anjv\dnam aebmfns hfm

antcmv
kwkvmcns khtXmpJamb hnImkn\v `mjbpsS A\pkyqXambhf A\nhmcyamWv. Cu XXzw t\cntem _lpZqcw ]nntev ISpsNt Imcyan. ]sm ]mXmw \qmnse kmwkvmcnI tIcfntesmp Xncnpt\mnbm aXnbmIpw. D\oNXzns \ocmfnnSnn sRcnav KXnapnb HcpIqw a\pjya. PmXn Ifpw D]PmXnIfpw, AXns\mv `mjbn t`Zfpw hIt`Zfpambn tIcfw IncmXtemI ns IcmflkvXfn IepjnXambncp Imew. ]mSv ]WnsbSpphpw acWnmpw temlWnmpw Fpthm sXmgnen\pw PmXnbvpsamv `mjbn amw. {InkvXym\nbvpw \mbpw \qXncnpw `mj ]ehn[w. Npcpn hnIeamb `mjbpw XI kwkvmchpw tIcfs {Kknp. Ccw \ioIcW {]hWXI P\fnepmp hn]pI hntZinbcmb anjv\dnam a\nemn. _lpapJamb shphnfnIsf t\cnpsImmbmepw AXns\Xnsc {]hnm Xs Ah Xocpam\np. `mjbpsS hfbvpw kzcamb {]tbmKn\pw imkv{Xobambn \nn i_vZtIm ifpw hymIcW{Kfpw DmIWw. Cu bmYmyamWv hntZianjv\dnam a\nem nbXpw AXn\papv amcpw a\nemmXncpXpw. Cybn {]tXyInv tIcfnse nb anjv\dnamscmw `mjbpsSbpsSbpw kwkvmcns hfbvv {]tXyIw {inp Ibpw {ianpIbpw sNbvXhcmWv. ASnm\]camb hnZym`ymkneqsS am{Xta CXp km[n pIbppshv Ah a\nemn. AXpsImv hnZym`ymkn\v Ah {]tXyIw Du \In. As\ tIcfn hnZym`ymkn\pw `mjbvpw kwkvmcn\pw Ah iamb ASnd]mIn. aebmf`mjbpsS imkv{Xobamb hfbvpw AXv km[mcW P\fn Fnp Xn\pw {]hn [mcmfw anjv\dnamcpv. Ahcn hfsc {][m\s NnecpsS kwn]vX kw`mh\I am{Xta ChnsS {]Xn]mZnppp. _lp`mjm]nX\mb AtWmkv ]mXncnbmWv tIcfn `mjbvv iamb ASnd ]mIpXpw AXn A\ntj[yamb kmlnXyalmku[p XpSanSpXpw. Atlns bmYm t]cv sbmhm FsWv lmMvknsU (Johann Earnst Hanxleden) FmWv. CXn FsWns aebmfw ]Xn mWv Atmkv. {ItaW Atlw B t]cn Xs AdnbsSm\pw XpSn (AtWmkv ]mXncn). 1681 P\nbn P\n FsWv 1700 Unkw_dn kqdnepw (tKmh) ]noSv tIcfnepw FpIbmbncpp. 1706 Atlw Hcp Pkyqv sshZnI\mbn. AXn_pnam\mbncp FsWv sshZoI]T\ ImepXs aebmfw icnbmbn ]Tnp. AtXmsSmw Xangv, kwkvIrXw, emn, kndnbIv, t]mpKokv Fo`mjIfpw hiamn. Atlns A{im ]cn{ians ^eambn `mjbvv KZynepw ]Zynepw ]e {K e`np. Fgptbpw ]qm\ntbpw kmlnXytemIneqsS Atlw kcnp. Acnepmb IrXnIfmWv ]p ]m\, NXpcyw (\mep ]hw - IhnX), ssZhamXrNcn{Xw, aninlmNcn{Xw, Bm\p Xm]w, AbpsS ZpxJw Fnh. IqSmsX aebmfw t]mpKokv \nLp, aebmf hymIcWw, kwkvIrXw t]mpKokv \nLp, kwkvIrX hymIcWw XpSn \nch[n {KfmWv Atlw ssIcfnbvp km\nXv. aebmfw, Xangv, sXepv, IS Fo {ZmhnU`mjI ]Tnv hniZamb KthjWw \Sn XmcXaym[njvTnXamb hymIcW{Kw cNn Hcp anj\dnbpv. AtlamWv sFdnjp Imc\mb _njv tdm_Sv ImUz (Robert Caldwell). _njv ImUz 1814 hSs sFbeUn P\np. Atlw Xs 24mas hbn (1838) t{]nX {]h\n\v e anj skmssknbpsS (LMS) `mKambn a{Zmknsen. ImUz XncphnXmwIqdnse e anj {]hI\mb {]kn Nmkv tamSns (Charles Mault) aI Fenksb hnhmlw Ignp. Fenk XncphnXmwIqdnepw Xncp\thenbnepw kv{XoIfpsS hnZym`ymkn\pw
1

Da\n\pw thn hfsc {]bXv\n Hcp alnfmcXv\amWv. Xangv icnbmbn ]Tnsn am{Xta a{Zmkn {]hnm IgnbpIbppshv ImUzh a\nemn. Cu Adnhv ka{K {ZmhnU`mjm]T\ntev Atls \bnp. {ZmhnU`mj kwkvIrXn\npw av Bcy`mjIfn\npw hyXyamsWpw {ZmhnU `mjIv kzamb hynXzapspw Atlw P\sf a\nemnp. AXn\pthn Xmfntbme{K, kwLImekmlnXyw (BC 300 to AD 600), DJ\\w (excavation) apXemb hn]pehpw hym]vXhpamb KthjW \Sn. As\ inbphpw hyhpw hym]vXhpamb sXfnhpItfmsSbmWv ImUz {ZmhnU`mjIsfpdnv ]TnnXpw {K cNnXpw. BwKvfn k`bpsS `mKamb Nv anj\dn skmsskn (CMS)bnse anjv\dnam XncphnXmwIqdn htXmsSbmWv ss__nfns aebmf hnh\w Bcw`nXv . AtXkabwXs P anjv\dnam ae_mdnepw ss__n hnh\w XpSnbncpp. ss__nfns aebmf hnh\n\v Fmehpw AdnbsSp hynbmWv {]kn\mb BwKvfn anj\dn _sPvan s_bven (Benjamin Bailey). Atlspdnv IqSpXembn AdnbpXn\v apv, As tIcf Ncn{Xhpw {]kncmb ap Nne kn.Fw.kv. anj\dn amscpdnpw hfsc Npcpambn a\nemtXpv. Amev XncphnXmwIq `cnncpXv almdmWn Bbneyw Xncp\m Kucn evan `mbv Bbncpp. aI kzmXnXncp\mfn\pthn cmP{]Xn\n[nbmbnmWv Ah `cnXv. thepXn Zfhmbvptijw DnWn Xn Znhm\mbn, sImmcw AgnaXnbn IqpIpnbncp Imew. almdmWn, DnWn Xnsb Xm\ p\np amn ]Icw tIW tPm asdmsb (asdm kmbnv) Znhm\mbn \nbanv A[nImcw Gev]np. `\pw BwKvfn k`mwKhp ambncp asdm kmbnv P\fpsS ]ptcmKa\n\pw hnZym`ymkn\pw thn ]cn{ianm Cu Ahkcw icnpw D]tbmKnp. {InkvXym\nIpw apnwpw av A[xIrXPmXn mpw GsSpnbncp Xecw, s]cp\m Icw apXemb Ic (taxes) \ndpemn bXv Atlns ImemWv. asdm ss__ hnh\n IqSpX Xmev]cyw ImWnp. AXn\mbn ]e anjv\dnamtcbpw XcphnXmwIqdn sImphp. Aqn {]kn\mWv dh. tXmakv t\m. Atlhpw apNne anjv\dn amcpw tNv ss__n hnh\n\v hfsc ]cn{ian snepw `mjbnep ]cnanXamb Adnhv AhcpsS DZyahpw ]cnanXamn. CXn\v kaqeamw hcpnsmv ka{Khpw kqjvahpw As coXnbn aebmf `mjbpsS X\Xmb aqeyhpw Dsmv hnh\w \nhln Hcp alm{]Xn`bmWv dh. _sPvan s_bven. s_bven 1791 Cwn P\np. Atlw 1816s\mhw_dn Bepgsbn. ss_ _n hnh\w AXns ]qXnbnsenpXn\v Atln\v hfsctbsd n kakyIfnepsS ISpt]mtInbncpp. ]pXpXmbn tIcfnsenb ASnsb{ns {]h\nepw Gsd _pnappIfpmbn (CUybn BZyambn ASnhnZy Bcw`np Xpw anjv\dnamcmWv). AsXmw XcWw sNbvXv 1825 hn. ambnbpsS kphntijhpw 1829 ]pXnb \nbahpw 1841 kq ss__nfpw s_bven aebmfn {]knoIcnp. CXpIqSmsX \nLpfpw av IrXnIfpambn ]Xnmev ]pkv X IIqSn Atlw ssIcfnbvv kw`mh\ sNbvXnpv. s_sPvan s_bven 1871 \ncymX\mbn. aebmf`mjbvv AhnkvacWobhpw A]cntabhpamb kw`mh\I sNbvXnn Hcp AXpy{]Xn `bmWv sl Kpv. `mjbpsS ASnm\w Acnpdnm\pw AXphsc Dmbncp AIpsfmw \nIn, _lpapJamb KthjWfneqsSbpw Kl\amb ]T\fneqsSbpw ]qamb Hcp \nLphpw hymIcWhpw \nnm Kpn\p Ignp. Kpv 1814 P\nbn P\np. Atlw 1837 a{Zmknsen. AhnsShv Xangn epw ]noSv IUbnepw {]mhoWywt\Sn. XpSv tIcfntev bm{X XpScpIpbmbncpp. `mjsbpdnv IqSpX AdnbpXn\pw Hmtcm es {]tXyI hmpIfpw ssienIfpw t\cnp a\nempXn\pambn Atlw tIcfsapw kcnp. 1868 aebmf hymIcWhpw 1872 aebmfw Cwojv \nLphpw {]knoIcnp. IqSmsX Bob]camb av ]e {K fpw Atlw ]knsSpnbnpv. `mjbn Aphsc Dmbncp Fm sshIeyfpw
2

amn ipamb `mjbn kq ss__n hnh\w sNbvXXmbncpp Atlns asmcp {][m\ t\w. 1847 Kpp XpSnb cmPykamNmcw tIcfnse {]Ya h am\{XamWv. AXn\ptijw Atlw ]ntamZbw F asmcp ]{Xhpw {]knoIcnp. Kpv 1893 \ncymX\mbn. CUybnse BZys eWsam Hcp kmckmlnXyw ]mtdm tXmm I\m (kztZin) cNn ham\pkvXIw F IrXnbmWv. 17781786 Imefn Atlhpw Icnbmn butkv sa{Xtmenmbpw tNv ammmsb ImWm\mbn \Snb enkv_tdmm bm{XbpsS hnhcW amWv Cu IrXn. kmlknIhpw tiIchpamb AhcpsS Ibm{Xbnse A\p`hfpw AtXmsSmw B{^n, sXs Atacn, bqtdmv Fo `qJsf pdnp h\Ifpw Cu IrXnbn DsSpnbncnpp. anjv\dnam tIcfnse hnZym`ymk hnIk\n\mbn sNbvXnp tkh\ \nch[nbmWv. asmcpcp sNdnb DZmlcWw IqSn ChnsS FSppImWnbvmw. 1821 kn.Fw. kv. anjv\dnam tIbp XpSnb {Kma kvqfmWv Cs {]knamb kn.Fw.Fkv. tImfPv. tIcfn Cwojv hnZym`ymkn\v XpSanSpXpw AhXs. Cv tIcfnse Db hnZym`ymkns {][m\ImcWw anjv\dnamcmWv. s]IpnIfpsS hnZym`ymkn Ah {]tXyIw {inp. CUybn ]pcmX\Imew apX KpcpIpe hnZym`ymkk{Zmb ambncpp \ne\nncpXv. Fm AXv cmPmmmcnepw Hcp Iqw htcWyh nepw am{Xw HXpnbncpp. Cv tIcfn IpnI hnZym`ymkw XpSpXv ]nqSfnemWv. ]nbvsm w IpSnsInbmbmepw XpSnb hnZym`ymk k{Zmbns XpSbmWvv ]nqSw.A{X ta anjv\dnamcpsS kw`mh\I tIcfnse hnZym`ymkcwKv DmbnpspXv ]I t]mse kXyamWv. Cu kXyns ASndbn Nhnn\npsImmWv Nne I]Scm{ob m hnIe hnai\fpambn tIcfnse {InkvXob hnZym`ymkns\Xnsc hnc NqpXv. anjv\dnam tIcfn `mjbvpw hnZym`ymkn\pw, tIcfns kaqeamb kmwkvmcnI ]ptcmKXnbvpw sNbvXnp kw`mh\mkmKcnse Hcp sNdpXpnam{Xsa ChnsS FSppImWnbvm Ignnp. B almkmKcw C\nbpw _mnInSpp. Is pI.