - 4 - 427 - 2 :
- 1 - -2 -
- .
1427 /277
22760714
142 / 377 :
60 - 4 - 247 - 2 :
gd edG IQGOEG
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Part One
36-2
MGN*
C (wz * *w
WbI
uC WFO
U_ uC uK
WOzuC WF_ e(
UJF UuU
WdJ Ud*
UdLK UF uUI
dOJ u uU
UJ UuU
uAM* w UJ
uAM* w uC qOK%
Wd( We
Wd( We UIOD
UbF w uB uJ U
UbFK UF uUI
WbF u
dB uO
WdB eN_
uC Uu uO
WOzuC Uu* qb
!u Wd&
UDI
UDI vK WOKL UIOD
Ub WK
WHB r
v
h 1 -
WbI
u* U_ wzUM VOd
u* t u
N Type uM s
P Type uM s
PN WOzUM WKu
WOzUM WKu qOu
UOK uIL WKu qOu
ued
WKUJ* dzb
WOdJ UOMI WK
ud
ueHK
VU( w WOIDM* dzb
Ub WK
26 - 2
(M (
WbI
d( WOL
d( e
WOuM d(
Wd( jOU*
UGK Wd( u)
Wd( UJOUMb
d( qGA
Wd( UJOUMb 5u
_ uUI
uJ uJF d
UNUH W d
wU uUI
d( UI
qOuU d( UI
qL(U d( UI
UFU d( UI
u_ r'
5 uU
Ub WK
9 o*
WHB r
v
WHB r
v
10
:
WdB UO_ hzUB bF
WOOUMGdNJ Uu* d= F
WOzuC Uu* UA b dc
UbF u eO1
UbFK UF uUI U OU oD
UbF w dOJ uU oD
UdLK UF uUI U OU oD
dB uO b
UdLK dOJ u V
jO dJ* uJdJO* qL UI
UEM
jO dN* bU Wd& d
UEM
uC UJ dH
fU UN WOUMB UL_ qL dA
WOzuC UuLK
WOzuC UuLK qb b dH
WOzuC UuLK UDI b dH
UJF u bF
11
:Introduction
Light
( )3
.
.
10 3 /
. .
( 5 10 225 / ) .
.
.
:
Light Natural :
.
( ) .
.
12
:
.
.
.
.
:
--1
........ ( ).............
-2
.........
(. )...........
-3
( )3-1
.............
(. )...........
)4
1
(
)1
1
(
( )1-1
)3
1
(
( )2-1
:
( ))4-1
.
.
4
1
(
)
()-1
13
.
( ).
:Law of Reection
:
: = .
:
( ) .
(.)5-1
(( ))-1
A ()1 - 1
( : ) Hartl
:
. 360
--1
( . )-1
--2
)
()-1
6
1
(
.
-3 .
- .
14
()1-1
: .
: - - - - .
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 ()
-4
-5
-6 = ....
-7 = ....
: = .... ....
15
:Spherical Mirrors
:
( )-1
-1 ( ) :Concave Mirror
(.)7-1
-2 ( ) :Convex Mirror
(.)-1
( )-1
Me
.
:
( ))-1( ) 7-1
:
-1 () : .
-2 ( :Center of Curvature )2
.
- 3 ( ) :Focal Point
. ()7-1
- : .
16
()-1
- () :
( . )-1
- ( ) :Focal Length F .
- () = R ( R = 2F . ) 2f
F = 1/2 R
: ()1-1
:
( )10-1 :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
( )1
( )2
( )3
()1-1
Me
.
:
17
(
)
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
18
..........
..........
:
()2-1
. .
19
(:)Convex
(: ) 11 -1
--1
.
--2
.
( )11-1
-3
.
( )1
( )2
( )3
20
:
() ()
:
1
()f
1
()s
1
( )s
:Magnication equation
( ))L
( )L ( )S ( ))s
:
()L
( )s
( = )s ()L
)1
2
1
(
( )12-1
21
Me
:
-1 : ( ) ( ).
-2 : .
-3 :
.
:
S
F
:
.
.
A
22
1-1
20
: 30 -
10 - .
:
60
30
20
S = 60 = 2 = M
S
30
1
1
1
=
+
20
30
S
S = 60 cm
1
1
+
S
S
3-2
1
=
60
60
1
=
F
1
=
S
)(
1-1
20 15
-
: - .
................ ....................................................................
................................ ....................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
23
()3-1
( ):
: .
: - - - - ()
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
1
2
3
-6 .
24
-7 =
Refraction of light
.
.
: .
).(-
. :
) (-
.
) (-
:Refractions laws
:
.
25
= n2 sin
..
.
n1 sin
2-1
2-1
bdG
e
bdG e
(::
)(:
))
(
n1
n
n21
n2
1
1
2
2
Me
Me
)(u
)(c
)(c)(u
( )c ()u
cc
:
:
= nn
:
uu
60
==..()1
)=(.
)
(
40
nn11sin
sin 11==nn22sin
sin 22
1x
1xsin
sin60
60==nn22xxsin
sin40
40
)066 sin(60
(==)== sin(60
)(===
==135
)
)
( nn22
)sin(40
)0643 sin(40
(.
)(.
)).
(
()
)(
()
)(..
)()(.
.
.
26
()-1
- - - - .
-1 .
-2 .
-3
.
-4
-5 .... =1
= ....
= 1
:
1
n2
n sin 1 = n2 sin
sin 1
sin 1
= n2
27
:refraction in prism
( )14 -1
.
1
2
( )
()
( )1-1
() ( )14-1
:
2
= 1 + 2 - A
: (( )A .
3-1
40 37
.
:
= 1 + 2 - A
37 = 40 + 2 - 60
37 = 2 - 20
20 + 37 = 2
= 257
28
4-1
( )
. 45
.15
:
1
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin
)sin (45
= sin 1
1.5
A= 1+ 2
= 31.87
= n1 sin 2
n2 sin
...
29
()-1
: .
: .
:
- 1
.
-2 .
1
2
--3 ( )
.
--4 .
-5
-6
=
-7
= 1 + 2 - A
30
A+
) sin ( 2
=n
)sin (A/2
() :
( ) 1 ( ) () :
= 1 + 2-A
A = 1 + 2
:
:
A ()2-1
: .
:
- 1 .
- 2
.
()1-1
- 3 .
....................................................
31
Me
( . )15-1
A ()3-1
: ( ( )1-1
)
:
- 1 .
- 2
- 3 .
- 4 .
)1
6
1
(
..........................................
()1-1
Me
.
:
-1 :
.
32
-2
.
-3
Me
:
( n ) = 1520
= 153
( n : ) = 2410
= 245
.
.
( . )17-1
( )1-1 ( = -1)
33
( . )1-1
)1
8
1
(
()1-1
: spectrum compired
( ))1-1
.
(( ))1-1
34
:
Total internal reetion
()
( )20-1 1
:
= =
2
. 3
90
)2
01
(
()2-1
4 0
() .
:
.
() () 0 :
= n2 sin 90
n1 sin
. 5
( ) : Fibers optices
35
( ) 001 0002
( . ) 21-1
)2
1
1
(
()21-1
( ))22-1
)2
2
1
(
()22-1
( . )23-1
.
)2
3
1
(
()23-1
36
:Lenses
. :
()2-1
-1 ( ) : .
-2 ( ) : .
( )24-1 .
:
-1 () :
) .
-2 :
.
-3 :
.
- () :
( . ) 25-1
()2-1
- () :
. )26
. ( ) 1
- () :
.
()2-1
37
) . (-
-- .
-- .
-- .
) ( :
))(-
........... ...........
........... ...........
38
........... ...........
........... ...........
........... ...........
A ()-1
() .
( ) :
(. )2 -1
-1 .
-2 .
()2-1
39
-3 .
:
:
.
:
() : ()
() :
1
()f
1
F
=
1
S
()s
+
1
S
40
1
()s
:
() ()
() () :
()s
()s
()L
()L
. ( ).
5-1
15
30 .
1
S
S
=
S
30
1
15
= S
1
S
=
1
F
2-1
30
41
10
10 30
30
( )F .
: .
P = constant 1
f
( )
1
f
=P
: 1
Me
.
)(6-1
10
20 .
10
1
F
42
=P
1
1
= P = F (M) = 0.10
()6-1
: ( ).
( )
.
:
- 1 ( ) ()
.
- 2 .
- 3 ( )s ( .)s
)S/1( Y
- 4 ( )S ()S
(. )M
Y
- 5 S/1 S/1
)
(
f/ F . P
)S/1( X
X
1
s
1
s
1
+ 1
s
s
1
=
f
:
- 1
: ......... = f =...........
= x1
- 2 :
........ = 1
y
........... =f ........... =P .
43
:
UA
: :
- .
- .
- .
- ...
) ( -
.
) (-
.
.
44
:
:
(.)
:
-1 25
( ) .
-2 25 .
-3 .
25
50 500
.
45
.
( ) .
:
: : Aearsigl tedness
!
( - 2 5 ) ()
( ) .
:
- ( ) .
-2 () 25 .
( 30-1) .
:
( )
()3-1
-1
f
46
=P
1
S
=P
( )f .
)(7-1
2
.
2
:
= - 1 = 0.5
2
P =-1
f
( ) ( . )
: :Farssightedness
25
( ) -
-1( ) .
-2
(25 ) .
( ) 31-1.
:
()31-1
47
:
:
4 L - 100
L
1
F
=P
() ( ).
)(8-1
40
.
:
25
:
= 1.5
48
4x 40 - 100
40
4 L - 100
L
=P
1
s
a Wd
= L-25
25L
1
f
+
1
L
L
4L - 100
= f
4L - l
100
1
s
1
f
125
1
f
= 25L s.m
L-25
25L
m.m
(100 )L-25
=
1
f
: ( : )
( ))32 -1 .
.
()32-1
49
.
:
( )1 .
( )2 .
a Wd
1
2 .
:
( - 2)1
=
( )
.
50
:
( ) :
*.
( ) Telescope
.
.
( .)33-1
:
(()33-1
* .
51
( )
.
bdG e
F obj
=P
Feye
F obj
Feye
L = Fe + Fo
)(9-1
100 5 .
.
F obj
Feye
=P
100
5
= 20
( 105 = 5 + 100 = fo + fe = )L
52
. .
:
( - - - - -).
:Diraction of Light
:
:
A (6-1
:
- 1 .
- 2
.
-3
53
( )
.
:
( ) .
( ) .
( )
. (.)34-1
()3-1
54
:
10 ()
() .
A ()-1
. ( )
:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4
. ( ) 35 1
X
)3
()3-1
(1
(
)
.
55
n x
d
=y
1=n ( )y
y ( )n . n
.
bdG e
d
x
.
.
.
.
)(10-1
7- 10 x 4 3
15 . .
y = nx
d
= y
.......... :
10 4 1
10 3
7-
15
3-
-1
( ) n
n (.)36 -1
56
-2
)n+ 1 ( n ( .) 37 -1
2
:
().
( )3-1
( )3-1
Resolving power:
( ) .
( )40-1( )3-1( )3-1
( )
( ).
57
()3-1
58
( )3-1
()-1
: Polaraization
A ( - 1
( )
(. )1 - 1
() ()
( ) ()
( )1-1
()
()
(. )1 -1
( )2-1
() ()
( ) (.)2 -1
59
:Polaraization
( )43 -1 .
()3-1
60
A ( - 1
( ) ( ) -1
( ) . ( )
( )
() ()
( )
()
.
()
()
()-1
61
:
-1 :
.
(( )45-1)
( )
.
(( )45-1)
()-1
62
-2 Polarizer
63
)1 :
- :
- :
25
25
25
25
- :
- :
- :
- . :
-
:
64
- :
- :
- :
)2 :
)3
) .
65
) 2
() :
= 15
- = 10
- = 5
- = 3
)
) ( ) ( )
( ) .
) ( ) 12 . ( )12
) 2
)1
:
25 200 50 - )11
66
50 -
50 +
20 -
20+
10 -
10+
1-
1+
05 -
05+
)12 2+
) 13 ( -) .
)1 () ( ) :
- .
- .
- .
.
- 54
67
.
-
-
.
) 1
3 . 133
)1
= . 3
)1 :
)1 .
68
)1 2
.
)2 .
)21 3
.
)22 2
. :
)23
.
.
)2 ( )
69
70
:
WKu* t U* nB
qOu w WKu* t u* WOL 5
WzUA c YO s P uM s qu* t N uM s qu* t uK 5 UI
Diod WOzUM WKu VOd nB
WOzUM WKu w eU( bN bI UNOK nu w quF nB
WOzUM WKu qOu d nB
WOzUM WK bU UO .uI Wd& d
WOzUM WKu Ub iF dc
ued VOd rd l nB
ued qL dA
ued Ub iF dc
oKG uH WOzUdN dzb lU UHL ued vK Wd& d
WKUJ* WOdJ dzb vK dF
ud dz vK dF
ueHK dz vK dF
jI And or Not WD* WOIDM* dzb dA
w VU( qL vK dF
WOdJ luI dz vK dF
71
Electronics
: Introduction
.
:Electronics
* .
104 .
120 .
150
.
Me
:
-1 .
-2
( ) .
-3
.
-4
.not or and
() .
72
(
)
.
( )-2
( )KBT
:
-1
(.)1-2
-2 .
(( ))2-2
-3 (23-)
.
:
- :
( ) ()
.
( )3-2
.posivive charge carries
- ( )
n- Type ( )
P- Type
( . ) 3 -2
73
.
. HOLES
( )4-2
(.)5-2
Negative Charge carriers
. Positive Charge carriers
. .
( )
()-2
(( ))-2 +
( )
.
( 1 ) 3
( 25 )
74
.
. Impurities
:
()Donor
(.)Acceptor
(()-2
n - type
Extrinsic Semiconductor
:
: N-Type Semiconductor :
:
( ) As ()P
( )Sb ( )Bi .
( ) As
( .)2-
( )
.
Majority Carriers
Minority Carriers
75
. n-Type
.
.
: P-Type Semiconductor :
( ( )Al ) ( )Ga ( )In
( )Ga .
( ) (. )-2
(()-2
( ) N ( ) p
.
( )-2
( )
.
(( ))-2
76
( ( )N )
( . ) p
.
(Diode ) P. N
N
.
( ) p
( ) PN
( )10-2 :
-1 N
( ) .
-2 ( ) P
(
) .
(
)P
()-2
( )-2
()2-
( )-2
77
-3 N P
N P
N
.
.
Me
.
Ei
Potential Barrier ( )11-2
( 0.1 ) (0.
) .
: ( )Forward Biasing
( )Anode
()N ( )Cathode .
.
(. ) 12 2
( )2-2
78
. ( )13-2
.
.
.
P
N
( )
(( -Threshold Volt
.)) age
(0.3)
(0.) .
( )3-2
79
: ( ) : Reverse Biasing
( ( ) N ) () P
()
.
.
( ) .
( )-2
( ) ( )
.
.
.
.
Junction :
Diode as aRectifer to A . C
80
0.
( ) 50 20.
()-2
( )
.
( ) .
( )15-2 .
WOKL Wd
:
50 -
100 ().
:
(1-2)
( ) Y1
( ) Y2
:
( )-2
( ) :
- < ( ) .
- > ( )
( = )
.
81
)(1-2
(1 )
( 1 ) . ( ) :
()
.
:
- = +
= 1+
= 5 =1 -
- =
= 1 = 1 1
:
-1 .
-2 ( )
.
-3 .
-4 .
-5 ( . ) Zener Diod
- ( ).
Transistor
82
-1
n-p-n
-2
p-n-p
+B - n
B
+
n
p
+
p
( )-2 ()n-p-n
Base
Enaiher
. Collector
n-p-n
p-n-p
.
( )
.
(( )-2 ()n-p-n
83
:
) (
).(-
) ( Trans ) ( resistor
:
))(-
Common Base
NPN
) (
) ( .
PNP
)(-
))(-
NPN
:
a Wd
) ( E ) ( B
) ( .
) (
.
) ( C ) ( B
) (IE ) ( IC
) ( IE ) ( IB ) ( - ) ( IE
84
Ie = Ic + IB
Ic Ie
() ()
.
.
() .
.
(( ) Load ) .
85
( 3 10
) 10
( )200 20
:
Rc
Re
( ) =
Rc
RE
RE >> RC 1 < .
)(2-2
1000 10 . .
:
1000
10
Rc
RE
)(3-2
50 200 . .
:
Ve =4 v.
86
200
50
= ...Ve
200
Ve
... 50
Vc
Ve
(( ))
( ) :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 ( ) .
-5 .
:
.
.
Integrated Circut
.
( )
.
( ) IC ( 1 5
0.25 ) .
(( ))
.
87
(
)....
....
:
.
.
.
.
:
:
!!
(
) .
88
( )2-2
:
-
-
.
89
* :
2.45 GHz
. ISM
-
. ISM
.
* ( ) ( ) 3
10
:
. DVD
.
( ) .
WAUMLK WOC
:
-1 ().
-2 ().
90
:Logical Circuits
.
( 0 )1
.
0 1
()22-2
91
:
.
( )1 ( .)0
( ) 1 0 .
( ) ( ).
.
( ( )23-2 :
OR
NAND
AND
B
()23-2
92
INPUT
( :
-
..............
-
....................
E
C
- )(...........
B
- ............
- ) ( PN ................
- N- P
.....................
- ................................
- ) ( ........................
- ) ( N ) (P )( P
............. ) (N .................
-
.............
- ...................
- ...........
- .............
..........
-
.............
.............
93
)
:
(
-1 ( ) p .
-2 ( .
(
-3 ( ) PN .
(
-4 .
-5
(
.
- ( )
(
.
)
)
)
)
)
)
( )
- P .
-
(
.
(
- .
-10 ( )
(
.
-11
(
.
94
)
)
)
)
) :
-1 ( ) N.P.N :
-2 :
-3 ( 25)
:
.
. . .
-4 :
. . . - .
95
-5 Threshold Voltage
:
. .
. .) : -
.
)
.
) .
) ( ) p ( . )N
) : .
) .
) : .
)
.
96
98
:
d( W uNH dA
ULK WOze' WdEM V Wd( WUD dH
Wd( WUD uNH d( W 5 WF jd
uIH* WJ* Wd( WUD V
WOuM d( uNH dA
d( e Wd( WF dF
d( dF* bU WK U* WOuM d( 5OF Wd& d
d( qOu
Wd( UJOUMb UKDB 5 eO1
Wd( UJOUMb w oKG* UEM uH* UEM 5 UI
UG jG{ w c* qGA V
99
100
. .
.
..................................
.............
:
.
:
: Temperature
( ).
)
.
.
( O )-3 _ d W
.
.................................................................
.
101
........................................................
...................................................................
....................................................................
: Heat of Quantity
:
.
102
Calorie
:
1 = 41
:Thermal Equilibrium & Temperature
( )
( 0 )
( )
. Thermal Equilibrium
:
.
:
( 6 ) ( )32
( )23 ( )
( )1 ( ) 212 ( ) 33 .
:
.
103
.
.
- .
:Thermal Equilibrium
.
:
( )-3
(
) () .
............................................
............................................
( )1-3
104
() ()
.
( )3-3
- 1
(
)
- 2
.
...............................................
...............................................
.........................................
()2-3
105
.
.
:
( )-3
.
....................
.............................................................................
106
( )5-3
.
..................................................................
.................................................................
:
............................ -1
............................ -2
............................ -3
107
.
( ) :
:
- 1
t = t2-t1
- 2 m
: (t )1
: ()2
mt
c mt
Q
Q
.
= C= constant
108
( )C
()Thermal Capacity
. ( / :
( = C )Thermal Capacity ( )m ( ) C
/.
bdG e
Q = C m t
/.
13
14
415
21
46
: Q .
:C
:m
:t
()1-3
= 415/ .
109
.
:
-1
-2
46 /.5
410/.
)(1-3
5 4 / .
:
Q=mxc
Q = 5 x 400 = 2000 J/c0
110
)(2-3
12 2 65
416 / .
15 3
241 / .
Q=cmt
= 22644= )2-65(12416 1226
:
Q=cmt
Thermal Equilibrium :
.
( ) ( )
:
=
Me
:
111
)(1-3
( ) 2 1
( ) 4 ( )
33
= 416/ .
:
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
( )-3
- 1 500
.
- 2 .
- 3 ( )0250 ( )0250
.
- 4 .
- 5 ( 5 ) .
- 6
- :
...... = 1 ........ =2
........ =3 ....... = 1
= .......
....... = 2
112
- ( 2 3 )
.......................................................................
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
)-3( WOKL Wd
:
:
-1
-2
m1= ....
m2= ....
m3 = m2 - m1
t1= ....
-3
m4= ....
-4
t2= ...
-5
-6 t3= ...
:
=
= ( )m x c x t
()m x c x t ( + ) m x c xt
]([m4 c )t2-t3(] = [m1 c )t3-t1(] + [m3 c )t3-t2
..
c
113
Thermal Mixed :
.
.
.
)3
()3-3
(3
:
-1 .
-2 .
( )3 3 .
............................................................................... -1
.............................................................................. -2
.............................................................................. -3
.............................................................................. -4
114
:
.
.
: :Boyle's Law
( )-3
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
..................................................................
.
.................................................................
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
:
. ( ) P1 ( ) P2
( )V1( )V2 :
p1 v1 = p2 v2
115
)(3-3
15 3 6
.
P1 V1 = P2 V2
1500 x 76 = V2 x 80
... v2= 1428 cm3
.........................................
: :Charles Law
( )-3
- 1 .
- 2
............................................................ .....
..................................................................
.................................................................
......... ...................................................................
................... ..........................................................
............................. ................................................
.............................................................................
( ) .
:
116
( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( )1( )2
:
V2
T2
V1
T1
)(4-3
3
2 4
.
V2
=
()40+273
200
()0+273
...
.
..
V2
T2
V2
313
=
=
V2 = 229.3 cm3
V1
T1
200
273
...
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
..............................................................................
117
: :Pressure Law
( )-3
- 1
.
.................................................................
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
.
:
( ) .
:
P2
T2
P1
T1
)(5-3
1
.
1
P1
P2 .
70
P2
..
=
=
()100+273
( )
70 x 373 = ......... cm of Hg
283
118
()10+273
= ... P
2
T2
P2
373
T1
70
283
...
: :
:
P2 V2
P1 V1
T2
T1
)(6-3
2 5
25 .
25 x 80
T2
20 x 75
273
...
P2 V2
T2
2000
T2
=
=
P1 V1
T1
1500
273
... T2 = 364
119
:
-1 :Thermodynamics
.
.
2 :Thermodynamics System
( )
.
( )
( ) .
.
-3 : Thermal Equilibrium
( ).
.
.
-4 :Thermodynamics Process
.
-5 :Path
( )
.
120
- :Thermodynamics Cycle
( )
.
p
-1 :Closed System
. .
-2 :Isolated System
- 3 :Open System
121
( )
.
( - )
( ))4-3
.
:
-1 ( ) Isobaric
-2 ( ) Isothermal
( )4-3
-3 ( ) Isochoric
-4
( (( ) Adibatic
)) .
():
( )
-1 ( ) =
( 5-3) .
-2 ( ) :
= ( 5-3 ) :
)W = p (v2-v1
-3 ( ) ( 5 3 ) :
122
v2
v1
W = v1p1 ln
v2
v1
p1v1 = p2v2
p1
p2
p1
p2
W = v1p1 ln
Me
: ( ) Ln ( ) Log
-4 ( )
: =
W= U
u ( ) ( 3-3)
()5-3
123
)( 7-3
5 3
( 5 1 /. )2
w=p )v2-v1( :
w = 105 x 500 x 10- 6 = 50 J
)(8-3
[2 3 1
[6 3 ( = 3 )
.
:
( )
v2
(
v1
) w= v1p1 ln
= 219.722 J
124
0.6
0.2
)(2-3
2 3 5
( 22 ) 3 :
- 1
- 2
2
5
( )
U = Q-W= U2-U1 : :U Q: :w .
125
:
-1 ( )
(
).
-2 ( ) Q
.
()7-3
(7 3
( )7-3 .
.
)(9-3
5 [2
( ) .
= 5 1 1[13 1 = 4[1
:
...U = Q - W ,
(...W = P)V2 - V1
... W = 1.013 X 105 X 0.002 = 202.6J
...U = )500 X 4.18( - 202.6 ... U = 1887.4 J
126
)(10-3
( 3 )
( )
( ) .
:
... U = Q - W
... Q = ...
... U = -W
...U = -)-3000( = + 3000 J
:
:
-1 :
:
U=Q
U = Q - w
w= 0
( ) .
-2 :
(w = p )v2-v1
U= Q - p )v2- v1( :
127
( ) 3
()-3
( ) 3
U= Q - p )v - v ( :
1
( ) 3 ( )
)(11-3
12 2 . .
:
U = 800 J
U = 2000 - 1200
U= Q - W
)(12-3
2 3 5 3 1
4 . -1 : -2 .
:
(W= P)V2-V1( = 105 )0.05 - 0.02
... W = 3000 J
U= 4000 - 3000 ... U = 1000 J
128
... U = Q - W
-3 ( ) :
U = 0 W= Q
P
v
( Q = v1 p1 ln) 2 ( Q = v1 p1 ln ) 1
P2
v1
-4 ( ) :
( ) Q=O
:
U= Q-W , Q = 0 ... U= -W
( )
:
--1
( . )1-3
-2 (
) (
)
)
.
()10-3
129
.
:
.
)(13-3
1
.
:
:
...Q=O
U = Q - w
U = 0 - )-100( = 100 J 1
130
:
:Inverses Process
.
: (
) .
( ) w - v1 v2
( ) v2 < v1 ( )
( . )w
v2 ( v1 ) ( ) w+
( . ) w -
v1 v2 v2 . v1
(.)11-3
()11-3
v1 v2 v2 v1 .
:
u = 0
:
( = ) w w
:Therml Machine
( )
( ) 12 3
()12-3
131
Me
.
( . ) 13 3
:
--1
.
)
-2 (
.
-3 ( )
( ) 13 3
(
)
) (
-4 ( ) .
.
( ) 13 3 ( )
: = =
U= Q-W
: 2
W= Q2-Q1
= - 2
: = - 2 1
132
= - 2
UA
:
)(.
) ( :
) ( ) (z . :
) (Q2 .
) (
) (
W
Q2
=Z
W = Q2 - Q1
Q2 - Q1
Q2
:
Q1
Q2
Q1
Q2
Z= 1-
bdG e
T1
T2
Z= 1-
Z= 1-
T1 Q1
=
T2 Q2
=Z
T1
T2
) (
) (
Q1 ) (
133
( ) 1
: .
.
( )...
)(14-3
12
42 315
. .
:
... W = 105 J
W= Q2 - Q1
W = 420 - 315
105 .
. . Z = 0.25
420
315
420
T1
127 + 273
= ... Z
W
Q2
Q1
Q2
= ... Z
=
T1
T2
134
:Second Low
.
.
,
.
( ) :
- ( ) :
( ))14 3
.
( ) 14 3
- ( ) :
( . ) 15 3
( ) :
( )
( ) .
( ) 15 3
135
( ))1-3 ( ) 16 3
:
2-1
: 2 ( ) ( )
:3 2 ( )
( ) 1 3
: 4-3 ( ) ( )
: 1-4 ( ) .
( ) 17 3
136
)(15-3
3
2 2 :
-1
:
-1
-2
3000
Q1
-3
1000
300
Q2
Q1
T2
T1
... Q1 = 900 KJ
-2
-3
... W = 2100 KJ
900
3000
...Z = 1
W = Q2 - Q1
Q1
Q2
Z= 1-
...Z = 0.666
137
)(3-3
1
5
.
138
Heat Transfer
.
: Heat Cordueted
:
( ) 1 3
( )
.
.
:
-1 ( )L ()L
-2 ( )A ()A
-3 ( )T (. )T
-4 ( ) t (. ) t
-5 ( ) KC
139
( ) :
( E ) =
KCAT t
L
=E
bdG e
():
.
365
15
46
42
24
41
( ) 2 3
140
)(16-3
5 2 .2
5
:
(E)
= 5
KC A T t
1 6 2 k
5
(3542 = )k /..
.
.
141
( 253 -)
( 273 ) 7 -( 14) 20
31
43
51
365
41
15
23
115
15
( ) 3 3
:
- :
( )1-3 ( ) :
-1
-2
.
- :
.
142
( ) 1 3
( . )1 3
( )20-3
:
......
- ( ) ...
- :
( )
( ).
143
.
.
-1 :
() 21-3
.
-2 :Forced Pregnancy
.
: ( ) .
: .
: .
144
:
) :
( ) (
-1
:
-2
( ) .
-3 ( ) .
-4 (
)
( ) p :
bdG e
-5
: P
:A
:t .
:KP .
P = KP.A. t
( ) K 2 4 .
P
1 2
1 .
145
)(17-3
5 2
35 2
1 / 2
:
P= 10 x 50 x )35 - 20( = 7500W
P= K . A . t
P
-1
-2 ( ) .
-3 .
-4 3 .
....................................................................
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
146
: Absorption Coefficint
:
( ).
= M :
x 100
E abs
E0
=M
26
45
( ) 4 3
26 - 12
147
.
.
18-3
4 1
:
...M =25%
x 100
10
40
=M
E abs
x 100
E0
=M
:
-1 *
-2 ( ) .
.
-3
-4 .
-5 .
:
* .
148
:Black Body
.
1
.
( . )22 3
: Rodater
( ) :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
( )22-3
()23-3
.
0
40-
149
( 23 - ) ( )
.
:
:
( ) ( )
( . ) T
. = 2.897 x 10 -3
bdG e
. = constant
: = 1 2
.
3-
.
.
150
( ) .
...
.
)(19-3
2 . .
:
constant
T
2.897 x 10 -3
.
=..
)(727 + 273
.
. . = 2.897 x 10 -6 m
151
)1 :
( ) .
)2
:
-
4 .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
.
.
.
.
.
)3
( ) .
)4 .
152
)5 :
- .
) :
- 14 / .
- = 5 /
)7 :
- :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
- :
-1
-2
-3
-4
- :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
- :
-1 .
153
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
- :
-1 1 .
-2 1 .
-3 1 .
-4 1 .
- :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
4 .
- -1 -2 / -3 /
-4 / . (
)
) 100 30 / . :
- 70 .
154
)10 :
200 - 10 0 .
50 - 20 70 .
50 - ( 10-) 100 .
: = 4200 / .
= 400 / . = 2100 / .
) 11 : =
005 3 200 013
.
)12 540
37 .
)13
2250 250
)14 17
( 13- ) 30
.
) 15
24 47
. ( ) .
)1 ( 33- )
27 ( . )55 .
155
)17 40 200
25 .
)1 ( )
( ) ( )
:
-1
-2
-3
()24-3
) 1 15 4 20
5- = 0 / .
( ) .
) 20 15 ( 10- )
10 2
( )= 30 / . 2
156
) 21 120 2 15
= 12 / . :
- 15
( 5- ) .
- .
157
158
-1.
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
159
( )
-1
2004 .
-2 2001.
-3 .
1417 17 / .
-4
1420 1 / .
-5
177 .
-
141 17 / .
-7 1427 .
- 1
17 .
- 142.
-10 . 1420.
160
:
1-Serway, Physics fro scientists and Engineers,Third
Edition,1992G.
2- Cutunell , Physics , John Wily, 1997G.
3- Griffith The Physics of Everyday Phenomena, Fifht Edition 2007.
4- Physics Secondary Education, Second Year Lebanon, 1999.
161
( )2
( -)
( 5) ( 5)
( 5) ( 5)
( )
( -
)
5 = 2 10
( 10 = 5 + 5 = )10
():
1-1
.
2-2 .
3-3
162
) (
bu
WLOI
uC Wd
uu
X -
dJ WM
WOU u
X -
p XU
u e
Uu b
u uu
U XU
db XU
X -
X -
Xu dJ UGO
X -
X -
X -
X -
X -
r uu
tKJ dJ WM W
WO{_ WOU' U XU
uu suO
uu wzUdNJ XU
suO
dO
X -
0 dH w WOOUMG* UHM
uu
X -
0 dH w WOzUdNJ WOUL
163
XU r
dJ WK
ud WK
duOM WK
) (
http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/wop
www.het.brown.edu.physics/index.html
www.physics.nwu.edu/ugrad/vpl
www.sciencejoywagon.com/physicszone
www.aapt.org
http://physicsweb.org/resources/home
www.colorado.edu/physics/phet
www.physicstutor.com
http://library.thinkquest.org/10796
164
( )5
- - .
165
-1 :
-2 :
.
:
. :
......................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
......................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
166
-3 :
-4 :
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
167
-5 :
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
:
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
:
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
. :
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
. :
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
. :
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
168
- :
:
: :
169
170
-7 :
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
171
:
()
.
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
.......
........ ........
........ ........
........ ........
........ ........
........ ........
........ ........
........ ........
........ ........
........ ........
....... .......
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
.......
. .
.................
.................
............... ..
.................
............. ....
.................
........... ......
.................
.................
/ /
.......................
.......... .............
.......................
.................... ...
....... ................
.......................
.......................
.......................
.......................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
..................
.................
: .
172
/ /
.......................
......... .............
.......................
.................. ....
.... ..................
.......................
.......................
.......................
.......................
173