*

Six Sigma

* / ) / ( .- :

-
.
:

) (6

.
.
.

) (6
-:
) (6
.

).(6

) (6 .

.
)(6
-:

).(6

).(6
.

.
) (6
.

.
.

. ) (
1973/1972 .1974/1973
1991


.
.

:
-

) (
.

) (


.

) (18" .

" :

.
.

.
" :

) (1 .

) (%14

)
( . .


.

)( )(
.
.
50
.

. 2 Six Sigma

Total Quality Management

.(Harry,2000:33) . ) (Sigma Six

Motorola . ) (6

Motorola ) (
) (- SO GOOD-
WWW. ) .

(Westgard. Com
) (6

Controlling Measuring Improving

) ( ).(Maguire,1999:32

) (6 )(6

(Breyfogle,1999:1) .

).(Maguire,1999:32

) (

- )(6

SIGMA CONCEPT

SIGMA (Six .

) .Sigma-Making Customer fell quality.htm

).(www.aluenet.com

Six Sigma ) (3.4

) .(Maguire, 1999: 32 Six Sigma

).(Stinikov, 2002: 3
(Wary & Hogan, 2002: 3)-:
.
-:
) (Re-engineering .
-Preventing Problems- .

-Delighting- .
.
)) (Black Belts ( ) (Change
experts )) (Greer Belts ( ).(Change Supporters

(www.aluenet.com).
(www.Pivotalresources.com) -:
.
) (

) (6

(www.juran.com).

) (6
) (6 ( Management by

) Facts

(www.aluenet.com) .
) (6

) (6

(Google: six sigma glosary) -:

) (3.4 Opportunity

).(Hahn et al., 2001:6

Incarnation




).(www.aluenet.com

) (6(www.pivotalresources.com) -:

) (2

) (X ) (Y ] ).[f(x

Six Sigma(Google:Quality System & Tools-Six Sigma)-:

.
.

Six Sigma

(Westgard, 2002:1) .

$
)Y = f (X1 , X2 , X3 ......

) (2 ) (6 .
Source:- (www.Pivotalresources.com).

.
) . (3 ).(6

) (3 )(6
Source: Pande, Pete.,Using Six Sigma to Improvement the Supply Chain, Pivotal
Resources, USA,2002:4.

- )Six Sigma Philosophy ( 6

Six Sigma

- -
-Zero Defect- )Google: Sixsigma-Making Customer Feel Quality

) (6

) (www.aluenet.com Six Sigma .

)(Wary & Hogan, 2002:4
.
.
.
) (6

) (6 )(4
):(6

6
6

) (

)(4 )(6
Source: Wary, Bruce & Hogan, Bob Why Securities Operation Bank of America, USA,
2002:20.

) (6 (www.aluenet.com)-:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
- Application Scope

) (6
.
(www.aluenet.com)-:

- -: -Design for

) (
Productability

- -:

-:
-: .Simulation

-: .Short Cycle Manufacturing

-: Standardization .
-: ).Statistical Process Control (SPC
-: .Paricipative Management Practices
-: ).Design of Experiment (DOE

-: ).Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA

) (

- )Six Sigma Importanat (6

) (6(www.aluenet.com) -:

) (5 ) (6 ) (Traditional

) (

) (Less Obvious-:
.

Installation-.
.

.
.

%-

) (

obvious

)(

%25-20

Loss Obvious

) (5 ) (6

Source: Wary, Bruce & Hogan, Bob. Why six sigma in a securities operation Bank of
America, USA, 2002:17.

)(.
.

) (1 ) (

) ( -:
) -: ( :

* .

) Defect Per Million (DPM .

.
YIELD
) (1 ) (6
Yield

DPM

Sigma Level
6

69%
93%
99.4%
99.97%
99.9996549%

308.538
66.807
6.210
233
3.4

2
3
4
5
6

Source: Wary, Bruce & Hogan, Bob. Why Six Sigma in A Securities Operation. Bank of
America, USA, 2002: 9.

) (2 ) (6).(3
) ( ) (6)(3
)(6

)(3

54000 .
.
40500 3 100.
.

.

) (16.

54000 .

35 .

Source: Wary, Bruce & Hogan, Bob. Why Six Sigma in A Securities Operation Bank of
America, USA, 2002: 22.

) (6 ) (6
- )Six Sigma Stages (6
) (6 (www.uist.gov: 43) -:
o .

o .
o .
o .
o .

o
6

6 Sigma Process
3 Sigma Process
Defect

Defect

UCL

LCL

Average

LCL
UCL


Average

) (6 ) (3, 6 ) (6 .

Source: Wary, Bruce & Hogan, Bob. Why Six Sigma in A securities Operation. Bank of
America, USA, 2002: 8.

) (6

) (6
) (7 -:

: Define Phase
(Wary & Hogan, 2002:22) :

) (6 .

) (Pain .

) (4-3.

: Measure Phase

) .(144:2002
(www.aluenet.com) :

-: )Characteristic Critical to Quality(CTQ

-: .
-: Validate .

(Wary & -:
)Hogan, 2002: 23
.

.
: Analyze Phase



) .(146: 2002

(www.aluenet.com)-:

- .

- .
-

(Wary & Hogan, 2002:23).

: Improve Phase
(www.aluenet.com)-:
-

- .
- .

) (146 :2002

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

) (7 )(6
)Source:- (www.Pivotalresources.com
.
.

.
) ( .

) (Wary & Hogan, 2002:24 -:

.
.
: Control Phase


) . (147 :2002
(www.aluenet.com)-:
.
.

.

.
- Implementation Strategy
) (6 ) (3
(www.aluenet.com)-:
" - )Six Sigma Organization (6
) (6


) (6
.
" - )Six Sigma Engineering Organization (6

) (6

.
" - The Strategic Field Choice
) (6

.
) (3

).(6

) (:

: ) (%6
).(%12

:
) (%0.1 ).(%0

): ( Burr,1996:51-57

.

.

.
) (6.
.

) (10 ) (5

) (4 -:

. ).(8

R = 20 = 2
=R
10

98.4
= 9.84
10

X
n

= X

UCL = X + A2 R = 9.84 + 0.577 2 = 10.99

CL = X = 9.84

LCL = X A2 R = 9.84 0.577 2 = 8.69

) (3 )(6

)(6

-:

- .
.
. . .
-
.

.

. .
- .

.
.

.

.

)(6

. .

.
- .

. .
.

.
.
.
. .
- .

.
//.

. .

.
.

.
.

.

Source:- www.aluenet.com. -:

. .

).(6

.

) (4

X1
11
9
8
8
10
10
12
11
8
7

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

X2
12
11
9
9
11
12
11
12
7
8

X3
11
12
9
10
9
12
11
10
9
9

X4
11
10
9
9
9
11
12
9
9
9

X5
12
9
8
9
9
10
11
9
9
10

11.4
10.2
8.6
9
9.6
11
11.4
10.2
8.4
8.6

1
3
1
2
2
2
1
3
2
3

0.548
1.304
0.548
0.707
0.894
1
0.548
1.304
0.894
1.140

98.4

20

8.887

) 2.3 = (8.69-10.99 ).*(%38

. ).(8

UCL = R D4 = 2 2.115 = 4.23

CL = R = 2

LCL = R D3 = 2 0 = 0

) (8 .

. )(9

UCL = X + A3 S = 9.84 + 1.427(0.89) = 11.11

CL = X = 9.84
LCL = X A3 S = 9.84 1.427(0.89) = 8.57

) 2.54 = (8.57-11.11 ).(%42

* .

12
UCL

11

CL

10

LCL

8
7

UCL

10

6
5

4
3

CL

1
0

LCL

10

) (8

. ).(9
UCL = X + A3 S = 9.84 + 1.427(0.89) = 11.11
CL = X = 9.84
LCL = X A3 S = 9.84 1.427(0.89) = 8.57

20
15

UCL
CL
LCL

10
5

UCL

10

0
2

1.5

CL

0.5
LCL

0
10

) (9
) (5

-7

7.5

-8

8.5

-9

9.5

18

-10

10.5

-11

11.5

10

13-12

12.5

50

.
) (5
.

) (P ).(6

LTL

UTL

20

15
10
5

0
5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.5

9 10 11 12

) (9

) (6

7.5

2-1

1.5

8.5

7-3

9.5

18

25-8

16.5

10.5

32-26

29

11.5

10

42-33

37.5

100/50 (37.5-0.5) = 74

12.5

50-43

46.5

100/50 (46.5-0.5) = 92

P
100/50 (1.5-0.5) = 2
100/50 (5-0.5) = 9
100/50 (16.5-0.5) = 32
100/50 (29-0.5) = 57

. ).(6

6
S = 9.84 + 2.68(0.89) = 12.23
5

UCL = X +

CL = X = 9.84

6
S = 9.84 2.68(0.89) = 7.46
5

LCL = X


%
+3S

%
T = 12 6

+2S

+1S

-1S

-2S

-3S
15.5

14.5

13.5

12.5

11.5

10.5

9.5

8.5

7.5

6.5

5.5

) (10

4.5

) 4.77 = (7.46-12.23 ).(%80

) (Process Sigma
" " :
S
0.89
=
= 0.95
C4 0.94
12 6
= 1.05
= Cp
6 0.95

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

UCL
CL
LCL

10

) (11
) (6

) (Cpk :

PS = 3 CP
PS = 3 1.05 = 3.15

R
2
=
= 0.86
d 2 2.326
10.99 9.84
= 1.34
0.86
9.84 8.69
= 1.34
0.86

UCL X

X LCL

Z (min) 1.34
=
= 0.45
3
3

= Z UCL

= Z LCL

= C PK

:

-:


.


.

.
) (2.3
) (2.54

)
(

) (10.5 )(1.5
).(9

) (%15
.

) (4.77
.%80

) (10 ) (%1.5
) (%2.5
.
) (%2
) (Cp ) .(1.05 ) (PS
) (3.15 ) (0.15 ) = PS
(3 ).(Cp = 1

) (Cp ) (1.05 ) (1

) (CPK

) (0.15
) .(12

) (

.

UTL

PS = 3 1.05 = 3.15

LTL

)(+0.15

-3

+3

) (12

:
) (10 ) (5
) (7 .

) (7

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CL = R = 0.017

8
9
10

R
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.02

X1
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.07
0.05
0.01
0.1

X2
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.07
0.05
0.02
0.09

X3
0.05
0.02
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.02
0.09

X4
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.03
0.1

X5
0.05
0.02
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.1

0.048
0.02
0.056
0.066
0.06
0.022
0.096

0.05

0.07

0.07

0.06

0.07

0.064

0.05
0.03

0.06
0.04

0.07
0.03

0.05
0.05

0.07
0.03

0.06
0.036
0.523

S
0.005
0.007
0.005
0.005
0.012
0.008
0.005
0.009
0.01
0.009
0.075

0.02
0.02
0.17

. " ). (13

R = 0.17 = 0.017
n

10

0.528
= 0.053
10

=R

X
n

= X

UCL = X + A2 R = 0.053 + 0.577 0.017 = 0.063

CL = X = 0.053

LCL = X A2 R = 0.053 0.577 0.017 = 0.043

. ).(13
UCL = R D4 = 0.017 2.115 = 0.036
CL = R = 0.017
LCL = R D3 = 0.017 0 = 0

) (13 .
0.12
0.1

0.08

0.06

UCL
CL
LCL

0.04
0.02
10

0
0.04
0.03

0.02
0.01

0
10

) (13

. ).(13
) 0.022 = (0.042-0.064 ).(%22
UCL = X + A3 S = 0.053 + 1.427(0.0075) = 0.064

CL = X = 0 . 053
LCL = X A3 S = 0.053 1.427(0.0075) = 0.042

. ).(14
UCL = S B4 = 0.0075 2.089 = 0.016
CL = S = 0.0075
LCL = S B3 = 0.0075 0 = 0

0.12
0.1
0.08

UCL
CL
LCL

0.06
0.04
0.02

UCL

10

0
0.02

0.015

0.01

CL

0.005
LCL

0
10

) (14

) (12 .
) (8

0.02
-0.01
7
0.04
-0.03
8
0.06
-0.05
21
0.08
-0.07
9
0.1
0.11-0.09
5

50

) (9 ).(P

LTL

UTL

25
20

15
10
5
0

0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.11 0.12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
)(
) (9

0.02

7-1

0.04

15-8

11.5

0.06

21

36-16

26

100/50 (26-0.5) = 51

0.08

45-37

41

100/50 (41-0.5) = 81

0.1

50-46

48

100/50 (48-0.5) = 95

P
100/50 (4-0.5) = 7
100/50 (11.5-0.5) = 22

. ).(6

S = 0.053 + 2.68(0.0075) = 0.073

6
5

UCL = X +

CL = X = 0.053
S = 0.053 2.68(0.0075) = 0.033

6
5

LCL = X


%
+3S

%
T = 0.1 0

+2S

+1S

-1S

-2S

-3S

,
0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

) (16

0.85
0.6

) 0.04 = (0.033-0.073 ).(%41

:
S
0.0075
=
= 0.008
C4
0.94
0.1 0
= 2.08
= Cp
6 0.008

0.12
0.1
0.08

UCL
Cl

0.06

LCL

0.04
0.02

0
9 10

) (17 )(6

PS = 3 CP
PS = 3 2.08 = 6.24
) (CPK :
R 0.017
=
= 0.007
d 2 2.326
0.063 0.053
= 1.43
0.007

0.053 0.043
= 1.43
0.007

UCL X

X LCL

Z (min) 1.43
=
= 0.48
3
3

= ZUCL

= Z LCL

= CPK

:


-:

.

. ) (16

) (0.054 . ) (%1
).(%0.6

) (0.004 ) (%0.8
).(%0.85

.
) (PS=6.24 ) (3.24

) (2,6 . ) (PS
.%41 ) (17.
) (Cp ) (2.08

) (1

) (%1

) (CPK ) (0.48
.
UTL

PS = 3 2.08 = 6.24

LTL

)(+,

+3

-3

) (17
. :
:
"
) (%16
:
:
:

" .

"
) (%1

: : :
.

.
ISO
9001

.

) (


.

.

.

:

) (

.



).(%0.7


)(.

.

( 1.33-1)
.

. .1
.2
" . .3

.2002 ."ISO 10015

4.Burr, I.W., Statistical Quality Control Methods, Mareel Dekker, USA,
1996.
5.Stinikov Cataling the
Six Sigma phenomena old OR NEW
PERCEPTION of Quality ? lahai, huhtikun, April,2002.
6. Breyfogle Forest W.,Implementing SIX SIGMA smarter solutions
using statistical methods, New York, 1999.
7.Harry, Mikei J. A new defintion aims to connect quality with
8.Hahn, G. , Doganaksoy. N., Stanard, C., Statistical tools for six sigma ,
GE research & development center, 2001.
9.Magnire, M., Cow boy Quality Quality Progress, March, 1999.
10.Moen, Renald D., & Nolan, Thomas W., Process Improvement A stepby-step Approach to Analyzing and Improving A process, Quality
Progress, March, 1987.
11.Pande, Pete.,Using Six Sigma to Improvement the Supply Chain,
Pivotal Resources, USA,2002.
12.Wary, Bruce., & Hogan, Bob., Why Six Sigma insecurities operation,
Bank of America, USA,2002.
13.Westgrad, Hames O.,A Six Sigma Design Tool, All rights reserved,
USA, 2002.
14.Google: six sigma glosary.
15.Google: quality system & tools-six sigma.

16.Google: six sigma-making customer feel quality.

17.www.westgard.com.
18.www.westgard.com. 2002.
19.www.pivotalresourcess.com.
20.www.aluenet.com.
21.www.juran.com.
22.www.uist.gov.