-1 . . . .

-4 -2 -3

Microbiology
.Robert Koch Louis Pasteur

Microbiology
.

Micro . Biology .1 Bacteriology, Mycology, phycology, virology, protozology .2 Soil ( ) microbiology, Air microbiology, Food microbiology, industrial microbiology, water microbiology

 .1 . .2 .3 .

:Historical roots of microbiology

Year 1664 1632-1723 1872 Scientist .Robert Hooke Anton van .Leeuwenhoek Ferdinand Julius Cohn .(German botanist) The concept of spontaneous generation theory: . 122-184 . . 1822-1895 The French chemist Leuis Pasteur autoclave . Fowl cholera, anthrax . . . Event Mucor

-2

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .1 .2 .3 .4

1843-1910

German physician .Robert Koch Angelina Fannie and Walther Hesse in Koch's .laboratory .[Hans Christian Gram .Petri .Julius R ] .

1882 1884 1884

: . . . 1106-1030 925-865 1038-980

Microbiology
.Robert Koch Louis Pasteur

Classification
(Naming- describing and classifying) . : Kingdom- Phylum- Class- Order-Family- Genus-Species

Binomial system nomenclature

Carolus Linnaeus (1778- 1707) Binomial system nomenclature : Capital letter Small letter . Genus name Species name

Homo sapiens Homo sapiens

Two kingdoms system of classification

:

-1

Animaliae .( )

Plantae

 (Haeckels system) Three kingdoms system of classification

(1866) Ernest Haeckel

Animaliae

Protista

Plantae

 (Copelands system) Four kingdoms system of classification

(1956) Copeland

Monera (bacteria qnd cyanobacteria)

Animaliae

Protista

Plantae

: (Whittakers system) Five kingdoms system of classification

(1969) Whittaker , .

Fungi

Six kingdoms system of classification

Two Molecular biology techniques ( Eubacteria Archaebacteria)

domains

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Prokaryote .1 .2 DNA .3 DNA .4 .5 .6

Eukaryote - .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

DNA

 : Physical factors

.1

. Chemical factors
Bacteriostatic . Bactericidal

.2

1- Temperature

. : : -1

: . )( : 0.5.) ) ( (%10) ( : -1 -2

-2 : (

Coagulation Denaturation

) (

: Minimum temperature :

.1

Optimum temperature : Maximum temperature:

.2 .3

Psychrophilic bacteria
* ( 35 5-) : 5-) *

Mesophilic bacteria Thermophilic bacteria ( 47 10) ( 80 40)

Hyperthermophilic bacteria 80

( 20

: Thermal death point 24 Death time

Psychrotolerant ( 30 -25)

d1

Slide 22 d1
dr.sana, 10/21/2008

: pH (8-6) (5-3)

.1

Coagulation

.2

.3 ) (

pH

Acidophilic bacteria
* : *

Alkalophilic bacteria
:

Neutrophilic bacteria

Aerobic
Facultative aerobic Obligate aerobic

Anaerobic
Facultative anaerobic Obligate anaerobic

Clostridium .

E.coli : . : Bacillus spp.

Lactobacillus

Corynebacterium

: 2O22O2- +2H+ (Strong oxidizing agent) : superoxide dismutase H2O2 +O2 Catalase H2O +O2 peroxide Hydrogen H2O2 . Catalase

superoxide dismutase

: : Kolle flask- Roux bottles Shaker incubator

.1

.2

( (

) )

 ) ( : Available (Free) , Non-available (bounded) %80-70 ) (

/( (1 = )

) (

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7

0.9= (

) 0.8= 0.7

 0.7 : ) ( . .1

< < (Gram -ve) < (Gram +ve) <

.2 .3 .4 .5

) .

: ( )

.1 .2 . .3 Plasmolysis ) Osmophilic (

Halophilic bacteria : : .

.1 .2 .3

. (Hydrostatic pressure Baratolerant : .1 .2 .3 : . 1000 .1 .2 + )

Radiation
1- Visible spectrum
( 3800-7600) : : ( ) .1

.2 ( ) Superoxide

2- Non-visible spectrum Short wave length radiation Long wave length radiation UV rays ( 3800 -2500 ) ) ) Ionized radiation DNA .2 Infra red

: :Bacteriostatic agents :Bactericidal agents

.1 .2

: ( )

.1 .2

: ( Antiseptic : Disinfectants )

.1

.2

: %5-2 ) OH ( : % 37 ( )

-1

-2

-3 % 70-50

-4 , -5 * ( ) ( * *

: )

: .1 .2 .3 .4

:
: Acids (HCl- H2SO4) H+ -1 .a .b .c .d . .e Alkalies OHNaOH -2 .a

Ba(OH)2 .b NaOH .c

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5

Hg Cl2

%1

600

Prokaryotic organisms: Bacteria

Bacteriology .
Bacteria

Monera
Eubacteria Archaebacteria
Methanogens
. CO2 . . pH=2   .

Cyanobacteria Blue green algae

Halophiles

Thermophiles
.   

 Binary fission :

Bacterial morphology
Bacterial colonies
CIRCULAR IRREGULAR FILAMENTOUS (Fimbriate)

.1 Colony Form

Colony Margin

ENTIRE

UNDULATE

FILAMENTOUS

Colony Elevation

(Qm= 10-6 m) (0.2-0.5 m) Nanobacteria (0.1 m in diamter ). (Qm 5-1 )

:
.1 .2 (S/V) (metabolic rate a 1/size2), .3

R=1Qm Surface area=4Tr2 =12.6 Qm Volume= Tr3 = 4.2 Qm3 Surface/volume= 3

R=2Qm Surface area=4Tr2 =50.3 Qm Volume= Tr3 = 33.5 Qm3 Surface/volume= 1.5

Shape of bacteria
. singular .

 Cocci ( singular: coccus), the Latin coccinus ( scarlet) and the Greek (kokkos) oval Spherical Moraxella Coccobacilli Neisseria Types of arrangement
: Monococcus -1 ex: Micrococcus

Pairs or Diplococci
( ex: Diplococcus pneumonia

-2 )

Streptococci ( bead-like chains)

-3 ex: Streptococcus lactis

Tetrad

-4

ex: Micrococcus tetragenia Packets of eights or cubes -5 ex: Sarcina lutea -6

Staphylococci ( grape like clusters)

ex: Staphylococcus aureus

Cylindrical in morphology called rod shaped bacteria Bacilli Bacillus ( Escherichia, Pseudomonas) short rods ( Bacillus) Long rods Trichome types of arrangement :  Monobacillus ex: Salmonella typhi  Diplobacilli ex: Clostridium tetani  Streptobacilli ex: Bacillus anthracis

Curved rods or spiral-shaped bacteria, divided into: Vibrion(Comma Shape) ( ex: Vibrio cholera Spirillum (Cork-screw shape) ( ex: Spirillum minus Spirochaete ) )

ex: Treponema pallidum

Filamentous forms .

:
( 5= 1.5 ) .1 (Peptidoglycan +N-acetyl muramic acid) . . . . . . . Chitin . .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8

Arthrobacter globiformis :

Rhizobium spp : ) ( T, Y, L, X shape

External structures (Variant components or NonEssential components) 1. Capsule or Slime layer 2. Cell wall 3. Flagella 4. Pili

Internal structures (Non-variant components or Essential components) 1. Cytoplasmic membrane 2. Cytoplasm 3. Ribosome 4. Mesosome 5. Stored materials 6. Genetic material

Plasmid

Viscus polypeptides,

Slime layer Polysaccharides

Capsule phospholipids.

: Mucoid colony Rough colony : ) (Virulence ( )

.1 .2 .1 .2 .3

20-10) %20 :

.1 .2 .3 .1

Mucopeptide or

Peptidoglycan Murein

.2 Pseudomurein Methanobacterium

.1 Differentiated stain (gram stain) ( Gram +ve ) .2

.3 . (Gram -ve ) .4 .5

enters bacterial cell & forms iodine-crystal violet complexes

A summary of the differences between Gram positive and Gram negative cell .walls

Property Thickness of wall Number of layers in wall Peptidoglycan content Teichoic acid in wall Lipid and lipoprotein content Proplasmic space

Gram Positive 20-25 nm 1 % 50 <) ( + % 2) ( -

Gram Negative 10-15 nm 2 % 20- 10 ) ( % 20 ) ( +

Gram-negative cell structure

The gram-positive cell wall

fimbria

(300-250)

pilin ) (

Pilus 2 1

Pilin : attachment to surfaces .1

Receptors to some bacterial virus .2 Sex-pili or F-pili ) ( Conjugation .3

:Movement of bacteria

:
Myxobacteria Spirochaetes axial fibrils . (gliding motion) Rotatory motion Endo flagella . .3 Flagella (singular: Flagellum) .1 .2

:
(Atricous) (Tricous) .1 .3 .

:
. (monotrichous ) (lophotricous ) . (amphitrichous ) . ( Peritrichous)

: basal body (S, M) ) (L, P) :Hook : Filament ( flagelin) . . .2 .3 .1

Cytoplasmic membrane

Structure of cytoplasmic membrane

10 8 - 10 Phospholipids 70- 60 5-2 ( 3-2 ) 5-4 .4 30-20 (Glycolipids and glycoproteins) RNA : Integral proteins .5 peripheral proteins .1 .2 .3

protoplast Cell free of residual cell wall material

Spheroplast: Cell contains pieces of cell wall material

Integral membrane protein

Semi- permeable barrier : : cell wall capsule polymes :bioenergetic function :

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6

.7

peripheral bodies or chondrioides

: .1 .2 .3 ) ( .5 .4

chromatophores

50 RNA

80-70

: glycogen granules Lipid granules Sulfur granules Protein granules volutin inorganic phosphate 50

) ( cell sap Gas vacuoles : ) ( : vacuoles

.1 .2
(Flagellu m) (Pilli)

20-10 % 40 50 5 rRNA (60 %) : protein (40 %) .3 .4 .5 .6 .7

(Cytosol) (Ribosome s)

[Nucleoid (DNA)]

(Cell membrane)

(Cell wall)

(Capsule)

Chromatophores

Cyanobacteria and Nitrobacter

Bacterial chromatin or circular 10 ( 1000

DNA

nucleoplasm chromosome 2

2-1

Extra

DNA chromosomal DNA

F- factor

.1 .2 : ( ) 120 20-15 120-115 . 30 60-85 . Endospores : Sporosarcina (Azotobacter) Cysts Myxococcus Myxospores Conidiospores or sporangiospores Actinomycetes Exospores .3 .4 .5 .6

Spherical

Ovale

Central

Sub-terminal

Terminal

: Binary fission

.1 (a (b (c (d

Fragmentation Actinomycetes

-2

Budding Rhodopseudomonas

-3

Conidio spores Actinomycetes

-4

Sporangiospores Actinoplanes Sporangium

F+

Sexual reproduction Bacterial conjugation FE. coli Fertility factor : F+ :

.1 .2 F+ .3 F- .4 ) .5 .6 F+ .7

) (

growth: an increase in cell mass and cell number Reproduction: an increase in cell number : ) ( Generation time (doubling time) (g) :
( ) Cell number (N) = No( initial cell number) x 2n(number of generation during exponential growth)

( ) growth curve

: Lag phase Exponential phase (Log phase ) Stationary phase Death phase

.1
.2 .3 .4

 : ( ( ) RNA .1 .2 .3 .4

) RNA

(1 (2 . (3

) (

) (

: .1 .2

.1 .2 .3 .4 : .5 .6

.1 .2 .3

: * . *

Turbidostat .1 Chemostat .1 Flow rate .1 .2 .3