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4-1
4-2
4-2-1
4-2-2

4-3
4-4 Logic Gates

-:
.

.
.
) ( :
. )(True
. )(False
. A B ...Z
0 .1
1 0 .

- )( : Logic Operations
:
.
.

-- :
. "" ).(AND Operation
. "" ).(OR Operation
. "" ).(NOT Operation
) (Binary Operations
" NOT" ) (Unary
.
.XY

""" "
. "
" " " "0 :

-1-

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Truth tables
.
n

"" -

"" AND .
"" -

"" OR
.
"" NOT -

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-- :
:
. ) ( NAND Operation ).( NOT AND
. ) (NOR Operation ).(NOT OR
. ) (XOR Operation )(Exclusive OR
. ) (EQV Operation ).(Exclusive NOR or Equivalence
- .

- :

:
):(

X 1 X= 0

X 0 X= 1

) (Uniqueness .
):(
X+0

=X
X.0 =0
"".
:
X
X= 0:
0 = 0 OR 0
0 = 0 AND 0

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X=1:
1= 0 OR 1
1 = 1 AND 1
- (2):

):(
=X+1

1
=X.1

X
"".
):(

=0

=1

)( Complementation
- .
)):
)(Double Negation
)):
X+X

= X (Idempotent law).
=X.X

X )):
= X + XY

X
)X (X + Y

=X
).(Absorption law
- .

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)):
X+Y=Y

+X
X.Y=Y.

X
).(Commutative law
)):
= )X + Y + Z = X + (Y + Z

(X +Y) + Z
X . Y . Z = X . (Y . Z) = (X .

Y) .Z
).(Associative law
):(
X (Y + Z) = XY +

XZ
= )(X + Y) (X + Z

X + YZ
).(Distributive law
):(

XZ + Z + XY = XY + Z
(X + Z).( + Z).(X + Y) = (Y
)+ X)( + Z

)):
X+ Y=X

+Y
)X . ( + Y

= XY
4-8 .

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)(De Morgan Laws) (

) ( .

) .
(.

.
-

.
/

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:
:

:
:

- :Gates Logic

.
: ""
"" "" ANSI
) (IEC -
.

-
:
: NAND Gate " AND" " NOT" :-

-7-

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- NAND
NAND AND.
NOR: " OR " " NOT" 4-3 :

- NOR
OR .
XOR:

.

- XOR
Exclusive-NOR or Equivalence : XOR
XOR NOT : -

- EQV
) (1 ) (0
.

-8-

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