http://courseware.mech.ntua.

gr/ml23021/
10


E-mail: leo@mail.ntua.gr
URL: http://users.ntua.gr/leo
1

.
DAC/ADC

 /?
&

&

 4


&

.
/

 &
:
,

.

:
(hardware),
.
.
/


Boole (Boolean variable):
{0, 1}, 0
1 .. s
(s=1) (s=0).
:
,
=
z f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) {0,1}
xi {0,1
=
} , i 1, 2, , n
xi 2 , z n
2 n 2 n .
n
: 2
n
2 n
.
:
. :

.

.
/

 &

NOT
AND
OR

A, B
A B
A+ B

A
B

A
B

A B

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

A+ B
0
1
1
1

A B
0
0
0
1

A
1
1
0
0

B
1
0
1
0

A+B

.
( )
.
.
/

 &

A
NAND (Not AND)
A B
B
.
A
NOR
(Not
OR)
A
+
B
B

- XOR (eXclusive A B = A B + A B A
B
OR)
A
XNOR (eXclusive

B
=
A

B
A
B
.
AB
NOR)

NAND NOR
XOR XNOR

A B A B
A B
A+ B

(..
0
0
1
1
0
1
NAND)
0
1
1
0
1
0

1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
.

.
/


()

(1 2)
(transistor).
.
/

.
/

10

 :
1823 Baron Jakob Berzelius isolates Si, later to become the basic constituent
of microchips.
1886 Heinrich Hertz proves that electricity is transmitted at the speed of light.
1926 First patent for semiconductor transistor. The transistor allowed
electrical currents to flow through a computer, allowing data to be
passed through the machine.
1939 John Atanasoff conceptualizes the ABC - a prototype machine, the first
using vacuum tubes. It was the first electronic digital computer.
1943 First electronic general purpose computer, the ENIAC, has 19,000
vacuum tubes, 1,500 relays, and consumes almost 200 kilowatts of
electricity.
1948 First commercial computer is created, called the UNIVAC, John Bardeen,
Walter Brattain, and William Shockley of Bell Labs file for a patent on
the first transistor.
1956 The first transistorized computer is completed, the TX-O (Transistorized
Experimental computer), at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
.
/

11

1960 IBM develops the first automatic mass-production facility for transistors
in New York.
1964 Gordon Moore suggests that integrated circuits would double in
complexity every 1-2 years. This later becomes known as Moores
Law.
1968 Intel Corporation is founded in Santa Clara, CA, by Fairchild veterans
Robert Noyce and G. Moore, employees #1 & #2. Andy Grove left
Fairchild to become Intel employee #4.
1974 The Intel 8080 microprocessor becomes the brains of the first
personal computer - the Altair, Computer hobbyists could purchase
a kit for the Altair for $395.
1981 640k ought to be enough for anybody - Bill Gates, 1981
1985 Motorola announces the 68040, a 32-bit 25 MHz microprocessor.
.
/

12

(.)

, ,

.
:
. Transistor

~10

SSI

Small Scale Integration ( 1960 )

~100

MSI

Medium Scale Integration

~1000

LSI

Large Scale Integration

~ 106

VLSI

Very Large Scale Integration ( 1970 )

~ 109

ULSI

Ultra Large Scale Integration

VLSI ,
( ),
.
.
/

13


(.)

TTL (Transistor to Transistor

Logic ) 0 () 0 Volt
1 () +5 Volt.
+5 0 Volt, .
.
/

14

 (.)

C=f (,)=AB


,



.




.

.

.

, GHz.
.
/

C=AB

15