{\rtf1{\fonttbl {\f2 Trebuchet MS Bold;} {\f3 Times New Roman Bold;} {\f4 Times New Roman;} {\f5 Arial;}

{\f6 Times New Roman Italic;} {\f1000000 Times New Roman;} }{\colortbl; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green173\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue0; }\viewkind1\viewscale100\margl0\margr0\margt0\margb0\deftab80\dntblnsbdb\expshrt n\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg1}{\bkmkend Pg1}\par\pard \ql \li3433\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3433\sb0\sl-345\slmult0 \par\pard\ ql\li3433\sb184\sl-345\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f 2\fs30 Cultura romn\u259? - cultur\u259? european\u259? \par\pard\ql \li1135\sb0\ sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1135\sb76\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscale x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 CELE PATRU MOMENTE ALE SINCRONIZ\u258?RII CULTU RALE \par\pard\qj \li1135\ri1430\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Pe plan cultural, alinierea european\u259? a Romnie i este evident\u259?. Au fost patru mari momente ale \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1 00 sincroniz\u259?rii culturii romne\u351?ti cu cea european\u259?: \par\pard\ql \li1135\ri936\sb9\sl-270\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c f2\f3\fs24 1.\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Primul moment e n veacul al XVI-lea. Sa \u351?ii, vrnd s\u259? converteasc\u259? pe romni la protestantism, le \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 tip\u259?resc c\u259?r\u355?i biserice\u351?ti n romne\u3 51?te. Cel mai important fapt cultural este opera tipografic\u259? a \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 diaconului Coresi, care, prin c\u259?r\u355?ile sale, a contribuit la crearea \u351?i r\u259?spndirea limbii romne literare. \par\pard\ql \li1135\ri1009\sb6\sl-275\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub \cf2\f3\fs24 2.\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Al doilea moment important str\u259? in e n secolul al XVII-lea n Moldova, cnd civiliza\u355?ia Apusului \up0 \expndtw-2 \charscalex100 \u351?i arat\u259? adev\u259?rata influen\u355?\u259?asupra romnilo r prin polonezi. Popor de cultur\u259? european\u259?, datorit\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 culturii lor latine, polonezii au, nc\u259? din veacul a l XVI-lea, o mare influen\u355?\u259? asupra spa\u355?iului \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 romnesc. Grigore Ureche, Costine\u351?tii, mitropolitul Dosoftei \u351?i al\u355?ii sunt mai mult sau mai pu\u355?in \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc alex100 familiariza\u355?i cu cultura apusean\u259?, \u351?tiu ns\u259? limba pol onez\u259? \u351?i pe cea latin\u259?, n care puteau citi mai \up0 \expndtw-2\cha rscalex100 mult. n jurul lor, al\u355?ii, mai pu\u355?in c\u259?rturari, nva\u355? \u259? \u351?i ei ceva de la ei. Ion Neculce, de exemplu, de\u351?i \up0 \expndt w-2\charscalex100 nu cuno\u351?tea vreo limb\u259? str\u259?in\u259?, e \u351?i el un om ,,cultivat\u8221?. Ace\u351?ti c\u259?rturari \u351?i principele Dimitr ie \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Cantemir, cosmopolit, avnd o vast\u259? cu ltur\u259? european\u259?, constituie o veritabil\u259? mi\u351?care cultural\u2 59? \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 capabil\u259? s\u259? sincronizeze \u354 ?\u259?rile Romne cu Europa. \par\pard\ql \li1435\sb5\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndt w-2\charscalex100 Epoca fanariot\u259? a rupt \u354?\u259?rile Romne, pentru circ a 100 de ani, de cultura european\u259?. \par\pard\qj \li1135\ri1662\sb1\sl-280\ slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Iluminismul, expresie a spiritului europea n, a fost totu\u351?i prezent la noi, n special prin \u350?coala \up0 \expndtw-2\ charscalex100 Ardelean\u259?, promotoare a ideologiei na\u355?ionale. n secolul a l XIX-lea, \u354?\u259?rile Romne au fost \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ,,reeurop enizate\u8221?, rezonnd cu Europa la 1848, la 1856 \u351?i n 1918. \par\pard\ql \l i1135\ri894\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2 \f3\fs24 3.\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 La mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea, reluar ea leg\u259?turilor dintre \u354?\u259?rile Romne \u351?i Occident a fost \line \

up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 meritul a\u351?a-numitei genera\u355?ii pa\u351?opt iste. Pleiada frunta\u351?ilor revolu\u355?iei romne de la 1848, \line \up0 \expn dtw-2\charscalex100 reprezentat\u259? de personalit\u259?\u355?i ca Nicolae B\u2 59?lcescu, Mihail Kog\u259?lniceanu, fra\u355?ii Br\u259?tianu, fra\u355?ii \lin e \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Golescu etc., a creat mi\u351?carea politic\u259 ? numit\u259? pa\u351?optism. Pleca\u355?i la studii n str\u259?in\u259?tate, tin erii \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 romni (,,bonjuri\u351?tii\u8221?) au adu s din Apus nv\u259?\u355?\u259?tur\u259? \u351?i solu\u355?ii pentru construirea unui stat na\u355?ional \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 modern. Mul\u355?i d intre ei erau membri ai unor loji masonice franceze, aveau leg\u259?turi cu cerc urile \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 politice radicale sau chiar socialiste , erau prieteni cu ilustre personalit\u259?\u355?i franceze (Jules Michelet, \li ne \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Edgar Quinet), fapt care a avut beneficii pentr u romnii de acas\u259?. Cea de a doua jum\u259?tate a \line \up0 \expndtw-2\chars calex100 secolului al XIX-lea st\u259?, de asemenea, sub influen\u355?a Vestului , ntr-o fecund\u259? competi\u355?ie pe care o \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10 0 exercit\u259? civiliza\u355?ia francez\u259? \u351?i cea german\u259?. Persona lit\u259?\u355?i precum Vasile Conta, Vasile Alecsandri, \line \up0 \expndtw-3\c harscalex100 Petre P. Carp, Titu Maiorescu, A.D. Xenopol, Ioan Slavici, Petru Po ni \u351?i mul\u355?i al\u355?ii sunt absolven\u355?i \line \up0 \expndtw-2\char scalex100 ai universit\u259?\u355?ilor franceze \u351?i germane. Intelectualii r omni \u351?i-au pus ns\u259? \u351?i ntreb\u259?ri privind \line \up0 \expndtw-4\ch arscalex100 corectitudinea c\u259?ii alese n celebra teorie a formelor f\u259?r\u 259? fond, una dintre cele mai interesante \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 c ontroverse ale istoriei \u351?i culturii romne. Ea a fost enun\u355?at\u259? ini\ u355?ial de Ion Heliade R\u259?dulescu, Alecu \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10 0 Russo, Barbu Catargiu, Ion Ghica, Mihail Kog\u259?lniceanu, dar junimi\u351?ti i au sistematizat n formula \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 cea mai potrivit\ u259?. Titu Maiorescu, n celebrul articol ,,n contra direc\u355?iei de ast\u259?zi n cultura \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 romn\u259?\u8221?, expune principal ele idei: \par\pard\ql \li1496\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Societatea romn\u259? modern\u259? era considerat\u259? o imita\u355?ie a celei occidentale. \par\pard \qj \li1496\ri1909\sb21\sl-280\slmult0\tx1855 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0 \nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Exponen\u355?ii acestei m i\u351?c\u259?ri, tinerimea imigrant\u259?, au mprumutat efectele civiliza\u355?i ei \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 occidentale, numai formele, nu \u351? i fundamentele ei istorice necesare, fondul. \par\pard\ql \li1496\ri1366\sb20\sl -280\slmult0\tx1855\tx1855 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\ fs24 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Principalele institu\u355?ii romne\u351?ti mo derne sunt moarte, preten\u355?ii f\u259?r\u259? fond. ntr-o oarecare \line\tab \ up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 m\u259?sur\u259?, teoria formelor f\u259?r\u259? fo nd este valabil\u259? \u351?i ast\u259?zi, dup\u259? aproape 150 de ani de la \l ine\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 enun\u355?area ei. \par\pard\ql \li1135\sb 1\sl-255\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 4. \u l0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 La rndul ei, prima jum\u259?tate a secolului al XX-lea s-a impus prin sincronizarea culturii \u351?i \par\pard\ql \li1135\sb8\sl-276\sl mult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 civiliza\u355?iei romne\u351?ti cu civiliza\u 355?iile \u351?i culturile apusene. D. Gusti, P.P. Negulescu, Simion \par\pard\q l \li1135\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Mehedin\u355?i, Dan B arbilian, Lucian Blaga, Al. Rosetti sunt doar c\u355?iva dintr-o pleiad\u259? str \u259?lucit\u259? de \par\pard\ql \li1135\ri915\sb5\sl-275\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw -2\charscalex100 savan\u355?i integra\u355?i n spiritul european. Procesul este, n mod firesc, bivalent. La nceputul secolului al \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1 00 XX-lea, Occidentul beneficiaz\u259? de contribu\u355?ia unor mari personalit\ u259?\u355?i de origine romn\u259?: contesa \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 A nna de Noailles, Martha Bibescu, Emil Racovi\u355?\u259?, Aurel Vlaicu, Henri Co and\u259?, Traian Vuia. n \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 perioada interbelic \u259?, cultura romn\u259? a cunoscut un moment de excep\u355?ional\u259? dezvolt are, mbog\u259?\u355?ind-\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 o pe cea european\u2

59? cu operele lui Constantin Brncu\u351?i (creatorul sculpturii moderne), George \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw11900\paperh16840\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg 2}{\bkmkend Pg2}\par\pard\qj \li1136\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1136\sb0\ sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1136\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1136\ri1350 \sb28\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 E nescu (cel mai mare compozitor romn), Emil Cioran (un mare eseist revendicat \u35 1?i de cultura \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 francez\u259?), Eugen Ionescu (crea torul teatrului absurdului), Nicolae Iorga (mare istoric, celebru n \up0 \expndtw -3\charscalex100 lume), \u350?tefan Odobleja \u351?.a. \par\pard\ql \li1136\sb0\ sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1136\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex 100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs24 SPECIFICUL CULTURAL ROMNESC \par\pard\ql \li1136\ ri1175\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\f s24 n secolul al XIX-lea, dominanta cultural\u259? era dat\u259? de c\u259?utarea \u351?i cultivarea acelor elemente care \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 reprezent au similarit\u259?\u355?i ntre cultura romn\u259? \u351?i cele ale marilor culturi europene. n schimb, n \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 secolul al XX-lea \u351?i la n ceputul secolului al XXI-lea, romnii sunt doritori mai mult s\u259? descopere \up 0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ceea ce i diferen\u355?iaz\u259? de ceilal\u355?i. ,,R omnismul\u8221? este descoperit n: \par\pard\ql \li1496\sb5\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \e xpndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 ortodoxism - socotit matrice a spiritualit\u259?\u355?ii romne\u351?ti, \par\pa rd\qj \li1496\ri1409\sb38\sl-260\slmult0\tx1856 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u l0\nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 mo\u351?tenirea cultura l\u259? bizantin\u259? - civiliza\u355?ia romneasc\u259? considerndu-se continuato area \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 legitim\u259? a celei bizantine, Ni colae Iorga lansnd chiar sintagma ,,Bizan\u355? dup\u259? Bizan\u355?\u8221? \u35 1?i \par\pard\ql \li1496\sb27\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\ nosupersub\cf4\f5\fs24 -\ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 folclor - satul fiind cons iderat un model cultural \u351?i o surs\u259? de inspira\u355?ie pentru ntreaga \ par\pard\ql \li1856\sb4\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 cultur\u259 ? romn\u259?. Romnii sunt prin ns\u259? originea lor unul dintre cele mai vechi pop oare \par\pard\qj \li1856\ri1084\sb1\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10 0 europene. Rezisten\u355?a lor mpotriva domina\u355?iei otomane n cursul Evului M ediu a dovedit n \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 mod str\u259?lucit c\u259? nt reg organismul na\u355?ional \u351?i-a men\u355?inut coeziunea european\u259? \u 351?i cre\u351?tin\u259?. \par\pard\ql \li1136\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\l i1136\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs 24 IMPACTUL COMUNISMULUI \par\pard\ql \li1136\ri911\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \exp ndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs24 Sincronizarea istoriei Romniei c u istoria Europei a fost ntrerupt\u259? iar\u259?\u351?i n anul 1947, cnd n \u355?ar a \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 noastr\u259? s-a instalat comunismul. Cult ura noastr\u259? a progresat totu\u351?i \u351?i n aceste condi\u355?ii, continund \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 s\u259? mbog\u259?\u355?easc\u259? patrimoni ul \u351?tiin\u355?ei universale, rezultate remarcabile fiind nregistrate n medici n\u259? \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 (Ana Aslan), tehnic\u259? (Elie Caro foli), istorie (Constantin C. Giurescu), literatur\u259? (Mihail Sadoveanu, \lin e \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Tudor Arghezi, Marin Preda, Nichita St\u259?nesc u etc.), dar \u351?i n art\u259?. n anii comunismului, multor \line \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 intelectuali li s-a impus t\u259?cerea, prin lipsa de acces la p ublicare, al\u355?ii au fost suprima\u355?i fizic, unii \line \up0 \expndtw-2\ch arscalex100 dintre ei au refuzat s\u259? colaboreze, n timp ce al\u355?ii s-au ,, convertit\u8221? la comunism. Regimul politic a \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex 100 dorit transformarea intelectualilor n ,,aparatcici\u8221?, adic\u259? func\u3 55?ionari n aparatul de propagand\u259?. \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Lite ratura a devenit angajat\u259? social, proletcultist\u259?. Un ,,nou trecut\u822 1? a fost produs n Romnia de \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 c\u259?tre istori ografia noastr\u259? n conformitate cu noua ideologie na\u355?ional\u259?. Un ade v\u259?rat r\u259?zboi contra \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 celor de ,,din colo\u8221?, eticheta\u355?i ca denigratori ai valorilor na\u355?ionale, s-a dez l\u259?n\u355?uit n interior. Cu \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 foarte mici

excep\u355?ii ns\u259?, Romnia a manifestat constant o lips\u259? de interes fa\u3 55?\u259? de cultura \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 romneasc\u259? din timpu l regimului comunist. Puterea a cheltuit sume considerabile pentru a \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ,,mpnzi\u8221? Occidentul cu manifest\u259?ri culturale ( c\u259?r\u355?i, spectacole, expozi\u355?ii de art\u259?, filme), dar \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 impactul lor a fost slab. Occidentul opera cu alte cri terii de valoare dect cele social-politice de la \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex 100 noi atunci cnd se adresa unui produs cultural, cu att mai mult cu ct acesta ven ea din R\u259?s\u259?rit \u351?i era \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u351?i oficial. Dup\u259? 1990, ideea european\u259? a devenit o prioritate a dezvolt\ u259?rii societ\u259?\u355?ii noastre n pas cu \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10 0 societatea european\u259?, nu f\u259?r\u259? a-\u351?i men\u355?ine sau conser va baza na\u355?ional\u259?. \par\pard\qj \li1136\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\q j\li1136\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1136\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\ li1136\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1136\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li 1136\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li1136\ri1069\sb225\sl-280\slmult0 \up0 \ex pndtw-2\charscalex100 Titu Maiorescu, principalul autor al teoriei formei f\u259 ?r\u259? fond, expus\u259? n articolul ,,n contra direc\u355?iei \up0 \expndtw-5\c harscalex100 de ast\u259?zi n cultura romn\u259?\u8221? din 1868 \par\pard\ql \li1 136\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1136\sb8\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\ch arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs24 Prlude la civilisation\ul0\nosupersub\cf3 \f4\fs24 (1954) de Victor Brauner \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24}