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Plant Cell
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes :
. . . .
Adsorption
Cell Wall
. . . ) . .
.(
Primary Wall
: .3 ( .
.2 + 3-1
.1
Secondary Wall
. . . . .
10-5
. .
Membranes
. 1943
. Danielle
. . Differentially Permeable . The Fluid Ion Mass Diffusion Exchange Flow . Transport .
. .
Active
. Pumps
Plasma lemma
. . .
(ER)Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic ) . . . .
Cisternae Reticulum , (
Dictyosomes GolgiApparatus
15-5 . .. ( . . )
Mitocondria
Mitochondrion RNA . .
DNA .
ATP
Plastids
. : Amyloplastids .
Ribosomes
Vacuoles
Cell sap Tonoplast Turger . pressure
11 1 )
pH Tonoplast ) pH
.(
Microtubules
20-10 , B tubulin . .
Micro bodies
, 2-1 . .
Nucleus
Robert Brown . . 1835 . . 10 5 Nuclear envelope Pores .
Nucleolus
Cell Shape
.
. . .
Cell Size
0.5 - 0.2 . 15
. . . .
. .
0.1 .(
100 )
1000 1
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.1
Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells
Golgi apparatus
: Annuals : . Biennuals : . Perennials : : Herbaceous perennials : . . Wool Perennials : . . . . . . . Pinus Cembroies . : Pinus torre yana Tress Shrubs Vines (2 (1 -
( -1
. -2
. : . 50 :40 (2 . :
(1
20 :15
-1
Trunk .
) ( )
Shrubs
. Apical branching
18-12 ( ( 4 ) )
Perennials
( Main
) . Branches
Shoots : .( Twigs : . (
-2 ) -3 )
...
cuttings -4
. Suckers : ( ( ) ) -5
Frutting spurs : 7 1
-6
. . .
. : :Arms :Canes
. . . . . :Shoots : Spur : :
Leaves : .
-7
. : :Petiol . :Blade (
. (
Vascular system
( . (
. : : . ( . )
:Buds . . :Leaf buds :Simple Flower buds . :Simple flower buds ( ) :Mixed flowor buds ( ) : :
-8 (1) (2) ( (
. :Compound buds
( (1 (2
: . . : : ( ) ( . : ) ) : .( ( : . . . . ( ) ) ) : ( ( ) ) ( .( ) : .
Flower
.(
- :
(1):
- .
(2). Srament . ,
Gynoccium : .
Dieoecious
Eggs .
Sperms .
11 .
. : -1
: : . : Pears : Hale .
-2 ( (
Limon
( * * ( *
.
Pericarp
Parthenocarpy
Seedless Perthenogenesis
(1) parthenocarpy .
Simulative parthenocarpy :
(2)
: : : . : . . * -1 -2 : *
. : Aggregate fruits : . Berry . Nut Drupe Pome Dry Fruits Fleshy . Multiple : * * Fruits :
Differentiation .
.
Apical
meristems
Growth Stages
: Cell Division -1
Dome
Cell Enlargement
-2
30
150
Dry matter
Cell Differentiation
-
Cell Wall
.
Plasmalemma .
nanometer = 1 cm x ) ,
60
10-5
, ( 10- 9
Secretions
, pH Plasticity
Elasticity
Loosening
pH amylase
( .
B 1,3 glucanase .
, .
. . ,
Canalization of . Dedifferentiation .
development Determination
Basal Cell
Terminal Cell
1924 Shemidt Single apical cell : Outer Tunica Apical Dome 5-2 3-2 Tunica
Inner Corpus Tunica Central mother cells Flank or Peripheral Meristems Rib Meristems
, .
Leaf Primordium
.
(1,2,3,2,1)
sink
source relationships
.
, , , ,
, , .
. ,
. .
. . Cichorium
pH
, .
Peroxidase IAA
. IAA Aspartate
, .
, .
W=Woert 2.7182 =W = Wo = e = r
. . 6 . . .
Growth
Efficiency of ):
(Utilization ( Eu
= S = St =EI
Efficiency of Conversion :
SLW =
1 F , 2F 4.0 . ( 5 2.5 ) , .
2W, 1t
1W 2t
- - -
. . . .
-: : Differentiation
Determination : Development
: Canalization of development pathwayalternative . : Determination in plant leaf primordium anther structure : Induction flower induction : Initiation
determined .
. .( )
pH
Adult , Juvenile .
Morphogenesis
. In Vitro
.
on Turing
-1 -2 -3 -1 -2
-1
Jacob&Monod 1961 Jacob&Monod Regulator Genes -1 StStuctural Genes Regulator Genes Structural Operator Genes-2 Structural Genes-3 Regulator Genes Genes
Gelbert
Regulator Gene
Operator Genes Repressor 1967 Jacob&Monod effector Structural Genes Operator Genes m RNA
genes
system ." cell free system DNA . " " RNA polymerize cell free system . Globulin Globulin
m RNA .
Cell free
regulation of enzyme a cavity . substrate . Imidozole . (Competitive inhibition (Isosteric effete substrate
-2
. Isosteric effect - ( End Product Inhibition ( Allosteric effect Bielka 1969 Allosteric Operator genes Effection Reversibility of enzyme action
NH3 CO2
3 IAA GA -
GA IAA
IAA
GA GA + IAA .
mechanism
Relay K :
Gibberellins _
IAA _
ABA _
Dormancy of buds Germination Cell elongation Cell division Flower formation LDP Flower formation SDP Seves cence Transcription
+ _ _ _ _ + + _
. . + + + _ _ + + + + + . _ +
_ + + + . . _ +
no effect = .
Stimulation = +
Inhibition =_
: ina ; p.a ,a p . P.a,P.ine Regulator . Effects . RNA : . Second messenger (CAMP) Cyclic : : 1970 zenk . Adenosine monophosphate : :
gene
Adenosine triphasphate cAMP (ATP) Kinase DNA . cAMP adenylcyclase Phosphodiesterase cAMP monophosphate GA .
Adenosine
: -1
Light
-2
Nobel & Naylos 1986 Alleweldt & 1969Margara 9 Lux400 . Lactuca sativa .
Far red
Chromoprotein
Regulator gene . ( )
. .
. .
: Fibrous Root
-
. -
. :
Flower Induction ,
Initiation
, , 24 18 9 13 29
. 18 13
13
18
16
, Process
Photo biological :
Phytochrome Pr Pfr .
Pr
Pfr Pfr
Pfr
Pr
Day neutral .
Heteroblastic
.
Mature Florigen
Photoinductive Cycles . ) , 25 ( ) 17 (
Pfr
Flowe induction : ,
Flowering Stimulus
"
induction .
. , .
: Nitsch 1969 methyl amino 6 ) Benzyl adenine Plimbago indica Kinetien Zeatin ( purine
( B9 , CCC
CCC
Alar
Vernalisation
Hansel 15 7 ( 35 )
. . 30 48-12 . . . . .
: . :
: : N1)) (NC) . . . -: . -: -:
:
. .
. .
:
. .
. .
: : : . : -
: . .
Quiescence . . .
: : -1 .
: Physical dormancy :
.(
..
Mechanical dormancy : ( ) ) ( ) . . . -
.(
/2 / 4.3)
-2
magnolia ranunculus
.rhodidendron
24 1000
. . ( 30) . . . . . . 6 -1
Physiological dormancy : . . 25 .
-3
Khan 1971 ( )
-4
( 7-2)
:
. .( ) . . ( ... . . .( -2 . . . Compensation . 57 17 . .temperature . . . 6 5 . 3-1 ) -1 -2 -3 -4 )
.
-5
. Double dormancy : . . . . . ( . -6
Secondary dormancy
: . .
.gibberellic acid . . .
. %3-0.5 24
100
germination : :
Water : :
. .( . .
Temperature :
. . . . . . 30 -25 . : : .( 40 -30) . 25 . : 15 . . : -1 ... : . : . : : :
( .
4.5
. 10
Areation
%0.03 . . . . . . . (2 ) Light . %0.03 . %20 %80 . .
.
. .
(
.
)
: .
.
ABA , .
: dormancy . ,
35 , . 2 .
20 2
:
The steady state condition of growth , -2 -1: Rest induction , Perception of light stimulus . , Mid = Main = True Dormancy Post dormancy - 3GA3 -4 . , . scales
Bud
. 5 Chandler . . .
. .
: : Endodormancy : Paradormancy
: Ecodormancy
-: . .
: -1 -2 -3 -4
. . .
phytochrome PR PFR
. : 5180
. " ) . " (
: -: : . . : .... ( Diffusible Auxin Free or Auxin Precursor . , . 1938 . ) Total Auxin . Bennett & Skoog . 1938 Bonner : . . : : :
Thimann &
: 33
. 100 .
165
.
-2
. (
. : -3 : -4
. (Anna) . .
: Bud burst
= GDH
:
: . : . Blueberry Chandler . 113 . . . . . : : . :
.
Osmoregulators
Denaturation
RNA
Li & Weiser
: .
. Gene IAA .
mRNA
on and off
:" .
.
Physically .
Methylated Pectins
:
Proximal Pectin methyl esterase Auxin gradient ( ) end . 20 15 Naphthalen acetamide " 10 8 . 6 % 50-20 100 25 . / 2.5 B9 D
"
- 2,4
Red delicious .
. . :
: .
-1 -2
Abscission
. Separating layer
zone -3
-4
. .
-5
: : RAN
-1
Fruit drop ,
Pre-harvest 6-5 ( ( ) 10 )
drop
Auxin Pectin methyl esterase ) Proximal end gradient . 20 15 acetamide 10 8 D - 2,4 . " %2
( Naphthalen
" % 98 4 2 % 50-20
100 25 B9
2.5
Thinning
. . Flower Induction ,
, . . . . . Dinitroorthocresol -
DNOC) ) :
. , .
. , ( .( ( ) ) ( )
... :
) (
: ,
, . , ) 20 8
(
. .
: .
:
, , . . .
, . ,
50.1 59 74 68 51
.
Plagiogeotropic
40 6
. .(
: .
: ( ) ) ( . .
: . .
, ,
0.2 .
: . . . . . . . * * * * * * *
Senescence
Ageing .
: ,
. , ,
.
. polycarpic .
dioxgenase
Tonoplast
RNA
DNA
GA
: , 1957 aminoacyl-s-RNA ABA like compounds RNA ase invertase . source / relation ship / sink . .
transformation
IAA oxidase .
chlorophyllase :
Stolen ( )
MJA
:
( Water Stress ) GA ABA , reductase Salinity stress .
micro bodies
( 1.5 .
Catalase
detoxify
Hypersensitive response .
LSC54
. .
(1940) Petrie
, . (Varner (1961 .
Das and Leopold 9 .RNA , RNA RNA ase RNA effect Mobilization Richmand and Lang (Moths (1959 .
: .
. Physiological Drought
: .
-1
. -: . . . . -1 -2 -3 -4
) %40
( .
. . . . . . . -
. :
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -1
-2 .
: Drought resistance
. Water Stress
Parker . 1968 -:
Desiccation Tolerance-:
. Dehydration . . . . -:
Mesophytes
Dry
. ( McWillam .1968)
Seson
-:
. Plant Water Stress Larrea Water Water Tal 1966 . Waggones & . . -: .
Simmonds 1966
Efficiency of Water use Water 500-200 . . . pimeappie . . crassuiacean viets , 1966 . . 500-200 pimeappie . . Supply .Sletyer 1964 2000
Water Stress Moderate Water Stress Henckei May 1962 . Water Stress Water Stress . water Stress
:
. Water Stress . Water Binding Capacity . 1964 . . Water Stress Water Stress water Stress Kelly et al Orchard 1967 . . stress Hardened
Hardening
. 1956 Ciarck & Levitt High Water Stress Guagule water Stress Icale-Brassila Olerace Var. Fruticosa moderate Water Stressed Plov .
.
Exocarp
Release .
Parthenocarpy ,
Stemospermocarpy :
. .
. .
Exogenous
: , . :
.
. 80
%1
"
% . .
"
14
. endosperm
50-1 .
NAA,IBA ,IAA
. GA3 .
-:
.
NAA
. D - 2,4
Anthesis
8-4 S
) .
. .
% 25 .
.
. . ( ,
...... . ( )
)
.
%7 .
% 37
% 16
% 18 , ,
%23
% 25-20
% 80-75
Starch . .
phosphorylase
: middle lamella . . :
25 %3 . . % 17 , ( 4-1) %35 ,
Chlorins
Neurosporene
phytofluene
phytoene
, .
Polyphenoles :
volatiles /
: :
: : : :
: Polyphenol oxidase
, :
( . % 0.64 0.25 . (
) ) : .
Climacteric
: .
Ripening .. ,
500-100
( DNA .( 1954
, mRNA
: ABA GA3