Professional Documents
Culture Documents
:
:
.
) (Sustainable Development
" ".
.
.
-
.
.
"
" " " " "
(Renewable Sources).
:
.. .. .. ..
) (Running Costs
.
)(Sustainable Development .
.
) (Sick Buildings
.
.
( (
.
.
.
.
) (%40
) (Raw Materials ) 3(
. ) (%65
) (%30 .
) (James Wines " "
.
)(built environment 40-20
.
.
) (by-products
) (bio-systems
.
" "
. ""
. (Michael
)Crosbie ) (Steven Winter Associates
"
".
.
- - (Green
)Design Techniques ) (Clever Technology
.
) 99(
) (%30 .
.
.
(Rachel and Stephen
)Kaplan
.
) (Lockheed Martin ) (%15
) 2.500 )
.
) (Heschong Mahone
)(40% (Skylights).
(20%).
:
:
.
" )" (Initial Costs
.
)(BREEAM 1990 .
) (LEED (Leadership in Energy
) and Environmental Design
) (USGBC 2000 .
)(LEED
. ) (LEED
) 17( ) 5(
) 15(
:
.
) (LEED
) 39( )(
) (%50
) 52( ( (
)%) 70 .
)(Inefficient Buildings
. ) (Phillip Bernstein
) (Yale .." :
.. " .
) (
.
:
.
.
.
) (Conde Nast
) 48( ( ( .
.
.
) 400 (
) (%5
.
.
.
) (Photovoltaic Panels
) 15 ( .
.
. ) (%40-35
.
) (The Swiss Re Tower
) 41(
) (%50 .
.
) (
.
.
.
" "
.
)(Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and Studio Daniel Libeskind
. )1.776
( ) (
) 1 ( ) (%20
.
.
:
" "
.
. -
.
-
.
) (Crystal Palace 1851
) (Milan's Galleria V. Emanuele II 1877
.
:
.
.
" "..." :
...".
.
.
.
.
.
" " " "
.
. ) (Tools
.
"" .
.